Pablo Neruda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Pablo Neruda
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pablo Neruda (Spanish: [!pa"l # o# ne!# $u%#a]; July 12, 1904 September 23, 1973) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet, diplomat and politician Neftali Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. He chose his pen name after the Czech poet Jan Neruda. In 1971 Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Neruda became known as a poet while still a teenager. He wrote in a variety of styles including surrealist poems, historical epics, overtly political manifestos, a prose autobiography, and erotically-charged love poems such as the ones in his 1924 collection Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair. He often wrote in green ink, which was his personal symbol for desire and hope. The Colombian novelist Gabriel Garca Mrquez once called him "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language."[1] Harold Bloom included Neruda as one of the 26 writers central to the Western tradition in his book The Western Canon. On July 15, 1945, at Pacaembu Stadium in So Paulo, Brazil, he read to 100,000 people in honor of the Communist revolutionary leader Lus Carlos Prestes.[2] During his lifetime, Neruda occupied many diplomatic positions and served a term as a senator for the Chilean Communist Party. When President Gonzlez Videla outlawed communism in Chile in 1948, a warrant was issued for Neruda's arrest. Friends hid him for months in the basement of a house in the Chilean port of Valparaso. Later, Neruda escaped through a mountain pass near Maihue Lake into Argentina. Years later, Neruda was a close advisor to Chile's socialist President Salvador Allende. When Neruda returned to Chile after his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Allende invited him to read at the Estadio Nacional before 70,000 people.[3]

Pablo Neruda

Born

Neftal Ricardo Reyes Basoalto July 12, 1904 Parral, Chile September 23, 1973 (aged 69) Santiago, Chile Poet, diplomat Chilean 1971

Died Occupation Nationality

Notable award(s) Nobel Prize in Literature

Signature

Neruda was hospitalised with cancer at the time of the Chilean coup d'tat led by Augusto Pinochet. On 23 September 1973, Neruda died of heart failure. Neruda's death reverberated around the world. Pinochet denied permission to make Neruda's funeral a public event. However, thousands of grieving Chileans disobeyed the curfew and crowded the streets.

Contents
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1 Life and career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Early career 1.3 Spanish Civil War 1.4 Mexican appointment 1.5 Return to Chile 1.6 Communism 1.7 Exile 1.8 Second return to Chile 1.9 Last years 1.10 Exhumation 2 Legacy 2.1 Music 2.2 Literature 2.3 Film 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 Books of English translations of Neruda 8 External links

Life and career

Early years
Neftal Ricardo Reyes Basoalto was born on July 12, 1904, in Parral, Chile, a city in Linares Province in the Maule Region, some 350 km south of Santiago,[4] to Jos del Carmen Reyes Morales, a railway employee, and Rosa Basoalto, a school teacher who died two months after he was born. Neruda and his father soon moved to Temuco, where his father married Trinidad Candia Marverde, a woman with whom he had a child nine years earlier, a boy named Rodolfo.[5] Neruda also grew up with his half-sister Laura, one of his father's children by another woman. On September 26, 1904, the young Neruda was christened "Neftal", his late mother's middle name. In the winter of 1914, Neruda composed his rst poems.

Neruda as a young man

Early career
Neruda's father opposed his son's interest in writing and literature, but Neruda received encouragement from others, including the future Nobel Prize winner Gabriela Mistral, who headed the local girls' school. On July 18, 1917, at the age of thirteen, he published his rst work, an essay entitled Entusiasmo y perseverancia (Enthusiasm and Perseverance) in the local daily newspaper, La Maana, signed Neftal Reyes.[7] From 1918 to mid-1920 he published numerous poems, such as
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something started in my soul, fever or forgotten wings, and I made my own way, deciphering that re and wrote the rst faint line, faint without substance, pure nonsense,
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"Mis ojos" ("My eyes"), and essays in local magazines as Neftal Reyes. In 1919, he participated in the literary contest Juegos Florales del Maule, where he won third place for his poem "Comunin ideal" or "Nocturno ideal". By mid-1920, when he adopted the pseudonym Pablo Neruda, he was a published author of poetry, prose, and journalism. He is thought to have named himself "Neruda" after the Czech poet Jan Neruda. The young poet's intention in publishing under a pseudonym was to avoid his father's disapproval of his poetry.

pure wisdom, of someone who knows nothing, and suddenly I saw the heavens unfastened and open.

