INDIAN EMISSIONS REGULATIONS

Limits, Regulations & Measurement of Exhaust Emissions and Calculation of Fuel Consumption

December 2011

THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

With Best Compliments From : Shrikant R Marathe, Director - ARAI

Progress through Research

Head Legal - ARAI, Pune

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CPCB) and Health Effects of Air Pollutants

43-49

Heavy Duty Commercial Engines

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TEST CYCLES

IV) EMISSION STANDARDS FOR CNG & LPG DRIVEN VEHICLES

I) Mass emission standards for vehicles when operating on CNG shall be same as are applicable for gasoline vehicles with the exception that HC shall be replaced by NMHC, where NMHC= 0.3 x HC II) Mass emission standards for vehicles when operating on LPG shall be same as are applicable for gasoline vehicles with the exception that HC shall be replaced by RHC, where RHC= 0.5 x HC III) Crank case emission and SHED test are not applicable in CNG/LPG mode. IV) Applicable emission norms for CNG & LPG driven vehicle .

Category
OE CNG/ LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW=3500kg, 3 wheelers and 2 wheelers CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW= 3500kg, 3 wheelers and 2 wheelers retro fitment from Gasoline CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW= 3500kg, 3 wheelers and 2 wheelers retro fitment from Diesel CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW > 3500kg, manufactured upto1st April 2010 CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW > 3500kg, manufactured on and from 1st April 2010

Applicable Emission Norms

Prevailing gasoline norms * Prevailing gasoline norms Prevailing diesel norms** Prevailing diesel engine norms based on 13-mode steady-state engine dynamometer test or 13 -mode Engine steady state cycle as applicable ** Prevailing diesel engine norms **

* - Vehicle having option for bi-fuel operation and fitted with limp-home gasoline tank of capacity not exceeding 2 liters, 3 liters and 5 liters respectively on 2W,
3W and 4W are exempted from emission test, crankcase emission test and SHED test in gasoline mode.

** - PM limit is not applicable

CNG & LPG Driven Vehicles

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Agriculture Tractor
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Off Road Vehicles / Engines

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Reference Fuel Specification

BS - I Petrol
Parameter Research Octane Number, RON Motor Octane Number, MON o Density at 15 C Reid Vapour Pressure Distillation: Initial boiling point 10% vol. point 50% vol. point 90% vol. point final boiling point Residue Hydrocarbon Analysis Olefins Aromatics Saturates Oxidation Stability Existent gum Sulphur content
(3)
o

BS - I Diesel
Unit BS I Fuel as per legislation Max Min 95 85 0.762 0.748 0.56 0.64 24 42 90 155 190 (including max. 5% vol. benzene) balance 480 4 0.04 40 58 110 180 215 2 20 45 Test method D2699 D2700 D1298 D323 D86 D86 D86 D86 D86 D86 D1319 (*) D3606 / D2267 D1319 D525 D381 D1266 / D2622 / D2785 D130 D3237 D3221

Parameter
Cetane number Density at 15 oC Distillation: - 50 % point - 95 % point - final boiling point Flash point CFPP Viscosity at 40 oC Sulpher content Copper corrosion Conradson carbon residue (10% DR) Ash content Water content Neutralisation (strong acid) number Oxidation stability Additives

Unit

BS-I Fuel as per legislation

Min Max 53.0 0.845 49.0 0.835 245 320 55 2.5 to be reported

Test method
D613 D1298 D86

kg/l bar C C o C o C o C % v/v

o o

kg/m 3 C C C o C o C mm 2/s
o o o

340 370 (-) 5 3.5 0.3 1 D93 EN 116 (CEN) D445 D1266/D2622/D2785 D130 D189 D482 D95 / D1744

%mass

% vol % vol % v/v minutes mg/100ml %mass g/l g/l

% mass % mass % mass mg/KOH/g mg/100ml *

0.2 0.01 0.05 0.2 2.5

D22741

Copper corrosion at 50 C Lead content Phosphorus content

0.005 0.0013

* must not contain any ,metallic additives or cetaneimprover additives

* Addition of oxygenates prohibited

BS - II Petrol
Parameter Unit BS I Fuel as per legislation Min Research Octane Number, RON Motor Octane Number, MON o Density at 15 C Reid Vapour Pressure Distillation: Initial boiling point 10% vol. point 50% vol. point 90% vol. point final boiling point Residue Hydrocarbon Analysis Olefins Aromatics Saturates Oxidation Stability Existent gum Sulphur content
(3)

