Offshore Engineering

03501322

Foundation of offshore structure

Dr. Pulpong Pongvithayapanu (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) International Maritime College Kasetsart University, Si Racha campus

(Course Description)

Offshore oil and gas industry, environment and design criteria of foundation, fabrication and installation. Subsea pipeline. Statutory instrument and operations manuals.

Challenges of Offshore Geotechnical Engineering

Design practice in offshore geotechnical engineering grew out of onshore practice, but the two application areas have tended to diverge over the last 30 years, driven partly by the scale of the foundation elements used offshore, and partly by fundamental differences in construction (or installation) techniques. Groups of many moderate-sized piles are replaced by a few very large diameter piles; excavation of shallow soft sediments is replaced by the use of deep skirts, transferring the effective foundation depth to the level of the skirt tips, or by forcing footings to penetrate several diameters into the seabed; underwater installation has allowed the use of suction (or under-pressure) to aid installation of skirted foundations and caissons. Emphasis in design is focused more on capacity, paying particular attention to the effects of cyclic loading but generally with less concern on deformations compared with onshore design. These differences have led to the development of separate design codes for offshore structures, which are in most cases more prescriptive than onshore codes but are also more sophisticated in key areas.

Challenges of Offshore Geotechnical Engineering by Mark Randolph, Mark Cassidy, Susan Gourvenec. Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, The University of Western Australia

Type of Offshore Production Concepts

Fixed platform

Semi-submersible

Tension leg platform (TLP) Drill ship

Onshore platform Jackup rig

Seven Types of Offshore Deepwater Systems

Offshore structures

Bottom supported structures

Jacket Gravity base Compliant tower*

Floating structures
Semisubmersible

FPSs, FPSOs

Jack-up

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

http://www.naturalgas.org/naturalgas/extraction_offshore.asp

Offshore Foundations

Anchoring system

TLPs FPSO FPS SPAR

Deep foundation or Pile foundation

Jacket Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

Shallow foundations
Jacket Gravity based structure Tension Leg Platform (TLP) Anchoraged semi-submersible

General multifooting structures, i.e. Spudcan

Jack-ups

Pile foundation

Shallow foundation

Spudcan

Dead load 1. Gravity (Mass of structure) Live load 1. Vibration 2. Barge 3. Erecting 4. Installation 5. Buoyancy Environmental load 1. Wind 2. Current wave 3. Seismic (Earthquake) 4. Ice

Pile Foundation

Pile
foundation

Typical pile-structure-soil interaction.

Piling for marine and offshore structures must be installed to develop the required capacities in bearing, uplift, and lateral resistance. For offshore bridge piers, minimization of settlements may also be criteria. Stiffness under lateral loads, as well as strength, and the ability to accept overloads in a ductile mode are also important characteristics.

Pile
foundation

1. For resisting axial compression, the pile transfers its load by skin friction along its outside perimeter and by end bearing on its tip, provided that the tip is either closed or plugged in such a way as not to yield in relation to the pile

2. For resisting axial tension, the deadweight of the pile, plus that of the internal plug of soil, plus the skin friction are available. 3. For resisting lateral loads, most offshore structures in deep water (over 3040 m) depend on the bending resistance of the pile interacting with the passive resistance of the soil in the near-surface stratum. The pile must have sufficient strength to resist the resultant moments and shears at these levels and to prevent biaxial buckling. The capacity to resist lateral loads can be improved by increasing the stiffness and moment capacity of the pile in the critical zone near and just below the mudline by grouting in an insert pile, by increasing the wall thickness of the steel pile through this zone, or by filling the pile with concrete in this region.

Pile
foundation

Offshore pile capacity

Axial Capacity

Lateral response capacity

Shaft skin friction

Ground

End bearing
Ground

Soft soil

Soft soil

Firmed soil /Rock

Firmed soil /Rock

Pile
foundation

In spite of significant advances in understanding the mechanisms that determine the eventual shaft friction and end-bearing capacity of different types of pile, design methods still rely heavily on empirical correlations. The most challenging aspect of offshore pile design is therefore the need to extrapolate design parameters from an experimental database that is largely limited to piles of less than 1 m in diameter, the majority of which are solid or closed ended piles, often installed by jacking. This compares to modern offshore piles with diameters often in excess of 2 m, with relatively low displacement ratios and invariably installed by dynamic driving. Increasingly, the cone resistance is used as the primary measure of the soil strength from which pile design parameters may then be deduced; unlike in onshore design, standard penetration test data are thankfully avoided! For sands, design parameters can be expressed directly in terms of the cone resistance, while for fine-grained sediments parameters are based either on the undrained shear strength or the in situ vertical effective stress together with an overconsolidation (or yield stress) ratio.

Pile
foundation

Schematical chart of pile foundation design

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Low frequency, high amplitude give low resolution into the earth High frequency, low amplitude give high resolution in the shallow depth

Soil strata

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Boring log

Pile
foundation

Boring log

Pile
foundation

(a) (d) Cohesive soil (Clay) (e) (f) Silt, clayey sand (g) (h) (Dense, loose) sand

Pile
foundation

Cohesionless soil (Sand particle) Cohesive soil (Clay particle)

Pile
foundation

Typical properties of engineering soil

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Siliceous =

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Density of typical soil constituents

Typical soil constituents for carbonate soil Typical soil constituents for clay Typical soil constituents for sand

(offshore)

onshore

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation
Carbonate deposit in deep water

Deposit are sand from lime stone rock Oolitic sand deposit near shoreline (shallow than 15 to 20 m)
Carbonate muds deposit in calm seas (deep water)

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

(Rocks)

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Qp1

Pile
foundation Lateral load

Zo (No skin friction)

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

annular = ring-shape

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation
W W

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Limiting lateral resistance in clays

Pile
foundation

Limiting lateral resistance in sand

Pile
foundation

Limiting lateral resistance in carbonate sediments

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

CRANE STEAM HOSES CAGE STEAM PRESSURE RAM CUSHION ANVIL PILE

-30 m.

Main pile shallow water

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

-30 m.

Main pile connection above water-level

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

-135 m.
Skirt pile with free-riding underwater hammer

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

PILE GROUT ANNULUS

SLEEVE

PACKER MUDLINE MUD WIPER

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Barge = F

Pile
foundation

Pile fabrication, Transportation & Installation

Shallow
Foundation

Shallow
foundation

Shallow
foundation

Shallow
foundation

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

*ISO = International Standards Office, British Standards Institute, London.

Shallow
foundation

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFSHORE SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Spudcan

Spudcan

Spudcan

Spudcan

Spigot =

Spudcan

Ballast =

Spudcan

Spudcan

Spudcan

Spudcan

Spudcan

Anchoring system

Anchoring system

Anchoring system

Mooring = fix firmly

Anchoring system

Footprint =

Anchoring system

Anchoring system

Anchoring system

Anchoring system

Anchoring system

taut = encroach =

Anchoring system

shank = F

, fluke = F

Anchoring system

Anchoring system

North sea

End of presentation