From "Poetry", Memorial de Isla Negra (1964). Trans. Alastair Reid[6]

In 1921, at the age of 16, Neruda moved to Santiago[6] to study French at the Universidad de Chile with the intention of becoming a teacher, but soon he was devoting all his time to poetry. In 1923, his rst volume of verse, Crepusculario (Book of Twilights), was published, followed the next year by Veinte poemas de amor y una cancin desesperada (Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair),[6] a collection of love poems that was controversial for its eroticism, especially considering its author's young age. Both works were critically acclaimed and were translated into many languages. Over the decades, Veinte poemas would sell millions of copies and become Neruda's best-known work, though it did not go to a second edition until 1932.[6] By the age of 20, Neruda had established an international reputation as a poet, but faced poverty.[6] In 1926, he published the collection Tentativa del hombre innito (The attempt of the innite man) and the novel El habitante y su esperanza (The inhabitant and his hope).[8] In 1927, out of nancial desperation, he took an honorary consulship in Rangoon, then a part of colonial Burma and a place he had never heard of.[8] Later, mired in isolation and loneliness, he worked in Colombo (Ceylon), Batavia (Java), and Singapore.[8] In Java he met and married his rst wife, a Dutch bank employee named Maryka Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang. While on diplomatic service, Neruda read large amounts of poetry and experimented with many different poetic forms. He wrote the rst two volumes of Residencia en la Tierra, which included many surrealistic poems.

Spanish Civil War

After returning to Chile, Neruda was given diplomatic posts in Buenos Aires and then Barcelona, Spain.[9] He later succeeded Gabriela Mistral as consul in Madrid, where he became the center of a lively literary circle, befriending such writers as Rafael Alberti, Federico Garca Lorca, and the Peruvian poet Csar Vallejo.[9] A daughter, Malva Marina Trinidad, was born in Madrid in 1934; she was to be plagued with health problems, especially hydrocephalus, during her short life.[10] During this period, Neruda slowly became estranged from his wife and began a relationship with Delia del Carril (es), an Argentine twenty years his senior. As Spain became engulfed in civil war, Neruda became intensely politicised for the rst time. His experiences of the Spanish Civil War and its aftermath moved him away from distinctive, privately focused work in the direction of collective obligation. Neruda became an ardent communist, and remained so for the rest of his life. The radical leftist politics of his literary friends, as well as that of del Carril, were contributing factors, but the most important catalyst was the execution of Garca Lorca by forces loyal to the Spanish dictator Franco.[9] By means of his speeches and writings, Neruda threw his support behind the Republican side, publishing the collection Espaa en el corazn (Spain in My Heart, 1938). He lost his post

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as consul due to his political militancy.[9] Neruda's marriage broke down and the couple divorced in 1936. His ex-wife moved to Monte Carlo and then to the Netherlands with their only child, and he would never see either of them again.[11] After leaving his wife, Neruda lived with Delia del Carril in France. After the 1938 election of President Pedro Aguirre Cerda, whom Neruda supported, the poet was appointed special consul for Spanish emigration in Paris. There he was responsible for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": transporting 2,000 Spanish refugees who had been housed by the French in squalid camps to Chile on an old ship called the Winnipeg.[12] Neruda is sometimes charged with selecting only communists for emigration, to the exclusion of others who had fought on the side of the Republic.[13] Others deny these accusations, pointing out that Neruda chose only a few hundred of the refugees personally; the rest were selected by the Service for the Evacuation of Spanish Refugees set up by Juan Negrn, president of the Spanish Republican government in Exile.

Mexican appointment
Neruda's next diplomatic post was as Consul General in Mexico City, where he spent the years 1940 to 1943.[14] While in Mexico, he married del Carril, and learned that his daughter Malva had died from various health problems, aged eight, in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands.[14] After the failed 1940 assassination attempt against Leon Trotsky, Neruda arranged a Chilean visa for the Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros, who was accused of having been one of the conspirators in the assassination.[15] Neruda later said he did it at the request of the Mexican president, Manuel vila Camacho. This enabled Siqueiros, then jailed, to leave Mexico for Chile, where he stayed at Neruda's private residence. In exchange for Neruda's assistance, Siqueiros spent over a year painting a mural in a school in Chilln. Neruda's relationship with Siqueiros attracted criticism and Neruda dismissed the allegations that his intent had been to help an assassin as "sensationalist politico-literary harassment". In Mexico, Pablo Neruda met the famous Mexican writer Octavio Paz, with whom he nearly came to blows in 1942.[16]

Return to Chile
In 1943, after his return to Chile, Neruda made a tour of Peru, where he visited Machu Picchu.[17] The austere beauty of the Inca citadel later inspired Alturas de Macchu Picchu, a book-length poem in twelve parts which he completed in 1945 and which marked a growing awareness and interest in the ancient civilizations of the Americas, themes he was to explore further in Canto General. In Alturas, Neruda celebrated the achievement of Machu Picchu, but also condemned the slavery which had made it possible. In Canto XII, he called upon the dead of many centuries to be born again and to speak through him. Martn Espada, poet and professor of creative writing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, has hailed the work as a masterpiece, declaring that "there is no greater political poem".