BS - II Diesel
Test method Max 0.762 0.64 40 58 110 180 215 2 20 Parameter Cetane number Density at 15 oC Distillation: - 50 % point - 95 % point - final boiling point Flash point CFPP Viscosity at 40 oC Sulphur content Copper corrosion Conradson carbon residue (10% DR) Ash content Water content Neutralisation (strong acid) number Oxidation stability Additives Unit BS I Fuel as per legislation Min D2699 D2700 D1298 D323 D86 D86 D86 D86 D86 D86 D1319 (*) D3606 / D2267 D1319/ D525 D381 D1266 / D2622 /D2785 D130 D3237 D3221 kg/m 3 C C C o C o C mm 2/s
o o o

Test method

Max 53.0 0.845 D613 D1298 D86

kg/l bar C o C o C o C o C % v/v % vol % vol % v/v minutes mg/100ml %mass g/l g/l
o

95 85 0.748 0.56 24 42 90 155 190 -

49.0 0.835 245 320 55 2.5 to be reported

340 370 (-) 5 3.5 0.05 1 D93 EN 116 (CEN) D445 D1266 / D2622 D2785 D130 D189 D482 D95 / D1744

%mass

(including max. 5% vol. 45 benzene) balance 480 4 0.04 0.005 0.0013

% mass % mass % mass mg / KOH / g mg/100ml *

0.2 0.01 0.05 0.2 2.5

D22741

Copper corrosion at 50 oC Lead content Phosphorus content *Addition of oxygenates prohibited

* must not contain any ,metallic additives or cetane improver additives

BS II Reference Fuel Specifications

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BS-III Petrol
Parameter Research Octane Number, RON Motor Octane Number, MON Density at 15 C Reid Vapour Pressure Distillation: - Evaporated at 70 C - Evaporated at 100C - Evaporated at 150C - final boiling point Residue Hydrocarbon analysis: Olefins Aromatics Saturates Benzene Carbon/Hydrogen ratio Induction period (2) Oxygen content Existent gum Sulphur content (3) Copper corrosion Lead content Phosphorus content Unit Limits (1) Minimum 95 85 748 56 24 49 81 190 28 Balance Report minutes % m/m mg/ml mg/kg mg/l mg/l 480 2.3 0.04 100 class 1 5 1.3 EN -ISO 7536 EN 1601 EN -ISO 6246 ASTM D 5453 EN -ISO 2160 EN 237 ASTM D 3231 1 Maximum 762 60 40 57 87 215 2 10 40 Test Method EN 25164 EN 25163 ISO 3675 PrEN ISO 13016 -1 (DVPE) EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 ASTM D 1319 ASTM D 1319 ASTM D 1319 pr. EN 12177

kg/m 3 kPa % v/v % v/v % v/v C % v/v % v/v % v/v % v/v % v/v

(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259 Petroleum productsDetermination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test have been applied and infixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken in to account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R ( R=reproducibility ). Not withstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer of fuels should never the less aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied. (2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO 4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations. (3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be reported.

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BS-III Diesel
Parameter Cetane number Density at 15C Distillation : -50 per cent point -95 per cent point -final boiling point Flash Point CFPP Viscosity at 40C Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(3) (2)

Unit 52 833

Limits
Minimum

(1)

Test Method EN - ISO 5165 EN - ISO 3675 EN - ISO 3405 EN - ISO 3405 EN - ISO 3405 EN 22719 EN 116 EN - ISO 3104 IP 391 Pr. EN-ISO/DIS14596 EN - ISO 2160 EN - ISO 10370 EN - ISO 6245 EN - ISO 12937 ASTM D 974-95 EN - ISO 12205 EN 12916
(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO4 259 Petroleum products Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test have been applied and infixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken in to account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R=reproducibility) Not with standing this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer of fuels should never the less aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied. (2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO 4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations. (3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be reported. (4) Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will be limited. Advice should be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions and life

Maximum

kg/m 3 C C C C C
mm 2/s

54 837 350 370 -5 3.5 6 300 1 0.2 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.025 -

