Complied by N.Palaniappan ->Thanks to http://www.deutsches-museum.

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Milling
In 1818 the !me"ican manu#actu"e" $li %hitney in&ented the #i"st millin' machine #o" metal. The basic machine body consisted o# a wooden block. The ope"ato" could mo&e the millin' table eithe" by hand o" automatically usin' a wo"m 'ea" d"i&e. In the mid-18(()s *"ancis P"att came out with the +incoln millin' machine. This machine soon 'ained wo"ldwide acceptance. In #act until the 1,(()s millin' machines built in !me"ica and $u"ope we"e desi'ned based on this all-pu"pose millin' machine. Towa"ds the end o# the 1,th centu"y special machines #o" millin' 'ea" wheels sc"ew th"eads and nuts we"e de&eloped. -y usin' a se"ies o# millin' cutte"s millin' pe"#o"mance could be inc"eased. %ith the int"oduction o# the millin' machine millin' tools we"e also imp"o&ed. !"ound 1,(( *.%. Taylo" ./! int"oduced hi'h-speed steel which t"ipled cuttin' pe"#o"mance and se"&ice li#e.

Gear Hobbing Machine, 1912

0ea" 1obbin' 2achine 1,13 1e"mann P#aute" +udwi'sbu"' 1,13

In&.-No.: 45/4,556

In 1854 0. 0"ant desi'ned the #i"st p"actical machine #o" millin' st"ai'ht-tooth spu" 'ea"s. In 18,4 1. P#aute" built the #i"st uni&e"sal machine based on 0"ant)s desi'n. This machine could be used to p"oduce wo"m 'ea"s and sc"ew 'ea"s.The machine e7hibited he"e was used to make spu" 'ea"s and wo"m 'ea"s o# &a"ious shapes. The tool a contou"ed millin' cutte" ca""ies out its hobbin' motion at the same time as the #eed motion.To p"oduce a spu" 'ea" #eed motion is set pa"allel to the wo"kpiece8 to p"oduce a spu" wheel it is set "adially to the wo"kpiece. This type o# machine "eplaced all othe" methods o# p"oducin' 'ea" teeth in pa"ticula" #o"m millin' and #o"m planin'. 2a7. wo"k piece diamete" 3(( mm 2a7. wo"k piece diamete" 93 mm Cuttin' speed 93 to 19( "pm 2echanical input ( 4 k% %ei'ht 5(( k'

Gear Hobbing Machine, Model FK 150, 1923

0ea" 1obbin' 2achine 2odel *: 19( 1,35 *e"dinand :lin'elnbe"' ;emscheid 1,35

In 1,31 1. /chicht and 0. P"eis int"oduced hobbin' #o" p"oducin' spi"al-toothed be&elled 'ea"s. In 1,35 the #i"st #i&e machines o# this type we"e deli&e"ed to the ./! and <apan. This machine is e=uipped with a headstock #o" holdin' the wo"kpiece on one side and a cuttin' head su"#ace plate and 'ea" on the othe". >u"in' p"ocessin' the sc"ew-shaped millin' cutte" cuts into the blank and "emains en'a'ed until the enti"e tooth space is completed. The distance #"om tooth to tooth "e#e""ed to as ?pitch? is dete"mined by the lead o# the millin' cutte". /pi"al be&el 'ea"s a"e &e"y =uiet and "esistant to a7is displacement. 2a7. wo"k piece diamete" 48 mm #o" pinions 2a7. wo"k piece diamete" 1(( mm #o" "in' 'ea"s Cuttin' speed 98 to 353 "pm 2echanical input 5 k% %ei'ht 1,(( k' In&.-No.: 95/43464

Universal Tool Milling Machine

.ni&e"sal Tool 2illin' 2achine 1,18 *"ied"ich >eckel 2@nchen 1,1,

The saddle and millin' head o# uni&e"sal millin' machines can be adAusted both &e"tically and ho"iBontally. This pe"mits the ope"ato" to wo"k at &a"ious an'les between the tool and wo"kpiece. In 1,18 *"ied"ich >eckel de&eloped this type o# millin' machine which played a key "ole in the '"owth o# the millin' indust"y. Today it is conside"ed the #o"e"unne" o# the *P 1 and *P 3 uni&e"sal millin' machines which we"e int"oduced to the ma"ket in 1,51 and 1,91. This machine is d"i&en by a #lat belt &ia the o&e"head t"ansmission 'ea" which pe"mits the machine to "un at ei'ht speeds. It is also e=uipped with a b"ass containe" #o" lub"icants and coolants. Clampin' su"#ace 3C( 7 3(( mm /peed 1(9 to 1(4( "pm %ei'ht 33( k' In&.-No: 6,/49(9,