Communism
Bolstered by his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, Neruda, like many left-leaning intellectuals of his generation, came to admire the Soviet Union of communist dictator Joseph Stalin, partly for the role it played in defeating Nazi Germany and idealist views of theoretical Marxist doctrine.[18] This is echoed in poems such as "Canto a Stalingrado" (1942) and "Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado" (1943). In 1953 Neruda was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize. On Stalin's death that same year, Neruda wrote an ode to him,
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as he also (during World War II) wrote poetry in praise of Fulgencio Batista "Saludo a Batista", ("Salute to Batista") and later to Fidel Castro. His fervent Stalinism eventually drove a wedge between Neruda and longtime friend Octavio Paz who commented that "Neruda became more and more Stalinist, while I became less and less enchanted with Stalin".[19] Their differences came to a head after the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact when they almost came to blows in an argument over Stalin. Although Paz still considered Neruda "The greatest poet of his generation", in an essay on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn he wrote that when he thinks of "Neruda and other famous Stalinist writers and poets, I feel the gooseesh that I get from reading certain passages of the Inferno. No doubt they began in good faith [...] but insensibly, commitment by commitment, they saw themselves becoming entangled in a mesh of lies, falsehoods, deceits and perjuries, until they lost their souls".[20] Neruda called Lenin the "great genius of this century". His speech of June 5, 1946) gives a tribute to the late Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin, who for Neruda was "man of noble life", "the great constructor of the future", and "a comrade of arms of Lenin and Stalin".[21] Neruda later came to rue his support of the Soviet leader; after Nikita Khrushchev's famous Secret Speech at the Soviet 20th Party Congress in 1956, which denounced the "cult of personality" that surrounded Stalin and accused him of committing crimes during the Great Purges, Neruda wrote in his memoirs "I had contributed my share to the personality cult," explaining that "in those days, Stalin seemed to us the conqueror who had crushed Hitler's armies".[18] Of a subsequent visit to China in 1957, Neruda would write: "What has estranged me from the Chinese revolutionary process has not been Mao Tse-tung but Mao Tsetungism." He dubbed this Mao Tse-Stalinism: "the repetition of a cult of a Socialist deity".[18] Despite his disillusionment with Stalin, Neruda never lost his essential faith in communist theory and remained loyal to "the Party". Anxious not to give ammunition to his ideological enemies, he would later refuse publicly to condemn the Soviet repression of dissident writers like Boris Pasternak and Joseph Brodsky, an attitude with which even some of his staunchest admirers disagreed.[22] On March 4, 1945 Neruda was elected a Communist party senator for the northern provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapac in the arid and inhospitable Atacama Desert.[23][24] He ofcially joined the Communist Party of Chile four months later.[14] In 1946, Radical Party presidential candidate Gabriel Gonzlez Videla asked Neruda to act as his campaign manager. Gonzlez Videla was supported by a coalition of left-wing parties and Neruda fervently campaigned on his behalf. Once in ofce, however, Gonzlez Videla turned against the Communist Party and issued the Law of Permanent Defense of the Democracy. The breaking point for Senator Neruda was the violent repression of a Communist-led miners' strike in Lota in October 1947, where striking workers were herded into island military prisons and a concentration camp in the town of Pisagua. Neruda's criticism of Gonzlez Videla culminated in a dramatic speech in the Chilean senate on January 6, 1948, which became known as "Yo acuso" ("I accuse"), in the course of which he read out the names of the miners and their families who were imprisoned at the concentration camp.[25] During the late 1960s, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was asked for his opinion of Pablo Neruda. Borges stated, "I think of him as a very ne poet, a very ne poet. I don't admire him as a man, I think of him as a very mean man."[26] He said that Neruda had not spoken out against Pern because he was afraid to risk his reputation, noting "I was an Argentine poet, he was a Chilean poet, he's on the side of the Communists, I'm against them. So I felt he was behaving very wisely in avoiding a meeting that would have been quite uncomfortable for both of us."[27]

