Water resources engineering Water supply-the collection treatments and distribution of water for domestic, industrial and agricultural

needs Waterworks-structure, equipment and appurtenances necessary for the collection, purification, pumping and distribution of water supply Distribution of Earths water 1. 2. 3. 4. Oceans:96.5% Saline ground water:.93% Saline lakes:.07% Freshwater:2.5% a. Glaciers and ice caps:68.6% b. Groundwater:30.1% c. Surface water and other freshwater:1.3% i. Ice and snow:73.1% ii. Lakes:20.13% iii. Atmospheric water:.22% iv. Biological water:.22% v. Rivers:.46% vi. Swamps and marshes:2.53% vii. Soil moisture:3.52% 3000BC-wells were constructed 2000BC-irrigation dam and canals in Egypt and babylonia 312BC-roman aqueducts 1550-filter cisterns in venice st 1562-1 pumping works in England 1580-discovered hardwood pumps Italy 1600-invention of forced pumps in England st 1652-1 public owned water supply 1664-first iron pipes carried water in france 1685-filter designs for water supply discovered in Italy 1787-first steam driven pump used in London 1790-first slow sand filter was utilized in Lincolnshire 1800-coagulation was adopted in US 1804-cast iron pipes was used in Philadelphia 1806-first filter plant was introduced in paris 1832-NY began its city owned water supply. First US filter plant was built in Richmond 1893-italian government introduced water purification method and revision of the coagulation system 1900-US develop rapid sand filters 1910-US introduced the use of copper sulphate to control algae, water softening has been adopted(ZOELITES) and chlorination was introduced 1929-use of activated carbon, taste and odour control was introduced 1945-us introduced fluoridation to water supply system Prespanish period a. Rainwater and surface water Spanish Regime a. 1680-spring in San Juan del Monte was developed by Fr. Juan Deguero and added a canal leading to the spring. b. 1743-don Francisco Carriedo invested P100000 to build water supply system in MM c. 1878-Don Genaro Palacios started the carried Waterworks, Santolan pump and San juan el deposito tunnel was complete in 1802 worth 745000 Post Spanish regime a. 1898 Americans added 2 pumps in santolan b. 1902-1918 i. Montalban project of 10.5mi of steel pipes were laid out ii. San juan reservoir(36mgd)

Stages in the modernization of the water supply in the world 1. 2.

Manilas water supply

3.

c. d. e. Water policies

1919-MWD to furnish water and sewerages services to Manila 1960-NAWASA 1971-MWSS

Sanitation code (PD 856 of 1975) o Code in sanitation of the Philippines Water code PD 1091 of 1976 o A decree instituting a water code, thereby revising and consolidating the law was governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources Environment code PD 1152 of 1977 o Philippine environment code Water crisis act RA 8041 of 1995 o National water crisis act of 1995 Clean water act RA 9275 of 2004 o An act providing for a comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes Clean water act covers catchment areas, wastewater management, pollution control and monitoring of water quality DENR-effluent standards, classification of bodies of water, monitoring of WQ DA-wastewater and pollution control DOH-septage management systems DPWH-sewerage and wastewater systems LGUs-monitoring of WQ