245 345 55 2.5 3 -

Sulphur content Copper corrosion Conradson carbon residue (10% DR) % m/m Ash content % m/m per cent m/m Water content mg KOH/g Neutralisation (strong acid) number (4) mg/ml Oxidation stability New and better method for polyper cent m/m cyclicaromatics under development

% m/m mg/kg

BS - III CNG
Characteristics Units Basis Limits Min Max . Test Method

BS - III LPG
Parameter Motor Octane Number % mole % mole % mole mg/m 3 (1) 100 99 100 1 50 ISO 6974 ISO 6974 ISO 6974 ISO 6326-5 Composition : C3-content C4-content Olefins Evaporation residue Total sulphur content Hydrogen sulphide Copper strip corrosion Water at 0 C % vol % vol % vol mg/kg pmm weight (1) Rating Unit Min Fuel A Max Min 93.5 52 52 12 50 50 None class 1 Free 83 13 9 87 17 15 50 50 None Class1 Free Fuel B Max Test method EN 589 Annx B ISO 7941 ISO 7941 ISO 7941 ISO 7941 EN 24260 ISO 8819 ISO 6251 (2) Visual inspection

Reference fuel G 20
Composition: Methane Balance [ Inerts (different from N2) + C2 +C2+] N2 Sulphur content

93.5 48 48 0 -

Reference fuel G 23
Composition: Methane Balance [ Inerts (different from N2) + C2 +C2+] N2 Sulphur content % mole % mole % mole mg/m 3 (1) 92.5 7.5 91.5 6.5 93.5 1 8.5 50 ISO 6974 ISO 6974 ISO 6974 ISO 6326-5

Reference fuel G 25
Composition: Methane Balance [ Inerts (different from N2) + C2 +C2+] N2 Sulphur content % mole % mole % mole mg/m 3 (1) 86 14 84 12 88 1 16 50 ISO 6974 ISO 6974 ISO 6974 ISO 6326-5

(1) Value to be determined at standard conditions 293.2K (20oC) and 101.3kPa (2) This method may not accurately determine the presence of corrosive materials if the sample contains corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals which diminish the corrosivity of the sample to the copper strip. Therefore, the addition of such compounds for the sole purpose of biasing the test method is prohibited

Note : Commercial CNG / LPG fuel shall be used for testing till availability of reference fuel

(1) Value to be determined at 293.2 K (20 C) and 101.3 kPa

BS - IV Petrol
Parameter

Unit

Limit (1) Min Max

Test method EN 25164 EN 25163 ISO 3675 Pr EN ISO 13016-1(DVPE) EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 ASTM D 1319 ASTM D 1319 ASTM D 1319 EN 12177 EN ISO 7536 EN 1601 EN ISO 6246 ASTM D 5453 EN ISO 2160 EN 237 ASTM D 3231

Research Octane Number, RON Motor Octane Number, MON kg/m 3 Density at 15 C Reid Vapour Pressure kPa Distillation: evaporated at 70 C % v/v evaporated at 100 C % v/v evaporated at 150 C % v/v o final boiling point C % v/v Residue Hydrocarbon Analysis % v/v Olefins Aromatics % v/v % v/v Benzene % v/v Saturates Carbon/ Hydrogen ratio Carbon/Oxygen ratio Induction Period (2) minutes Oxygen content % m/m Existent gum mg/ml Sulphur content(3) mg/kg Copper corrosion mg/l Lead content mg/l Phosphorus content
o o o o

95.0 85.0 740.0 754.0 56.0 60.0 24.0 40.0 50.0 58.0 89.0 83.0 190.0 210.0 2.0 10.0 29.0 35.0 1.0 Report Report 480 0.1 0.04 10 Class 1 5 1.3

(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259 Petroleum products Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility). Not withstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer of fuels should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied. (2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations. (3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be reported.