Horizontal Milling Machine

1o"iBontal 2illin' 2achine app"o7. 188( *"iste" D ;oEmann. -e"lin um 188(

>ependin' an the position o# the millin' spindle a distinction is made between a ho"iBontal and &e"tical millin' machine. -oth a"e used #o" millin' #lat su"#aces. In the 1,th centu"y millin' machines ha&e to a '"eat e7tent "eplaced planin' and #ilin' by hand. Planin' is &e"y e7pensi&e and #ilin' "e=ui"es a '"eat deal o# time and e##o"t. -elts and &a"ious 'ea" t"ansmissions d"i&e the wo"k spindle and mo&e the wo"kpiece. The millin' cutte" p"ocesses the wo"kpiece on th"ee sides simultaneously. Two sc"ew spindles a"e used to adAust cuttin' depth. %ith special accesso"ies this +incoln-type millin' machine can be t"ans#o"med into a uni&e"sal millin' machine. %ei'ht 4(( k' In&.-No.: 39/936(3

lot!"illing "achine, H#rth, 195$

/lot-millin' machine 1u"th 1,9C *a. 1u"th 2@nchen 1,9C

This &e"tical millin' machine is #itted with an attachment #o" the "apid machinin' o# '"oo&es and slots. The millin' head is mo&ed back and #o"th by a c"ank 'ea" and is lowe"ed whene&e" the"e is a chan'e in di"ection. The len'th and depth o# the '"oo&e o" slot a"e adAustable. The machine can ca""y out no"mal bo"in' ope"ations and &e"tical millin' ope"ations when the millin' head is in its #i7ed position. The len'th and width o# the clampin' table a"e adAustable. +on'itudinal #eed is p"oduced by a moto" with si7 speed le&els. The #i"st slot-millin' machine was int"oduced by the 1u"th company in 2unich in 1,34. In&.-No.: 64/4,93(

Gear hobbing "achine, %&a#ter, 19'9

0ea" hobbin' machine P#aute" 1,6,

1e"mann P#aute" +udwi'sbu"' 1,6,

0ea" hobbin' is a special millin' ope"ation used to manu#actu"e toothed wheels. The hobbin' tool a wo"m 'ea" with se&e"al cuttin' ed'es "olls o## the wo"kpiece "otatin' it in the p"ocess. The wo"kpiece is machined continually until all tooth 'aps ha&e been cut. .ntil the end o# the 1,th centu"y toothed 'ea"s could only be p"oduced in a se"ies o# ope"ations. The cuttin' ope"ation had to be inte""upted a#te" each tooth 'ap had been cut in o"de" to tu"n and "eposition the wo"kpiece. The machine displayed he"e was used to machine all cylind"ical toothed 'ea" wo"k includin' wo"ms and wo"m 'ea"s. In&.-No.: + 5/83

#r&ace (athe

/u"#ace +athe $n'land 185(

$n'land 185(

!t the be'innin' o# the 1,th centu"y the $n'lishman 1en"y 2audslay desi'ned the su"#ace lathe #o" p"ocessin' la"'e #lywheels headwheels and othe" hea&y na""ow #o"'in's o" castin's. ! cast-i"on #"ame secu"ed in the #oundation holds the c"oss bed and 'ea"s #o" d"i&in' the wo"k spindle. This bed is e=uipped with "ound 'uideways #o" mo&in' the tool holde" by hand. ;ound 'uideways we"e still used at that time since planin' #o" p"oducin' #lat 'uideways had not yet been in&ented. *eed spindles we"e not yet e=uipped with '"aduated d"ums. The"e#o"e a '"eat deal o# e7pe"ience and skill was "e=ui"ed #o" p"oducin' p"ecision pa"ts. This type o# lathe had impo"tant disad&anta'es: 1ea&y wo"kpieces placed a t"emendous st"ain on the wo"k spindle and loadin' and ali'nin' "e=ui"ed a lot o# time. !"ound 18C( in "esponse to these d"awbacks the &e"tical bo"in' and tu"nin' mill was in&ented. This special type o# lathe was e=uipped with a su"#ace plate which "otated ho"iBontally. %o"k piece diamete" 13(( mm Fma7.G /peed 5 to 8 "pm %ei'ht 3((( k' In&.-No.: (6/4918

)ngine (athe

$n'ine lace $n'land a"ound 181(

$n'land a"ound 181(

This pa"ticula" lathe is the only "emainin' e7ample o# ea"ly $n'lish machine tool p"oduction le#t in 0e"many. In 1818 !nd"eas *. -aue" co-#ounde" o# the :Hni' D -aue" machine tool company b"ou'ht this lathe #"om +ondon to %@"Bbu"'. It was used #o" o&e" ei'hty yea"s to manu#actu"e pa"ts #o" hi'hspeed p"esses #o" the at that time eme"'in' p"intin' indust"y. The d"i&in' machine p"obably a wate" wheel o" #lywheel is missin'. !n adAustable be&el 'ea" t"ansmission dete"mines the di"ection o# "otation o# the lathe and d"i&es the wo"k and lead spindle and tool ca""ia'e &ia chan'e 'ea" wheels. The ca""ia'e is desi'ned as a double tool "est. This pe"mits the ope"ato" to use two lathe tools at once. This lathe is an e7ample o# ea"ly automation. Tu"nin' len'th 19(( mm Fma7.G %o"k piece diamete" 96( mm Fma7.G %ei'ht 1((( k' In&.-No.: (6/C836