Exile

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A few weeks later in 1948, nding himself threatened with arrest, Neruda went into hiding and he and his wife were smuggled from house to house hidden by supporters and admirers for the next thirteen months.[14] While in hiding, Senator Neruda was removed from ofce and in September 1948 the Communist Party was banned altogether under the Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia (Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy), called by critics the Ley Maldita (Accursed Law), which eliminated over 26,000 people from the electoral registers, thus stripping them of their right to vote. Neruda Neruda with his wife and Erich moved later to Valdivia in southern Chile. From Valdivia he moved to Honecker in 1951 Fundo Huishue a forestry estate in the vicinity of Huishue Lake. Neruda's life underground ended in March 1949 when he ed over the Lilpela Pass on the Andes Mountains to Argentina on horseback. He would dramatically recount his escape from Chile in his Nobel Prize lecture. Once out of Chile, he spent the next three years in exile.[14] In Buenos Aires, Neruda took advantage of the slight resemblance between him and his friend, the future Nobel Prize-winning novelist and cultural attach to the Guatemalan embassy, Miguel ngel Asturias, to travel to Europe using Asturias's passport.[28] Pablo Picasso arranged his entrance into Paris and Neruda made a surprise appearance there to a stunned World Congress of Peace Forces, while the Chilean government denied that the poet could have escaped the country.[28] Neruda spent those three years traveling extensively throughout Europe as well as taking trips to India, China, Sri Lanka and the Soviet Union. His trip to Mexico in late 1949 was lengthened due to a serious bout of phlebitis.[29] A Chilean singer named Matilde Urrutia was hired to care for him and they began an affair that would, years later, culminate in marriage.[29] During his exile, Urrutia would travel from country to country shadowing him and they would arrange meetings whenever they could. Matilde Urrutia was the muse for "Los versos del Capitn", which he later published anonymously in 1952. While in Mexico, Neruda also published his lengthy epic poem Canto General, a from "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon" Whitmanesque catalog of the history, geography, and ora and fauna of South America, Full woman, eshly apple, hot moon, thick smell of seaweed, crushed mud and light, accompanied by Neruda's observations and what obscure brilliance opens between your experiences. Many of them dealt with his time columns? underground in Chile, which is when he What ancient night does a man touch with his composed much of the poem. In fact, he had senses? carried the manuscript with him on his escape on horseback. A month later, a different edition of Loving is a journey with water and with stars, with smothered air and abrupt storms of our: ve thousand copies was boldly published in loving is a clash of lightning-bolts Chile by the outlawed Communist Party based and two bodies defeated by a single drop of honey. on a manuscript Neruda had left behind. In Mexico, he was granted honorary Mexican From "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon", [31] Selected Poems translated by Stephen Mitchell (1997) [30] citizenship. Neruda's 1952 stay in a villa owned by Italian historian Edwin Cerio on the island of Capri was ctionalized in Antonio Skarmeta's 1985 novel Ardiente Paciencia (Ardent Patience, later known as El cartero de Neruda, or Neruda's Postman), which inspired the popular lm Il Postino ("The Postman", 1994).[32]

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Second return to Chile

By 1952, the Gonzlez-Videla government was on its last legs, weakened by corruption scandals. The Chilean Socialist Party was in the process of nominating Salvador Allende as its candidate for the September 1952 presidential elections and was keen to have the presence of Neruda, by now Chile's most prominent left-wing literary gure, to support the campaign.[31] Neruda returned to Chile in August of that year and rejoined Delia del Carril, who had travelled ahead of him some months earlier, but the marriage was crumbling. Del Carril eventually learned of his affair with Matilde Urrutia and he sent her back to Chile in 1955. She convinced the Chilean ofcials to lift his arrest allowing Urrutia and Neruda to go to Capri, Italy. Now united with Urrutia, Neruda would, aside from many foreign trips and a stint as Allende's ambassador to France from 1970 to 1973, spend the rest of his life in Chile.

Neruda recording his poetry at the U.S. Library of Congress in 1966.

By this time, Neruda enjoyed worldwide fame as a poet, and his books were being translated into virtually all the major languages of the world.[14] He vigorously denounced the U.S. during the Cuban missile crisis and later in the decade he would likewise repeatedly condemn the U.S. for the Vietnam War. But being one of the most prestigious and outspoken left-wing intellectuals alive, he also attracted opposition from ideological opponents. The Congress for Cultural Freedom, an anti-communist organization covertly established and funded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, adopted Neruda as one of its primary targets and launched a campaign to undermine his reputation, reviving the old claim he had been an accomplice in the attack on Trotsky in Mexico City in 1940.[33] The campaign became more intense when it became known that Neruda was a candidate for the 1964 Nobel Prize, which was eventually awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre.[34] In 1966, Neruda was invited to attend an International PEN conference in New York City.[35] Ofcially, he was barred from entering the U.S. because he was a communist, but the conference organizer, playwright Arthur Miller, eventually prevailed upon the Johnson Administration to grant Neruda a visa.[35] Neruda gave readings to packed halls, and even recorded some poems for the Library of Congress.[35] Miller later opined that Neruda's adherence to his communist ideals of the 1930s was a result of his protracted exclusion from "bourgeois society". Due to the presence of many Eastern Bloc writers, Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes later wrote that the PEN conference marked a "beginning of the end" of the Cold War.[35] Upon Neruda's return to Chile, he stopped in Peru, where he gave readings to enthusiastic crowds in Lima and Arequipa and was received by President La Sebastiana, Neruda's Fernando Belande Terry.[35] However, this visit also prompted an house in Valparaso unpleasant backlash; because the Peruvian government had come out against the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba, July 1966 saw more than one hundred Cuban intellectuals retaliate against the poet by signing a letter that charged Neruda with colluding with the enemy, calling him an example of the "tepid, pro-Yankee revisionism" then prevalent in Latin America. The affair was particularly painful for Neruda because of his previous outspoken support for the
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Cuban revolution, and he never visited the island again, even after receiving an invitation in 1968. After the death of Che Guevara in Bolivia in 1967, Neruda wrote several articles regretting the loss of a "great hero".[36] At the same time, he told his friend Aida Figueroa not to cry for Che, but for Luis Emilio Recabarren, the father of the Chilean communist movement, who preached a pacist revolution over Che's violent ways.[37]