BS - IV Diesel
Parameter Cetane number Density at 15C Distillation: -50% point -95% point -final boiling point Flash point CFPP Viscosity at 40C Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sulphur content (3) Copper corrosion Conradson carbon residue (10% DR) Ash content Water content Neutralisation (strong acid) number Oxidation stability (4) Lubricity (HFRR wear scan diameter at 60C) Oxygen stability at 110C FAME

Unit
kg/m 3 C C C C C mm 2/s % m/m mg/kg % m/m % m/m % m/m mg KOH/g mg/ml um h %v/v

Min

Limit (1) Max

54.0 837

Test method
EN-ISO 5165 EN-ISO 3675

52.0 833 245 345 55 2.3 3.0 -

(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259 Petroleum products Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility) Not withstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer of fuels should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied. (2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a minimum range of4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations. (3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be reported (4) Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will be limited. Adviceshould be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions and life.

EN-ISO 3405 350 EN-ISO 3405 EN-ISO 3405 370 EN 22719 -5 EN 116 3.3 EN-ISO 3104 6.0 IP 391 10 ASTM D 5453 Class 1 EN ISO 2160 0.2 EN-ISO 10370 0.01 EN-ISO 6245 EN-ISO 12937 0.02 0.02 ASTM D 974 EN-ISO 12205 0.025 CEC F-06-A-96 400 PROHIBITED

BS - IV LPG
For Category M and Category N Vehicles not exceeding 3,500 Kgs GVW
Parameter Composition C3-content C4-content <C3, >C4 Olefins Evaporation residue Water at 0 o C Total sulphur content Hydrogen sulphide Copper strip corrosion Odour Motor Octane Number mg/kg Rating % vol. % vol. % vol. % vol. mg/kg 30+ 2 balance max. 2 max. 12 max. 50 free 85 + 2 balance max. 2 max. 15 max. 50 free ISO 13757 Visual inspection EN 24260 ISO 8819 ISO 6251 (1) EN 589 Annex B Unit Fuel A Fuel B Test method ISO 7941 Composition C3-content C4-content <C3, >C4 Olefins Evaporation residue Water at 0 o C Total sulphur content Hydrogen sulphide Copper strip corrosion Odour Motor Octane Number mg/kg Rating % vol. % vol. % vol. % vol. mg/kg 50+ 2 balance max. 2 max. 12 max. 50 free 85 + 2 balance max. 2 max. 14 max. 50 free ISO 13757 Visual inspection EN 24260 ISO 8819 ISO 6251 (1) EN 589 Annex B

For Category M and Category N Vehicles not exceeding 3,500 Kgs GVW
Parameter Unit Fuel A Fuel B Test method ISO 7941

max. 10 max. 10 none none Class 1 Class 1 Characteristic Characteristic min. 89 min. 89

max. 10 max. 10 none none Class 1 Class 1 Characteristic Characteristic min. 92.5 min. 92.5

(1) This method may not accurately determine the presence of corrosive materials if the sample contains corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals which diminish the corrosivity of the sample to the copper strip. Therefore, the addition of such compounds for the sole purpose of biasing the test method is prohibited.

(1) This method may not accurately determine the presence of corrosive materials if the sample contains corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals which diminish the corrosivity of the sample to the copper strip. Therefore, the addition of such compounds for the sole purpose of biasing the test method is prohibited.

AdBlue specification data sheet

Unit DIN 70070 ISO 22241 Urea concetration Density at 20 C Refractive index at 20C Alkalinity Carbonate Biuret Aldehyde Insoluble Phosphate Calcium Iron Copper Zinc Chromium Nickel Aluminium Magnesium Sodium Potassium % by weight kg/cm % by weight % by weight % by weight mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Min. Limit 31.8 1087 13814 Max. Limit 33, 2 1093 13, 843 0,2 0,2 0,3 5 20 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5

Glossary
BS cc CEV CNG CO CO2 ESC ETC FC GVW HC IDC LPG M category Vehicles MIDC Bharat Stage Cubic Capacity Construction Equipment Vehicle Compressed Natural Gas Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxides Engine Steady state Cycle Engine Transient Cycle Fuel Consumption Gross Vehicle Weight Hydrocarbon Indian Driving Cycle Liquefied Petroleum Gas 4 wheeler vehicle used for carriage of passengers upto 9 seater Modified Indian Driving Cycle N1 category Vehicles NMHC NOx OBD PM RHC 4 wheeler vehicle used for carriage of load or passengers & having GVW<3500kg Non - Methane Hydrocarbon Nitrogen Oxides On-Board Diagnostic Particulate Matter Relative Hydrocarbon

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CPCB)

Rev on 16th Nov 2009 as per GSR 826 (E)
Concentration in Ambient Air
Sr. No.