*r#"!T+,e T#rret (athe

>"um-Type Tu""et +athe 0e"many 18,C

%ilhelm &on Pittle" +eipBi' 18,C

This lathe was desi'ned #o" mass p"oducin' small hi'h-p"ecision pa"ts in the a"ms sewin' and typew"ite" indust"ies. The tool holde" can handle si7teen tools #o" lon'itudinal and su"#ace lathin' d"illin' "eamin' and counte"sinkin' and counte"bo"in'. %ith a hand-ope"ated 'ea" d"i&e the ope"ato" positions the tools one a#te" the othe". Thanks to special cuttin' tools this lathe can also be used #o" su"#acin' slottin' and cuttin' o## stock. ! #o"min' tool with th"ead chase"s pe"mits cuttin' o# uni#o"m th"eads in la"'e numbe"s. P"epa"in' and settin' this type o# machine "e=ui"ed a '"eat deal o# time and e7pe"ience. %o"k steps had to be ca"e#ully thou'ht out so that wo"kpieces did not ha&e to be "echucked and to keep non-p"oducti&e times to a minimum. 2a7. ba" diamete" 36 mm 1ei'ht o# cente"s 1(( mm %ei'ht C(( k' In&.-No.: 55/69,43

He-agon T#rret (athe

1e7a'on Tu""et +athe ./! 1846

%. +. Chase New Io"k 1846

>u"in' the Indust"ial ;e&olution sc"ews "i&ets and bolts we"e manu#actu"ed in e&e" inc"easin' numbe"s. In o"de" to p"oduce machines and abo&e all weapons =uickly and economically indi&idual components we"e manu#actu"ed so that they could be inte'"ated in any item o# a se"ies. The he7a'onal tool holde" o# this lathe can handle si7 tools. .sin' a le&e" the ope"ato" ad&ances the machine and positions the tools one a#te" the othe". The c"oss slide pe"mits su"#ace cuttin' &e"tical to the a7is o# the spindle. To achie&e ma7imum p"oduction "ates ba"-shaped mate"ials a"e p"ocessed. ! wei'ht #eed mechanism and '"ippe" a"e "esponsible #o" t"anspo"tin' and secu"in' the wo"kpiece. 2a7. ba" diamete" 18 mm 1ei'ht o# cente"s 8( mm %ei'ht 5(( k' In&.-No.: (,/14,6,

)ngine (athe

$n'ine +athe 0e"many 1886

0eb". -oeh"in'e" 0Hppin'en 1886

The en'ine lathe is the standa"d desi'n used #o" all lathes. $n'ine lathes a"e use#ul #o" sin'le-piece p"oduction o# "ou'h yet p"ecise "ound pa"ts in all siBes. In 1886 the -oeh"in' lathe desi'ned and p"oduced in 0e"many was un&eiled at the %o"ld *ai" in Pa"is. This lathe included all technical inno&ations int"oduced in the p"e&ious centu"y. 1owe&e" it had one maAo" d"awback: its open desi'n o#ten led to se"ious accidents. The machine bed is suppo"ted by le's and holds the c"oss slide and tool ca""ia'e which mo&es the lathe tool pa"allel and pe"pendicula" to the a7is o# "otation. The ope"ato" can cont"ol this mo&ement eithe" by hand o" automatically usin' the lead sc"ew. The chan'e-'ea" t"ain on the le#t-hand side o# the machine bed pe"mits the p"oduction o# most standa"d types o# sc"ew th"eads. The ope"atin' le&e" e7tends o&e" the enti"e len'th o# the machine thus pe"mittin' the ope"ato" to cont"ol the machine #"om any position. %o"k piece diamete" 93( mm Fma7.G Tu"nin' len'th 19(( mm %ei'ht 13(( k' In&.-No.: 56/64C3(

(athe

+athe 18C5

%atch and inst"ument make"s used this type o# lathe as ea"ly as the be'innin' o# the 18th centu"y. The cast i"on machine bed holds the bea"in' blocks #o" the wo"k spindle and two "ound 'uideways. These 'uideways ca""y the tailstock and dead cente" the colla" plate #o" secu"in' and p"ocessin' lon' wo"kpieces and mo&able hand "est #o" the lathe tool. The wo"kpiece is held by the lathe chuck and cente"ed and secu"ed with sc"ews. %in' sc"ews on the le#t-hand bea"in' block secu"e the spindle. 2ass p"oduction o# this type o# lathe be'an a#te" 189( when c"oss slides we"e int"oduced and manu#actu"e"s be'an to "eplace "ound 'uideways with mo"e stable #lat 'uideways. %o"k piece diamete" 38( mm Fma7.G Tu"nin' len'th 59( mm %ei'ht 19( k' In&.-No.: 95/43434

(athe .ith Gear *rive

+athe with 0ea" >"i&e 18th centu"y

C"anks #lywheels capstans and wate" wheels we"e used to d"i&e machines since the 19th centu"y. Compa"ed to ea"ly lathes which we"e d"i&en #o" e7ample by pedal ope"ation lathes with 'ea" d"i&es pe"mitted the ope"ato" to wo"k without inte""uption since the wo"kpiece did not chan'e di"ections du"in' p"ocessin'. The wo"kpiece is held between a #ou" Aaw chuck Fin the backG and an adAustable tailstock. The ope"ato" d"i&es the lathe with a wooden 'ea" d"i&e comp"ised o# a c"ank #lywheel and st"ap 'ea". Thanks to this desi'n the ope"ato" can #ully concent"ate on his wo"k. 1owe&e" a '"eat deal o# shoulde" st"en'th skill and e7pe"ience is still "e=ui"ed #o" 'uidin' the lathe tool on the hand "est. This desi'n was used #o" centu"ies. 2odel scale 1:5 built by >eutsches 2useum In&.-No.: 9C/43,64