Last years
In 1970, Neruda was nominated as a candidate for the Chilean presidency, but ended up giving his support to Salvador Allende, who later won the election and was inaugurated in 1970 as the rst democratically elected socialist head of state.[31][38] Shortly thereafter, Allende appointed Neruda the Chilean ambassador to France, lasting from 19701972; his nal diplomatic posting. During his stint in Paris, Neruda helped to renegotiate the external debt of Chile, billions owed to European and American banks, but within months of his arrival in Paris his health began to deteriorate.[31] Neruda returned to Chile two and half years later due to his failing health.
La Chascona, Neruda's house in

In 1971, Neruda was awarded Santiago. [31] the Nobel Prize, a decision that did not come easily because some of the committee members had not forgotten Neruda's past praise of Stalinist dictatorship. But his Swedish translator, Artur Lundkvist, did his best to ensure the Chilean received the prize.[39] "A poet," Neruda stated in his Stockholm speech of acceptance of the Nobel Prize, "is at the same time a force for solidarity and for solitude."[40] The following year Neruda was awarded the prestigious Golden Wreath Award at the Struga Poetry Evenings. As the coup d'tat of 1973 unfolded, Neruda, then diagnosed with prostate cancer, was devastated by the mounting attacks on the Allende government.[31] The military coup led by General Augusto Pinochet on September 11 saw Neruda's hopes for a Marxist Chile destroyed. Shortly thereafter, during a search of the house and grounds at Isla Negra by Chilean armed forces at which Neruda was present, the poet famously remarked: "Look aroundthere's only one thing of danger for you here

Buenos Aires 1971

poetry." [41] Neruda died of heart failure on the evening of September 23, 1973, at Santiago's Santa Mara Clinic;[42][43][44] The funeral took place amidst a massive police presence, and mourners took advantage of the occasion to protest against the new regime, established just a couple of weeks before. Neruda's house was broken into and his papers and books taken or destroyed.[31]

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In 1974 his Memoirs appeared under the title I Confess I Have Lived, updated to the last days of the poet's life, and including a nal segment describing the death of Salvador Allende during the storming of the Moneda Palace by Pinochet and other generals occurring only twelve days before Neruda died.[31] Matilde Urrutia subsequently compiled and edited for publication the memoirs and possibly his nal poem "Right Comrade, It's the Hour of the Garden". These and other activities brought her into conict with Pinochet's government, which continually sought to curtail Neruda's inuence on the Chilean collective consciousness. Urrutia's own memoir, My Life with Pablo Neruda, was published posthumously in 1986.[45] Manuel Araya, his Communist Party-appointed chauffeur published a book about Neruda's nal days in 2012.[46]

Exhumation
In June 2011, a Chilean judge ordered that an investigation be launched, following suggestions that Neruda had been killed by the Pinochet regime for his pro-Allende stance and political views. Neruda's driver, Manuel Araya, stated that doctors administered poison as the poet was preparing to go into exile. [47][48] In December 2011 Chile's Communist Party asked Chilean Judge Mario Carroza to order the exhumation of the remains of the poet. Carroza has been conducting probes into hundreds of deaths allegedly connected to abuses of Pinochet's regime from 1973 to 1990.[49][46] Neruda laid out in his cofn, Carroza's inquiry during 201112 uncovered enough evidence to order the [50] 1974 exhumation in April 2013. Eduardo Contreras, a Chilean lawyer, is leading the push for a full investigation. He commented: "We have worldclass labs from India, Switzerland, Germany, the US, Sweden, they have all offered to do the lab work for free." The Pablo Neruda Foundation has fought the exhumation.[48] In June 2013 a court order was issued to nd the man that prosecutors allege poisoned Neruda. Police are investigating former CIA agent Michael Townley, who is facing trial for the killings of General Carlos Prats (Buenos Aires, 1974), and ex Chancellor Orlando Letelier (Washington, 1976). [51][52] Test results were released on 8 November 2013 of the seven-month investigation by a 15 member forensic team. Patricio Bustos, the head of Chile's medical legal service, stated "No relevant chemical substances have been found that could be linked to Mr. Neruda's death".[53]

Legacy
Neruda owned three houses in Chile; today they are all open to the public as museums: La Chascona in Santiago, La Sebastiana in Valparaso, and Casa de Isla Negra in Isla Negra, where he and Matilde Urrutia are buried. A bust of Neruda stands on the south side of the Organization of American States building in Washington, D.C.