Pollutants

Time Weighted Average

Industrial, Residential, Rural and Other Area

Ecologically Sensitive Area (notified by Central Govt.)

Method of Measurement

1 2 3

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), g/m

Annual * 24 hours**
3

50 80 40 80 60 100 40 60 100 180 0.5 1 2 4 100 400 5

20 80 30 80 60

Improved West and Gaeke Method Ultraviolet Fluorescence Modified Jacob & Hochheiser Modified (Na-Arsenite) Method / Chemiluminescence Gravimetric / TEOM / Beta Attenuation

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), g/m

Annual * 24 hours** Annual * 24 hours** Annual * 24 hours** 8 hours**

Particulate Matter (size less than 3 10 m) or PM 10, g/m Particulate Matter(size less than 3 2.5 m) or PM2.5, g/m

100 40 60 100 180 0.5 1 2 4 100 400 5 1 6 20 AAS /ICP Method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper UV Photometric technology Chemiluminescence / Chemical Method AAS /ICP Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent ED XRF using Teflon Filter Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy Chemiluminescence Indophenol- blue method Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer/ Adsorption & desorption followed by GC analysis Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis Gravimetric / TEOM / Beta Attenuation

Ozone (O3), g/m3

1 hour* Annual*

6 7 8 9 10

Lead (Pb), g/m

24 hours**
3

Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m Ammonia (NH3) , g/m3

8 hours** 1 hour* Annual * 24 hours** Annual *

Benzene(C6H6), g/m

Benzo a Pyrene (BaP) (particulate phase only), ng/m3 Arsenic, ng/m3 Nickel, ng/m3

Annual * Annual * Annual *

1 6 20

11 12

* Annual Arithmatic Mean of minimum 104 measurments in a year at a particular site taken twice in a week 24 hrly at uniform intervals ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values as applicable shall be complied with 98% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring Note : Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be consider adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CPCB)

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Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise (CPCB)

UNDER THE NOISE POLLUTION (REGULATION AND CONTROL) RULES, 2000
The Principal Rules were published in the Gazette of India, vide S.O. 123(E), dated 14.2.2000 and subsequently amended vide S.O. 1046(E), dated 22.11.2000, S.O. 1088(E), dated 11.10.2002, S.O. 1569 (E), dated 19.09.2006 and S.O. 50 (E) dated 11.01.2010 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.)

Limits in dB (A) Leq* Area Code A B C D

Note : 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. 2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. 3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. * dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. A decibel is a unit in which noise is measured. A, in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.

Category of Area / Zone Industrial Area Commercial Area Residential Area Silence Zone

Day Time 75 65 55 50

Night Time 70 55 45 40

National Ambient Noise Quality Standard (CPCB)

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Global Warming Potential of Green House Gases (GHGs)

Green House Gases Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Dichlorodifluoro Methane (CFC-12) Chlorodifluoro Methane (HCFC-22) Perfluoro Methane Sulfur hexa fluoride Formula CO2 CH4 N2O CCI2F2 CHCIF2 CF4 SF6 Pre-industrial conc. 278 ppm 700 ppb 275 ppb 0 0 0 0 1995 conc. 360 ppm 1721 ppb 315 ppb 0.5 ppb 0.1 ppb 0.07 ppb 0.03 ppb Global Warming Potential
(Over Time Horizon of 100 years)

1 23 296 6200 - 7100 1300 - 1400 6500 23900

Global Warming Potential of Green House Gases (GHGs)

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Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), g/m3
Short-term intermittent exposures Bronchoconstriction (temporary breathing difficulty) E/N/T irritation Mucus secretion Long-term exposures Respiratory illness Aggravates existing heart disease Intensified in presence of PM

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), g/m3

Long Term exposure Pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, and higher LRI (lower respiratory tract illness) in children Toxic acute effects at 10-30 ppm Nose and eye irritation Lung tissue damage and Pulmonary edema (swelling) Bronchitis /Effect on Defense mechanisms Pneumonia / Aggravate existing heart disease

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

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Particulate Matter (size less than 10 m) or PM 10 g/m3