!"t +athe
!"ound 19(( membe"s o# the nobility became inte"ested in handc"a#ts. Tu"nin' became an ?in? hobby amon' the a"istoc"acy. The oldest p"ese"&ed a"t lathe belon'ed

to $mpe"o" 2a7imilian I and dates back to 1918. 0"adually tu"nin' established itsel# as a #o"m o# a"ts and c"a#t. In addition to the usual a"ticles o# daily use a"t lathes we"e also used #o" c"eatin' hi'hlydeco"ated Aewel"y bo7es cases &ases and cups. Comple7 desi'ns we"e a si'n o# skilled wo"kmanship. %ood tin alabaste" and i&o"y we"e the most popula" mate"ials used. !"t tu"nin' is still enAoyed as a hobby today. The annual meetin' o# ?The Tu"ne"s? a +ondonbased o"'aniBation att"acts app"o7imately C(( tu"ne"s each yea" to meet and e7chan'e ideas

/rt (athe, %aris

!"t +athe 14C1

Pa"is 14C1

This a"t lathe once belon'ed to a nobleman. The seal o# the Pa"isian mechanic P.-*. >aneau is stamped a numbe" o# places an the wooden l athe alon' with the yea" 14C1. This lathe was desi'ned mo"e #o" manu#actu"in' comple7 components #o" watches than #o" hobby tu"nin'. %hen p"ocessin' small wo"kpieces the wo"k spindle is d"i&en with a tension sp"in'8 to p"ocess la"'e" pieces it is d"i&en with a t"eadle. The tension sp"in' is pa"t o# the 'uide pulley. %ei'ht 1(( k' In&.-No: 8C/94,

Grinding
0"indin' machines a"e hi'h-p"ecision tools. They ha&e been used since the be'innin' o# the 1,th centu"y and a"e desi'ned #o" #inal shapin' o# p"e-p"ocessed machine pa"ts. They ensu"e hi'h su"#ace =uality and e7ceptional dimensional

accu"acy. P"ecision p"ocessin' played a decisi&e "ole in the standa"diBation o# machine elements. In 1858 the !me"ican <.%. /tone de&eloped a su"#ace '"indin' machine with a ho"iBontal '"indin' spindle. This desi'n was also used in $u"ope #o" decades. In 1899 %. 2ui" D Co. in 2ancheste" in&ented a tool '"indin' machine #o" sha"penin' millin' cutte"s lathe tools kni&es and blades. Twenty yea"s late" -"own and /ha"pe ./! came out with a ci"cula" '"indin' machine which pe"mitted a cuttin' accu"acy o# (.(1 millimete"s. !"ound 18,( C.1. -esly D Co. in Chica'o int"oduced the #i"st automatic su"#ace '"indin' machines. These machines o##e"ed e7ceptional '"indin' pe"#o"mance hi'h p"ecision and outstandin' su"#ace =uality. *o" the #i"st time e&e" synthetic ab"asi&es such as aluminum o7ide we"e used instead o# natu"al ones such as sandstone.

#r&ace Grinding Machine, Model $0

/u"#ace 0"indin' 2achine 2odel C( :a"l <un' -e"lin 1,3,

This '"indin' machine is desi'ned #o" smoothin' #lat and p"e-#o"med metal su"#aces. ! table an slide ba"s mo&es t"ans&e"sely ac"oss a stationa"y machine bed8 the c"oss slide and '"indin' table mo&e an the table. The '"indin' spindle is secu"ed to the #"ame an the back o# the machine and can be adAusted in hei'ht. The machine is e=uipped with a two-pump hyd"aulic d"i&e. 2a7. '"indin' len'th 9(( mm 2a7. '"indin' width 1,( mm >"i&in' powe" 3 k% %ei'ht 4(( k' In&.-No.:46/8C5

/#to"atic a. har,ening Machine

!utomatic /aw /ha"penin' 2achine 1886

*"ied"ich /chmaltB J##enbach 1886

/ha"penin' dull saw blades with a #ile o" by hand with a '"indin' wheel was a challen'in' task e&en #o" the most skilled c"a#tsman. The"e#o"e the int"oduction o# a special machine #o" this pu"pose a"ound 184( was hailed with '"eat enthusiasm. This automatic machine ope"ates usin' a se"ies o# steps: *i"st the '"indin' wheel mo&es up and down second the teeth "apidly en'a'e one a#te" the othe" thi"d the '"indin' wheel ope"ates at an an'le an one side at a time. This machine can sha"pen 6( teeth pe" minute a "ate which has not been e7ceeded to this day. >"i&in' powe" 5 k% %ei'ht C(( k' In&.-No: 36/9416C

Finishing
The inc"easin'ly st"in'ent technical "e=ui"ements placed on mass p"oduction demands a hi'h de'"ee o# t"ueness to shape and su"#ace =uality as well as "elati&ely small dimensional

tole"ances in machine-made pa"ts. *inishin' ope"ations "emo&e no"mal p"oduction inaccu"acies #"om the wo"kpieces. The most impo"tant p"ocesses a"e:

