Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communications
Elements of Communication
System
Signals
Analog Signals
Digital Signals
Pulse Code Modulations
ItConverts Analog signal to Digital
Signal
Why PCM ?
Practical implementation
– Sampling
– Quantizing
– Encoding
Sampling
Quantizing
Encoding
Contd..
PCM uses non-linear encoding, i.e., amplitude
spacing of levels is non-linear.
– There is a greater number of quantizing steps for low
amplitude.
– This reduces overall signal distortion.
This introduces quantizing error (or noise).
PCM pulses are then encoded into a digital bit
stream.
8000 samples/sec x 8bits/sample = 64 Kbps for
a single voice channel.
DATA TRANSMISSION
ParallelTransmission
Serial Transmission
– Synchronous Transmission
– Asynchronous Transmission
Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Synchronous Transmission
Multiplexing
Multiplexing Techniques:
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Why 4KHz
In Practical Communication Allotted
0-4KHz
In Frequency shifting process two
new Frequency Bands will be added
1.Lower Side Band (LSB)
2.Upper Side Band (USB)
Time Division Multiplexing
PCM Sampling in Time
The Samples are taken in Higher rates
B 192.168.32. 50 215.37.32.2 2
13 03
Reliability
Scalability
Network management
Policy management
Types of VPN
Three types
Remote VPN
Intranet VPN
Extranet VPN