Music
Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis set to music the Canto general. American composer Samuel Barber used Neruda's poems for his cantata The Lovers in 1971. Austrian avant-garde composer Michael Gielen set to music Un da sobresale (Ein Tag Tritt Hervor.
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Pentaphonie fr obligates Klavier, fnf Soloinstrumente und fnf Gruppen zu je fnf Musikern mit Worten von Pablo Neruda. 1960-63). Mexican composer Daniel Catn wrote an opera Il Postino (2010), whose premiere production featured Spanish tenor Plcido Domingo portraying Pablo Neruda. Folk rock / progressive rock group Los Jaivas, famous in Chile, used Las alturas de Macchu Picchu as the text for their album of the same name. Chilean composer Sergio Ortega worked closely with the poet in the musical play Fulgor y muerte de Joaqun Murieta (1967). Three decades later, Ortega expanded the piece into an opera, leaving Neruda's text intact. Peter Lieberson composed Neruda Songs (2005) and Songs of Love and Sorrow (2010) based on Cien Sonetos de Amor.[54] Jazz vocalist Luciana Souza released an album called "Neruda" (2004) featuring 10 of Neruda's poems set to the music of Federico Mompou. The South African musician Johnny Clegg drew heavily on Neruda in his early work with the band Juluka. On the back on Jackson Browne's album The Pretender, there is a poem by Neruda. Canadian rock group Red Rider named their 1983 LP/CD release, Neruda. Pop band Sixpence None the Richer set his poem "Puedo escribir" to music on their platinum selling self-titled album (1997). The group Brazilian Girls turned "Poema 15" ("Poem 15") from Veinte poemas de amor y una cancin desesperada (20 love poems and a song of despair) into their song "Me gusta cuando callas" from their self-titled album. With permission from the Fundacin Neruda, Marco Katz composed a song cycle based on the volume Piedras del cielo for voice and piano.[55]Centaur Records CRC 3232, 2012. The Occitan singer Joanda composed the song Pablo Neruda [56] American contemporary composer Morten Lauridsen set Neruda's poem "Soneto de la noche" to music as part of his cycle "Nocturnes" from 2005. Juan Luis Guerra credits Neruda for two phrases for his song, "Bachata rosa".[57] Ezequiel Vinao composed "Sonetos de amor" (2011) a song cycle based on Neruda's love poems. Ute Lemper composed "Forever" (2013) an album of the Love poems of Pablo Neruda

Literature
Neruda's 1952 stay in a villa on the island of Capri was ctionalized in Chilean author Antonio Skarmeta's 1985 novel Ardiente Paciencia (published as Burning Patience, later known as El cartero de Neruda, or Neruda's Postman).[58] In 2008 the writer Roberto Ampuero published a novel El caso Neruda, about his private eye Cayetano Brul, where Pablo Neruda is one of the protagonists. The Dreamer (2010) is a children's ctional biography of Neruda, "a shy Chilean boy whose spirit develops and thrives despite his father's relentless negativity". Written by Pam Muoz Ryan and illustrated by Peter Ss, the text and illustrations are printed in Neruda's signature green ink.[59]

Film
The Italian lm Il Postino, inspired by Antonio Skrmeta's 1985 novel Ardiente paciencia (Ardent Patience, later known as El cartero de Neruda, or Neruda's Postman), centres on the story of Pablo Neruda (Philippe Noiret) living in exile on Salina Island near Sicily during the 1950s. While there, he befriends the local postman and inspires in him a love of poetry. Pablo Neruda: The Poet's Calling is a documentary lm about Neruda's life, times, and poetry,
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directed by Mexican director Carlos Bolado and Mark Eisner.[37] Neruda is a 120 minute documentary about his life and poetry including interviews with his friends like Volodia Teitelboim, Jose Balmes, Jorge Edwards, Andrej Wosnessenski, Mikis Theodorakis. This lm was directed by the German lmmaker Ebbo Demant and broadcast 2004 in the European culture TV channel ARTE and the German public-service broadcaster ARD.