>u"in' '"indin' ope"ations a "otatin' wheel is used to "emo&e stock #"om the wo"kpiece. The wheel is made o# nume"ous bonded cuttin' c"ystals whose countless cuttin' ed'es act upon the wo"kpiece. The #ine" the '"ain o# the c"ystals and the hi'he" the speed o# the ab"asi&e wheel the smoothe" the su"#ace o# the wo"kpiece will be. 1onin' is a special '"indin' ope"ation #o" holes and sha#ts. To inc"ease the t"ueness to shape o# the wo"kpiece the honin' tool ca""ies out two motions: a "otatin' '"indin' motion and a back and #o"th o" up and down "ecip"ocatin' mo&ement. +appin' is a '"indin' p"ocess which is used o# p"oduce plane su"#aces o# the hi'hest =uality. ! paste o# e7t"emely #ine ab"asi&e c"ystals is sp"ead between the uppe" su"#ace o# the wo"kpiece and a metal disk. ! second la"'e" metal disk suppo"ts the wo"kpiece. -oth disks "otate althou'h thei" cente"s do not o&e"lap.

#r&ace grinding "achine, 19'3

/u"#ace '"indin' machine 1,65 *"itB :laibe" :0 /chwennin'en 1,65

/u"#ace '"indin' machines a"e used to make su"#aces smooth. The model desi'ned by -"own and /ha"pe in !me"ica in 1869 was a landma"k in the de&elopment o# su"#ace '"indin' machines. These machines ha&e unde"'one '"adual automation du"in' the 3(th centu"y. The moto" in the machine displayed he"e d"i&es two '"indin' wheel spindles #o" ho"iBontal and &e"tical '"indin'. ! table holds the wo"kpiece in place ma'netically and 'uides it ac"oss the '"indin' wheel. The lon'itudinal and t"ans&e"se motions o# the table a"e cont"olled eithe" automatically o" by hand. In&.-No.: 65/4,456

0ertical honing "achine, 19''

Ke"tical honin' machine 1,66

Na'el 0mb1 N@"tin'en 1,66

In 1,31 the *o"d company in >et"oit patented the #i"st honin' machine. It was not until 1,36 that the #i"st honin' machines we"e put into ope"ation in $u"opean automoti&e #acto"ies. The st"oke o# the honin' spindle o# this machine is cont"olled hyd"aulically. Comp"essed ai" mo&es the '"indin' stone o# the honin' tool onto the wall o# the hole. ! pneumatic de&ice measu"es the amount o# stock "emo&ed. Jnce the hole has been "eamed to siBe the comp"essed ai" is automatically shut o## endin' the honin' ope"ation. This p"ocess is accu"ate to one thousandth o# a millimete". In&.-No.: + 66/46,61

Floor stand grinder, 19'$

*loo" stand '"inde" 1,6C 2etabowe"ke :0 N@"tin'en 1,6C This machine is the successo" o# the t"aditional hand-powe"ed '"indstone. It is used to sha"pen dull tools. The wo"kpiece suppo"t can be positioned so that the distance to the '"indstone "emains constant as the stone wea"s away. Two panes o# 'lass p"otect the '"inde" #"om #lyin' spa"ks.

In&.-No.: 6C/4,C84

%laning and ha,ing

%ith the e7ception o# a #ew #o"e"unne"s the #i"st planin' machines appea"ed at the be'innin' o# the 1,th centu"y. These included planin' machines p"oduced by 0.&. ;eichenbach in 0e"many and 2. 2u""ay <. *o7 and ;. ;obe"ts in $n'land.The planin' machine was p"ima"ily desi'ned to "eplace #ilin' by hand. ! simple and ine7pensi&e tool called the planin' cutte" is used to cut the wo"kpiece. In 185( <. %hitwo"th and <. *o7 desi'ned a lon'itudinal planin' machine #o" p"oducin' 'uideways o# se&e"al mete"s in len'th #o" machine tools. In 1859 thanks to a technolo'ical b"eakth"ou'h it became possible to mechanically li#t the planin' tool #"om the wo"kpiece when the table was in "etu"n motion. This si'ni#icantly inc"eased the se"&ice li#e o# the tool. In 1869 %. %. 1ulse in $n'land obtained a patent on his in&ention: a planin' machine which could "un ho"iBontally as well as &e"tically. In 189C the *"enchman +a 2o"iniL"e in&ented the #i"st shapin' machine. /hapin' machines a"e desi'ned #o" p"ocessin' small wo"kpieces. %ith shapin' machines the #eed motion is ca""ied out by the wo"kpiece and the cuttin' motion by the tool8 with planin' machines the "e&e"se is t"ue.

%illar %laning Machine, 11$0

Pilla" Planin' 2achine 18C(

<ac=ues 1u'uenin 2@hlhausen 18C(

In these ea"ly *"ench desi'ns simple c"ank 'ea"s and push "ods a"e "esponsible #o" the "ecip"ocatin' motion o# the planin' table. The cuttin' depth o# the tool is set by hand8 #eed motion is cont"olled by a special system o# le&e"s c"anks and catches. Planin' len'th is set an the c"anksha#t Aou"nal. The disad&anta'es o# this simple c"ank 'ea" desi'n '"eatly outwei'h its ad&anta'es: limited st"okes inconsistent table speeds and low "etu"n speed o# the planin' table. Planin' len'th C(( mm %ei'ht 39( k' In&.-No: 15/C((,C