Particulate Matter(size less than 2.5 m) or PM2.5, g/m3

Short-term exposure effects Lung inflammatory reactions Respiratory symptoms Adverse effects on the cardiovascular system Increase in medication usage and hospital admissions Increase in mortality Long-term exposure effects Increase in lower respiratory symptoms Reduction in lung function in children Increase in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Reduction in lung function in adults Reduction in life expectancy, owing mainly to cardiopulmonary mortality and probably to lung cancer Acute Health effects Severe E/N/T (ear/nose/throat) irritation Eye irritation at 100 ppb Interferes with lung functions Coughing at 2 ppm Chronic Health Effects Irreversible, accelerated lung damage

Ozone (O3), g/m3

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

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Lead (Pb), g/m3

Absorbed into blood; similar to calcium Accumulates in blood, bones, muscles, fat Damages organs kidneys, liver, brain, reproductive system, bones (osteoporosis) Brain and nervous system seizures, mental retardation, behavioral disorders, memory problems, mood changes, Young children - lower IQ, learning disabilities Heart and blood high blood pressure and increased heart disease Reacts with hemoglobin in blood Forms carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) rather than oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) Prevents oxygen transfer Low-level: cardiovascular and neurobehavior High-level: headaches/nausea/fatigue to possible death Oxygen deficient people esp. vulnerable (anemia, chronic heart or lung disease, high altitude residents, smokers) Cigarette smoke: 400-450 ppm; smokers blood 5-10% HbCO vs 2% for non-smoker

Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3

Ammonia (NH3) , g/m3

Causes immediate burning of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract and can result in blindness, lung damage or death Inhalation of lower concentrations can cause coughing, and nose and throat irritation. Short Term Exposure Headaches, vomiting, disorientation, shakiness, elevated heart rate, and loss of consciousness Long Term Exposure Exposed to it over a long period of time are at the highest risk for developing benzene-related illnesses, which range from anemia to cancer like Leukemia.

Benzene(C6H6), g/m3

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

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Benzo a Pyrene (BaP) (particulate phase only), ng/m3

Arsenic, ng/m3

Short-term health effects Skin rash or eye irritation with redness and/or a burning sensation. Exposure to sunlight and the chemical together can increase these effects. Long-term health effects probable cancer-causing agent in humans it causes skin, lung, and bladder cancer in humans and in animals Exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause various health effects, viz., irritation of the stomach and intestines, decreased production of red and white blood cells, skin changes and lung irritation damage DNA Uptake of significant amounts of inorganic arsenic can intensify the chances of cancer development especially development of skin cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and lymphatic cancer high exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause infertility and miscarriages with women, skin disturbances, declined resistance to infections, heart disruptions and brain damage with both men and women inorganic arsenic can poisoning of livestock near various industrial processes can penetrate into human body after their consumption. An uptake of too large quantities of nickel has the following consequences: - Higher chances of development of lung cancer, nose cancer, larynx cancer and prostate cancer - Sickness and dizziness after exposure to nickel gas - Lung embolism and Respiratory failure - Birth defects - Asthma and chronic bronchitis - Allergic reactions such as skin rashes, mainly from jewellery - Heart disorders

Nickel, ng/m3

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

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State-of-art utilities for temperature & humidity control in all test areas, central gas handling system, eco friendly fire fighting system and emergency power back-up

SEALED HOUSING FOR EVAPORATIVE DETERMINATION (SHED) Capable of measuring evaporative emission from 2, 3 and 4 Wheeler vehicles The 87.48 m3 volume SHED facility has wide temperature range of 15 oC - 50 oC

Compliance to BS II, BS III, Euro IV, Euro V, EPA and future norms

Steady state dynamometer facility is equipped with Engine dynomometer, Raw emission analyzer bench, Partial flow PM sampling system, Dynamic fuel meter, Fuel and coolant conditioning unit, Smoke meter.

Transient dynamometer capacity :- 220kW, 500 kW

Nano Particle Evaluation Facility

Contacts :

Knowledge Centre
The Automotive Research Association Of India
Survey No.102, Vetal Hill, Kothrud, Pune - 411038 Email : kc@araiindia.com Tel: +91 (0)20 30231192/1193 Website : www.araiindia.com

THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

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