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Valid for 0.05 P 35.0MPa and 70 T 450K
Compressibility factor
Enthalpy
Viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Maxsorb
/MOF-5 thermodynamic models for absolute adsorption
and internal energy of adsorbed hydrogen obtained from:
Richard, Bnard and Chahine. Gas Adsorption Process in Activated Carbon Over a
Wide Temperature Range Above the Critical Point. Part 1: Modified Dubinin-Astakhov
Model.
Richard, Bnard and Chahine. Gas Adsorption Process in Activated Carbon Over a
Wide Temperature Range Above the Critical Point. Part 2: Conservation of Mass and
Energy.
MOF-5 isotherm data obtained by Ford
Error between NIST data and
correlations is less than 0.63%
3
Governing Equations
( )
t
n
t
P
P t
T
T
a Ads
H
H H
|
.
|
\
|
=
s 2
2 2
v
( )
( ) ( )
t
T
Cp I T k
t
n u
t
U
M
hS
P
t
P
T
c
c
T
T
h
t
T
T
h
c
Ads Ads s s
d
s
T
s
a a
Ads
H
s
H
H
s H
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
n Dissipatio Viscous
v v
3
2
v v
Energy Sorption Work Pressure
v v
0
2
0 2
2
2
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
P
P
ln
E
RT
exp n n
0 2
2
a
max a
adsorption of energy Free T E
a
= + =
Conservation of Mass (Hydrogen)
Conservation of Momentum
(Brinkman Equations)
( ) Porosity Effective V V
a void Ads
= =
Conservation of Energy
Absolute Adsorption
Relative Internal Energy
of Adsorbed Hydrogen
component Entropic
component Enthalpic
=
=
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
max
a
max
a max
a
n
n
ln RT na
n
n
ln erf 1
2
n
U
) , (
2
0
0
T P u u
u n U U
gas adsorbed of energy Internal U
atm H
a a a
a
=
=
=
( )
( ) ( ) g I v
1
3
2
v v P
v
S
v v
t
v
2 H s d
T
s s
s 2
0
s s 2
2 H s 2 H
+
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
+ + =
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
( ) P 4
2
2
2 H
2
+ +
=
=Ergun Permeability
1
= =Blake-Kozeny Permeability
or
Plus Other Ancillary
Equations!
4
Validation With UQTR Charging Experiments (MaxSorb)
Volume of Dewar 19 L
Volume of Tank 2.5 L
Mass of MaxSorb 0.674 kg
Mass of Tank 3.786 kg
Mass of TC Assembl y 0.471 kg
Overview of Low
Temperature Experiment
P
0
=0.182 MPa T
0
=79K
Dewar is filled with liquid N
2
Large Dewar kept pressure
vessel immersed in liquid N
2
H
2
added at 100 SLPM & ~80K
Transient temperatures in tank
and in Dewar are measured
N
2
is allowed to boil off, flowrate
and temperature are measured
Vessel surface temperatures
measured for use as boundary
conditions
5
Distribution of Stored Hydrogen
Outer Wall of the Vessel Contacted by Liquid N
2
at ~ 79K
6
UQTR Charging Experiments
TC1
Time (s)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
K
)
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Model
Data
TC2
Time (s)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
K
)
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Model
Data
TC3
Time (s)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
K
)
60
80
100
120
140
160
Model
Data
TC4
Time (s)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
K
)
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Model
Data
7
Discharge Central Heating Element
To extend dormancy hydrogen discharge is
effected by depressurization then heating
T
0
= 80 K
P
0
= 20 bar
Adsorbent Volume = 0.164m
3
Wall *Cp=2.43e6 (J/m
3
-K)
Heater on if P<50 bar
and Tavg of heater is < 420K
No Flow
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
B
o
u
n
d
a
r
i
e
s
No Flow
Pressure increases by 6.2 bar in 1800 seconds
Not very effective!
Midplane
8
Flow-Through Charging with MaxSorb and MOF-5 Data
T
0
= 180 K
P
0
= 5 bar
Ads Vol = 0.164m
3
Wall *Cp=2.43e5 (J/m
3
-K)
T
in
=80K
P
in
from 5 to 200 bar in 20 sec
Avg exit velocity
from 0 to 9 m/s from
3 to 5 sec
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c
W
a
l
l
Thermal conductivity has little influence
for this cooling method
Available Amount Released Upon Return to Initial State
2017 DOE Technical Target is to
charge 5.6 kg of usable H
2
in 198 sec
Initial Temperature is 180K
Initial Pressure is 5 bar
299
260
180
140
220
100
80
Temper atur e(K)
9
State of Exhaust Hydrogen
Case
Charge Time (s)
Mass of Exhaust
H
2
(kg)
Average
Temperature (K)
MaxSorb
Low Wall Cp
140
17.19
133.67
MaxSorb
Nominal Wall Cp
198
*
27.51
120.06
MOF-5
Low Wall Cp
95
11.61
132.42
MaxSorb
Low Wall Cp
Radial Cooling
155
19.58
137.49
Flow through cooling is most efficient if the mass
and average temperature of exhaust hydrogen are
minimized (minimize total enthalpy)
* Had not reached full capacity
Each case loads approximately 8
kg of recoverable hydrogen
10
Heat Dissipation During Charging
E
n
d
o
f
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
t
P
T
c
c
T
t
n
h u n U
t
a
g a a Ads 0