%illar %laning Machine, 1151

<ohann 2annha"dt 2@nchen 1891 -y usin' a &a"iety o# be&el 'ea" a""an'ements <. 2annha"dt inc"eased #o"wa"d and "e&e"se speed o# his planin' machines. Imp"o&in' "e&e"se motion was the only &iable way o# inc"easin' p"oduction e##iciency. The la"'e be&el 'ea"s an the outside a"e "esponsible #o" 'ene"atin' wo"k st"okes the smalle" 'ea"s an the inside #o" "apid "e&e"se motion. -oth sets o# 'ea"s mo&e the table back and #o"th usin' spu" 'ea"s and a "ack. The planin' tool t"a&els t"ans&e"sely to the table &ia &a"ious le&e"s spindles 'ea"s and "atchets. Planin' len'th 1((( mm %ei'ht C(( k'
Pilla" Planin' 2achine 1891

In&.-No.: 31/C,185

Table %laning Machine

Table Planin' 2achine a"ound 184(

These machines we"e used in shops which did not ha&e access to wate" o" steam Powe". This type o# machine was p"ima"ily used in the second hal# o# the 1,th centu"y and only a #ew we"e p"oduced. Today they a"e conside"ed a p"iBed collecto")s item. ! c"ank mo&es the wo"k table back and #o"th usin' a "ack and &a"ious 'ea" wheels. /pindles and nuts d"i&e the ca""ia'e and set the cuttin' depth o# the planin' tool. ! #eed mechanism cont"ols #eed mo&ement in both di"ections. Planin' len'th 19( mm %ei'ht C( k' In&.-No.: 65/49418

2evel Gear %laning Machine

-e&el 0ea" Planin' 2achine 18,9

Mahn"Nde"#ab"ik <ohann ;enk !0 !u'sbu"' 18,9

In 184, <ohann ;enk desi'ned this new type o# planin' machine #o" mass p"oducin' be&el 'ea"s. .ntil the int"oduction o# hobbin' this type o# machine was t he only way o# p"oducin' hi'h-p"ecision be&el 'ea"s. The mand"el is positioned on the p"e-tu"ned blank so that the cone ape7 is ali'ned with the &e"tical a7is o# the planin' de&ice. ! template co""espondin' to the shape o# the 'ea" teeth 'uides the planin' tool. To plane 'ea" teeth o# a di##e"ent diamete" o" pitch it is necessa"y to chan'e templates. .pon completion o# one 'ea" tooth the di&idin' plate is ad&anced by one pitch. 2a7. wo"kpiece diamete" 8( mm %ei'ht C(( k' In&.-No: (8/1963,

Generating 2evel Gear %laner

0ene"atin' -e&el 0ea" Plane" a"ound 1,((

<ohannes $. ;einecke" ChemnitB um 1,((

In 1883 1. -il'"am in 0e"many in&ented the techni=ue "e#e""ed to as ?'ea" planin'?. This method manu#actu"es st"ai'ht-toothed and helical-toothed spu" 'ea"s and be&el 'ea"s =uickly and accu"ately. In 'ea" planin' the tool and wo"kpiece #o"m a 'ea". 1obbin' is ca""ied out by a "ollin' unit which is 'uided by taut i"on wi"e. The shape o# the plannin' tool co""esponds to that o# the tooth p"o#ile. .pon completion o# a 'ea" tooth the di&idin' head is ad&anced manually. 2a7. 'ea" wheel dimension 8( mm %ei'ht 5(( k' In&.-No.: 3C/9351C

%o.er sa.s

/aws a"e p"incipally used to sepa"ate o" cut "ods and ba"s. The toothed cuttin' ed'e o# the saw blade "emo&es chips o" sha&in's and d"i&es a ke"# into the clamped wo"kpiece. Powe" saws which mo&e back and #o"th ac"oss the a"ticle a"e known as hack saws. /aws with "otatin' blades a"e known as ci"cula" saws. /aw blades and coolin' we"e '"eatly imp"o&ed at the tu"n o# the centu"y p"o'"ess which made it possible to cut inc"easin'ly thicke" mate"ials e&e" #aste". 1yd"aulic de&ices ha&e been used to clamp the wo"kpiece and to ensu"e constant p"essu"e on the saw blade since the 1,5(s.

%o.er hac3sa., 1955

Powe" hacksaw 1,99

1e"mann :lae'e" /tutt'a"t 1,99

Powe" hacksaws wo"k &e"y slowly and a"e thus not "ecommendable #o" mass p"oduction. They a"e howe&e" 'ene"ally used #o" cuttin' a limited numbe" o# wo"kpieces with small c"oss sections. In 188( 1ein"ich $h"ha"dt int"oduced the #i"st powe" hacksaw in >@sseldo"#. It has not unde"'one noticeable chan'es in #o"m o" #unction since then and is still one o# the most common powe" saws used in small and medium-siBed businesses today. ! c"ank 'ea" con&e"ts the "ota"y motion o# the d"i&e moto" into the back and #o"th motion o# the saw bow. ! wei'ht p"esses the blade a'ainst the mate"ial. >u"in' the "etu"n st"oke the blade is li#ted #"om the wo"kpiece by a hyd"aulic mechanism. In&.-No.: 99/4511C