See also
Cien Sonetos de Amor

Notes
1. ^ Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza (1 March 1983). The fragrance of guava: Conversations with Gabriel Garca Mrquez (http://books.google.com/books?id=oIpdAAAAMAAJ). Verso. p. 49. Retrieved 4 August 2011. 2. ^ Neruda, La vida del poeta: Cronologa, 19441953 (http://www.neruda.uchile.cl/cronologia/cronologia6.htm), Fundacin Neruda, University of Chile. Retrieved 29 December 2006. 3. ^ Wyman, Eva Goldschmidt; Zurita, Magdalena Fuentes (2002). The Poets and the General: Chile's Voices of Dissent under Augusto Pinochet 19731989 (1st ed.). Santiago de Chile: Lom Ed. p. 18. ISBN 9562824918. In Spanish and English. 4. ^ Tarn (1975) p. 13 5. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 7 6. ^ a b c d e Tarn (1975) p. 14 7. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 19 8. ^ a b c Tarn (1975) p. 15 9. ^ a b c d Tarn (1975) p. 16 10. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 109 11. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 434 12. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 141 13. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 145 14. ^ a b c d e f Tarn (1975) p. 17 15. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 340 16. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 163 17. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 244 18. ^ a b c Feinstein (2005) pp. 312313 19. ^ Roman, Joe. (1993) Octavio Paz Chelsea House Publishers ISBN 0-7910-1249-2 20. ^ Paz, Octavio (1991) On Poets and Others. Arcade. ISBN 1-55970-139-0 p. 127 21. ^ "Alberto Acereda - El otro Pablo Neruda - Libros" (http://libros.libertaddigital.com/articulo.php/1276229541). Libros.libertaddigital.com. 1990-01-01. Retrieved 2010-03-11. 22. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 263 23. ^ Shull (2009) p. 69 24. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 181 25. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 199 26. ^ Burgin (1968) p. 95. 27. ^ Burgin (1968) p. 96. 28. ^ a b Feinstein (2005) pp. 2367 29. ^ a b Feinstein (2005) p. 290 30. ^ "Full Woman, Fleshly Apple, Hot Moon" (http://www.eagleharborbooks.com/book/9780061733574) 31. ^ a b c d e f g h Tarn (1975) p. 22 32. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 278 33. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 487
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33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.

53.

54.

55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

^ Feinstein (2005) p. 487 ^ Feinstein (2005) pp. 3345 ^ a b c d e Feinstein (2005) pp. 3415 ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 326 ^ a b "Pablo Neruda: The Poet's Calling" (http://www.redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda_aboutlm.php). Red Poppy. Retrieved November 5, 2011. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 367 ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 333 ^ Pablo Neruda (1994). Late and posthumous poems, 1968-1974. Grove Press. ^ Feinstein (2005) p. 413 ^ "Pablo Neruda, Nobel Poet, Dies in a Chilean Hospital", The New York Times, September 24, 1973. ^ Neruda and Vallejo: Selected Poems, Robert Bly, ed.; Beacon Press, Boston, 1993, p. xii. ^ Earth-Shattering Poems, Liz Rosenberg, ed.; Henry Holt, New York, 1998, p. 105. ^ Urrutia, Matilde; translated by Alexandria Giardino (2004). My Life with Pablo Neruda. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804750092. ^ a b Newman, Lucia (21 May 2012). "Was Pablo Neruda murdered?" (http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/05/201252172550321452.html). Aljazeera. ^ "Chile judge orders Pablo Neruda death probe" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13634042). BBC News. June 2, 2011. ^ a b Franklin, Jonathan (7 April 2013). "Pablo Neruda's grave to be exhumed over Pinochet regime murder claims" (http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/apr/07/pablo-neruda-exhumed-murder-investigation). The Guardian. ^ "Pablo Neruda death probe urged in Chile" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2011/12/06/neruda-poet-exhumechile-investigate.html). CBC News. December 6, 2011. ^ "Unravelling the mystery of Pablo Neruda's death" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22027787). BBC. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013. ^ http://www.infonews.com/2013/06/03/mundo-79206-revelan-que-un-ex-agente-de-la-cia-enveneno-a-neruda.php ^ Washington Post (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/chilean-judge-issues-order-to-investigatepoet-nerudas-alleged-killer/2013/06/01/bd8bf8b6-cb34-11e2-9cd9-3b9a22a4000a_story.html), June 2, 2013, "Chilean judge issues order to investigate poet Nerudas alleged killer" ^ "Forensic tests show no poison in remains of Chilean poet Pablo Neruda" 8 November 2013 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/forensic-tests-show-no-chemical-agents-in-remains-ofchilean-poet-pablo-neruda/2013/11/08/492f6ae0-487d-11e3-95a9-3f15b5618ba8_story.html) Washington Post. ^ "Lieberson: Songs of Love and Sorrow Program Note by the Composer" (http://www.bso.org/images/program_notes/lieberson_songs_sorrow.pdf). Boston Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^ Fundacion Neruda (http://www.fundacionneruda.org)Syd Music (http://www.sydmusic.com/ediciones.htm) ^ Joanda (http://www.joanda.fr/album-joanda/single-pablo-neruda/) ^ "Guerra mixes a hot concoction of merengue, salsa, and bachata". Amricas (Organization of American States). 4244: 92. 1990. ^ Amazon description of Burning Patience (http://www.amazon.com/dp/1555971970) ^ Amazon description of The Dreamer (2010) (http://www.amazon.com/dp/0439269709)