Policy across sectors

ILOCOS REGION Region 1 is better known as ilocandia lies in the north-western coast of the island of Luzon, it is composed of the provinces ..... occupying a total land area of 12840 sq. Km. Water supply provides water for: 1. domestic: water furnished to houses, hotels, etc for sanitary, culinary, and other purposes. Use varies with the economic level of the consumers. The range being 75 to 380 L per capita per day 2. commercial and industrial-water furnished to industrial and commercial establishments such as factories, offices and stores 3. public use-water furnished to public buildings and used for public services 4. loss and waste-water which is unaccounted for in the sense that it is not assigned a specific user. Unaccounted for water is attributed to errors in meter readings, unauthorized connections and leaks in the distribution Factors affecting distribution 1. size of the city-indirect effect on small communities to limited use of water 2. industry and commerce-industrial use has no direct relation to population, great care must be taken in estimating present or future water use in the area. Commercial consumptions is largely dependent on the number of people employed in the business districts and cannot be estimated on the basis of number of residents 3. characteristics of the population. Can produce substantial variations from average use of 300L per capita per day to 380L per capita per day 4. metering. it reduces consumption substantially up to 50% 5. miscellaneous factors-climate, quality, pressure, system maintenance and conservation programs Design periods for water supply components The economic design period of the components of a water supply system depends on their life, first cost, the ease with which they can be expanded, and the like hood that they will be rendered obsolete by technological services. In order to design the parts of the water system, the flow at the end of the design period must be estimated. Conservatism that is overestimation of the design flow, must be avoided since this can burden a relatively small community with the cost of extravagant works designed for a far larger population. The different elements of the treatment and distribution systems may be appropriately designed for different periods and their design may be based upon different flow criteria.

PARTS OF A COMPLETE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. sources-based upon a design period which depends on the nature of the source storage(impounding dam)- consist of elevated steel tanks which are relatively inexpensive and easy to construct transportation from storage to the treatment -aqueduct=conduit designed to convey water from a source treatment plant-designed for a period of 10-15 years and it will be designed on the basis of average daily flow. Storage(reservoir)-open or covered water tight basin Disinfection house-to disinfect or kill bacteria Pumps-to force water to the mains or to raise water to communities at higher elevation Distribution system-normally installed below the streets and their life is vary ong and their replacement is very expensive, thus the design period is indefinite and the capacity is based on maximum anticipated development of the area seved. meteoric water a. simple roof collection and storage b. larger catchment reservoir(ocean) surface water a. rivers and streams, ponds and lakes, swamps artificial impounding reservoir groundwater a. deep and shallow wells. Infiltration galleries or tunnels and natural springs b. recharge/discharge c. sources:precipitation, surface water, storm water retention

Classification of water resources 1.

2. 3.

quality/volume of water and rate concepts good management and designs of water supply and sewerages demand good knowledge of the volumes and flows involved and their population and time forecasting population 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. employment forecast-growth is estimated in the basis of future employment forecasts decreasing rate of increase-rate of growth of cities decreases or the size increases component method-population forecasts are based on a detailed analysis of the component that make up population growth ratio method-relies upon the population projection of state or federal demographies and the presumption the the city .... logistic method

6. declining growth method-assumes that the city has some limiting saturation population and that its population deficit

7. curvilinear method: graphical projection of the past population growth curve, following whatever tendencies the graph indicated. The commonly variant includes comparison of the projected growth to that of other cities of larger sizes

8. uniform percentage method: hypothesis of geometric/uniform percentage growth assumes a rate increase which is proportion to population

9. arithmetic method:based upon the hypothesis that the rate of growth is constant K=rate of change of population 10. statistical formula: arithmetic average growth I=average annual increase FIRE DEMAND-the quality of water that required for fire fighting purposes should be easily available Fire demand specifications 1. quantity flow should be greater than 5000gpm 2. additional flow maybe required to protect nearby buildings 3. the total flow for all purposes for a single fire is not to be exceed 12000gpm nor less than 5000 gpm 4. The fire flow must be maintained for a minimum of 4 hours. Most communities have a duration of 10 hours 5. in order to determine the maximum water demand during a fire, the fire flow must be added to a maximum daily consumption fire demand is treated as a function of population formulas 1. john freemans formula a. Q=1136.5[(P/5)+10] b. Q =quantity of water in liters/min c. P=population in thousands Buckling formula a. Q=31.82P^.5 National board of fire underwaters a. Q=4637P^.5(1-.01O^.5) Insurance service office a. Q=18CA^.5 i. Q=gpm ii. C=1.5(wood frame) 1(ordinary) .6(fire resistive) iii. A=ft^2 excluding basement

2. 3. 4.