4irc#lar ,o.er sa., 195$

Ci"cula" powe" saw 1,9C

:altenbach +H""ach 1,9C

In&.-No.: 1,,,-664

5on!4#tting Methods
Non-cuttin' methods "e#e"s to mate"ial shapin' p"ocesses with no mate"ial loss. /hapin' can be pe"#o"med an eithe" hot o" cold mate"ial. The most impo"tant non-cuttin' methods a"e castin' "ollin' #o"'in' #lattenin' bendin' punchin' stampin' pullin' and hamme"in'. Non-cuttin' p"ocessin' is co&e"ed mo"e tho"ou'hly in the nei'hbo"in' ?2etals? e7hibition. The stampin' machine and sc"ew p"ess shown he"e a"e only two e7amples o# this e7tensi&e technolo'y.

cre. %ress

/c"ew P"ess 1899

;obe"t :"ame" /uhl 1899

/c"ew p"esses with a steel desi'n ha&e been used since the 1,th centu"y. Thei" name is based on the multiple-th"ead sc"ew spindle. They a"e desi'ned #o" cuttin' bendin' and stampin' small i"on pa"ts o# all types. The mo&ement p"inciple is simila" that o# a sc"ew-nut connection: the spindle "ep"esents the sc"ew and the p"ess slide the nut. 2o&ement o# the slide is di"ectly dependent on how #a" the spindle is tu"ned. The wo"kpiece is secu"ed to the machine stand and "emains stationa"y. The wo"kpiece is shaped with sho"t blows usin' the powe" o# mo&in' masses. These ?masses? a"e in the #o"m o# hea&y wei'hts on the ends o# a handle which is attached to the spindle. Two o" mo"e wo"ke"s a"e needed to set the handle into motion. %ei'ht 1((( k' In&.-No.: 34/6(644

2intin' 2achine

2intin' 2achine 1894 >iet"ich .hlho"n :Hln 1894 .ntil about 181( p"oducin' coins was a &e"y a"duous task. They we"e eithe" p"oduced by hamme"in' o" mechanically usin' stampin' machines o" wooden spindle p"esses.

In 1814 >. .hlho"n in&ented machines which ope"ated on the to''le le&e" p"inciple. These machines which a"e still used in mints today si'ni#icantly inc"eased p"oduction "ates and the =uality o# coins. The to''le le&e" inc"eases p"essu"e. It p"esses the uppe" die downwa"d and stamps an ima'e on the #"ont o# the blank. !t the same time the bottom die stamps an ima'e on the back o# the blank. This machine can be ope"ated eithe" elect"ically o" manually. ! n automatic sa#ety system switches o## the machine i# mo"e than one slu' o" no slu' at all is loaded between the mintin' dies. Jutput 39(( stamps/hou" %ei'ht 59(( k' In&.-No: 6(/4C438

6as, 4#tting Machine

;asp Cuttin' 2achine 18,C

*"ied"ich >ick $sslin'en 18,C

In 1855 the $n'lishman %. /hilton built the #i"st machine #o" cuttin' the su"#ace o# "asps and #iles. The cuttin' tool o# this machine is mounted on the hamme" block a massi&e metal obAect between two 'uide pins. >u"in' downwa"d t"a&el the cuttin' tool st"ikes the blank which is mounted in a mo&eable assembly. !#te" each st"oke the blank is automatically #o"wa"ded until a patte"n de&elops which is simila" to that o# common household '"ate"s. To p"ocess the ne7t lon'itudinal "ow it is necessa"y to "etu"n the slu' and enti"e assembly back to thei" o"i'inal positions and tu"n the di&idin' plate by one tooth. %hen p"ocessin' wood o" metal with a "asp cuttin' machine undesi"able tool ma"ks such as nicks and '"oo&es may appea". To p"e&ent this the c"oss st"oke and lon'itudinal st"oke a"e o##set. %ei'ht 39( k' In&.-No.: 36/964,,

*ilin' machines

*ilin' 2achine

0eb"@de" Thiel ;uhla/Th@"in'en ca. 1,3(

*ilin' machines we"e in&ented in the ./! in 1,(C. *ou" yea"s late" #ilin' machines especially #o" p"ecision #ittin' wo"k and p"oducin' tools Ai's and #i7tu"es we"e int"oduced in 0e"many. !n inte"chan'eable #ile with an adAustable st"oke len'th mo&es up and down &ia a c"ank 'ea". The table can be adAusted in hei'ht and pi&oted on two a7es. The wo"kpiece is positioned on the table secu"ed with a clamp and 'uided by hand. ! st"eam o# ai" blows away chips when the #ile is in upwa"d motion. The machine is also use#ul #o" sawin' simple contou"s. This is done by "eplacin' the #ile with a saw blade. Table an'le 19O to each side /t"oke len'th 1( to 13( mm >"i&in' powe" (.99 k% %ei'ht 1(( k'