Sources
Feinstein, Adam Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life, Bloomsbury, 2004. ISBN 1-58234-410-8 Neruda, Pablo. Memoirs (translation of Coneso que he vivido: Memorias), translated by Hardie St. Martin, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1977. (1991 edition is ISBN 0-374-20660-0) Shull, Jodie. Pablo Neruda: Passion, Poetry, Politics (http://www.enslow.com/displayitem.asp? type=1&item=2578). Enslow. ISBN 978-0-7660-2966-8. Tarn, Nathaniel, Ed (1975) Pablo Neruda: Selected Poems Penguin. Burgin, Richard (1968) Conversations with Jorge Luis Borges, Holt, Rhinehart, & Winston Consuelo Hernndez.El Antiorientalismo en Pablo Neruda; Voces y perspectivas en la poesia
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latinoamericanana del siglo XX. Madrid: Visor 2009.

Further reading
Pablo Neruda, Selected Poems ed. Ilan Stavans 2003 Translating Neruda: The Way to Macchu Picchu John Felstiner 1980 Pablo Neruda. Durn, Manuel., 1981 Pablo Neruda: all poets the poet . Bizzarro, Salvatore., 1979 The poetry of Pablo Neruda. Costa, Ren de., 1979 Pablo Neruda: Memoirs (Coneso que he vivido: Memorias) / tr. St. Martin, Hardie., 1977 The Essential Neruda (http://redpoppy.net/pablo_neruda.php) / ed. Mark Eisner, intro by Lawrence Ferlinghetti (City Lights), 2004 "Paz and Neruda: Clash of Literary Titans" (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Clash+of+literary+titans.a0180277640). Free Online Library. July 2008. Americas Magazine, Jaime Perales Contreras

Books of English translations of Neruda

Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (bilingual edition) (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969 reprinted with an introduction by Christina Garcia New York: Penguin Books, 2004) (translated by W. S. Merwin) World's End (Copper Canyon Press, 2009) (translated by William O'Daly) The Hands of the Day (Copper Canyon Press, 2008) (translated by William O'Daly) The Book of Questions (Copper Canyon Press, 1991, 2001) (translated by William O'Daly) The Yellow Heart (Copper Canyon Press, 1990, 2002) (translated by William O'Daly) Stones of the Sky (Copper Canyon Press, 1990, 2002) (translated by William O'Daly) The Sea and the Bells (Copper Canyon Press, 1988, 2002) (translated by William O'Daly) Winter Garden (Copper Canyon Press, 1987, 2002) (translated by James Nolan) The Separate Rose (Copper Canyon Press, 1985) (translated by William O'Daly) Still Another Day (Copper Canyon Press, 1984, 2005) (translated by William O'Daly) On the Blue Shore of Silence: Poems of the Sea (Rayo Harper Collins, 2004) (translated by Alastair Reid, epilogue Antonio Skrmeta) The Captain's Verses (bilingual edition) (New Directions, 1972) (translated by Donald D. Walsh) 100 Love Sonnets (bilingual edition) (University of Texas Press, 1986) (translated by Stephen Tapscott) Extravagaria (bilingual edition) (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974) (translated by Alastair Reid) Intimacies: Poems of Love (Harper Collins, 2008) (translated by Alastair Reid) The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems (City Lights, 2004) (translated by Robert Hass, Jack Hirschman, Mark Eisner, Forrest Gander, Stephen Mitchell, Stephen Kessler, and John Felstiner. Preface by Lawrence Ferlinghetti)

External links
Prole at the Poetry Foundation (http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/pablo-neruda) Prole at Poets.org with poems and articles (http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/279) Prole at Emory University (http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Neruda.html) Rita Guibert (Spring 1971). "Pablo Neruda, The Art of Poetry No. 14" (http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4091/the-art-of-poetry-no-14-pablo-neruda). The Paris Review.
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Nobel Biography (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1971/neruda-bio.html) "Celebrating Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda" (http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl? sid=04/07/16/1442233), Amy Goodman of Democracy Now! interviews Martn Espada, poet and professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. NPR Morning Edition on Neruda's Centennial (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=3301011) 12 July 2004 (audio 4 mins) "Pablo Neruda's 'Poems of the Sea'" (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813176) 5 April 2004 (Audio, 8 mins) "The ecstasist: Pablo Neruda and his passions (http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/09/08/030908crbo_books1)." The New Yorker. 8 September 2003 "Neruda, Chilean Poet-Politician, Wins Nobel Prize in Literature" New York Times 22 October 1971 (http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/books/nobel-Neruda.pdf?scp=11&sq=neruda&st=cse) and "Songs of himself" New York Times, Robert Bly 23 May 1982 (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html? res=980CE4DC1338F930A15756C0A964948260&scp=20&sq=neruda&st=cse) "Neruda's Chile". Daily Telegraph 18 September 2010 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/southamerica/chile/8008408/Pablo-NerudasChile.html)

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