Trans"issions

T"ansmission system

-y the end o# the 18th centu"y #acto"ies we"e o#ten e=uipped with a la"'e numbe" o# machine tools. To accommodate this '"owth t"ansmissions we"e used to t"ans#e" and dist"ibute powe" #"om cent"al d"i&in' en'ines to the &a"ious machines. T"ansmissions in thei" simplest #o"m ha&e been used since about 199(. T"ansmission systems basically consist o# sha#ts bea"in's couplin's and &a"ious belt and "ope d"i&es. %ate" wheels steam en'ines and othe" types o# d"i&in' en'ines d"i&e the main sha#t which "uns on bea"in's. -elts and "opes t"ans#e" "ota"y motion to the indi&idual machines and a"e o#ten c"ossed to accommodate a chan'e in di"ection o# "otation. The t"ansmission sha#t tu"ns constantly. -y usin' "eduction 'ea"in' the indi&idual machines can be linked to the t"ansmission sha#t only when needed. T"ansmission systems o#ten e7tended o&e" nume"ous "ooms and sto"eys o# a #acto"y. /ince 1,3( these eno"mous systems ha&e been '"adually been "eplaced by indi&idual elect"ic d"i&es. *o" a mo"e detailed desc"iption o# indi&idual components and d"i&es see the e7hibition on d"i&in' en'ines and powe" machine"y. In&.-No: 9C/4,9C3

*rilling
$a"ly d"ills consisted o# two pieces o# wood ancho"ed in the '"ound and Aoined by a c"osspiece. %ith ho"n o" elde"be""y wood as a d"ill holes we"e d"illed into stone.

-"aces and pump d"ills ha&e been used since the 11th centu"y. Thei" bits a"e made o# metal and a"e capable o# pie"cin' coppe" tin and i"on. In 144C <ohn %ilkinson F$n'landG de&eloped the #i"st usable machine #o" enla"'in' cannon bo"es and steam cylinde"s. !t the same time d"ills we"e p"oduced in which the d"ill bit pushed downwa"ds as they tu"ned. *"om 183C to 189( <ames %hitwo"th o# $n'land and !u'ust 1amann and <ohann 2annha"dt o# 0e"many built column bo"in' machines and "adial bo"in' machines. The tu""et d"illin' machines F1863G and the multispindle d"illin' machines F18,(G we"e int"oduced to the ma"ket #o" se"ies p"oduction. The #i"st elect"ical d"ills we"e p"oduced at the end o# the 1,th centu"y.

Toothed roller bit .ith bo. drill

Toothed "olle" bit with bow d"ill 0e"many a"ound 18(( F1G

Toothed "olle" bit with bow d"ill 0e"many a"ound 18(( F3G

This d"ill is known since the 5"d centu"y -C and was used well into the 1,th centu"y. It 'oes back to the simple d"ills that we"e held between the palms and twi"led back and #o"th. ! thon' st"un' on a bow and w"apped a"ound the d"ill t"ansmits "ota"y mo&ement tool. Initially the d"ill was p"essed a'ainst the wo"kpiece with ba"e hands. +ate" de&elopments p"otected the use" #"om the pointed end o# the d"ill with a nutshell a stone o" a piece o# wood. In&.-No.: 13/561(6 a b F1G and d F3G

%#", drill

Pump d"ill 0e"many a"ound 189(

Pump d"ills a"e amon' the oldest tools. Thei" de&elopment peaked in inst"ument makin' du"in' the 2iddle !'es. ! slidin' c"osspiece is mounted on the bo"in' spindle. Co"ds connect its ed'es to the tool shank which they w"ap a"ound. !s the c"osspiece is p"essed downwa"ds the st"aps unwind causin' the bo"in' spindle to tu"n. The powe" o# the #lywheel "ewinds the st"aps and "aises the c"osspiece. In&.-No.:13/54(9C

/rchi"edean drill

!"chimedean d"ill 0e"many a"ound 189(

!"chimedean d"ills also known as sc"ew d"ills we"e int"oduced in the 1,th centu"y. They a"e still used in some places today in the wood wo"kin' indust"y. The d"ill consists o# a bit and a sc"ew o# coa"se pitch. To-and-#"o mo&ement o# a nut tu"ns the bit. In&.-No.: 39/69,85

2races
0e"many a"ound 18(( -"aces and b"east swi&els ha&e been used since the 19th centu"y and seem to ha&e de&eloped #"om the pump d"ills. ! common d"ill #"om the 1Cth centu"y was powe"ed by a c"ank. /mall hand-held d"ills we"e used to bo"e holes up to 1( mm in diamete" F9 and 4G la"'e" holes "e=ui"ed stationa"y usually swi&ellin' machines F6G. These tools we"e la"'ely "eplaced by elect"ical hand d"ills in 18,9.

-"aces In&-No (8/16C38 F9G

-"aces In&-No 15/54CC3 F6G

-"aces In&-No (8/16C3, F4G

6atchet brace drill

0e"many between 184( and 188( ;atchet b"ace d"ills ha&e been used since 185( #o" d"illin' wo"k in con#ined spaces. ! "atchet-and-pawl mechanism t"ansmits mo&ement to an actuatin' le&e" allowin' the d"ill bit to tu"n in one di"ection only. ;atchet b"ace d"ills a"e still used in some places today in the wood wo"kin' indust"y.

In&.-No.:(8/1CC35 F8G

In&.-No.: 39/663(6 F,G

In&.-No.:(8/1C43( F1(G

0ertical g#n barrel drilling "achine

Ke"tical 'un ba""el d"illin' machine ;oyal #ound"y -e"lin 144C

The desi"e to manu#actu"e e##ecti&e weapons was an impo"tant #acto" in the de&elopment o# machine tools. 0un ba""el bo"in' mills with &e"tical wo"k spindles ha&e been used since 199(. In cont"ast to its p"edecesso" the ho"iBontal 'un ba""el d"illin' machine they p"o&ide a mo"e cleane" bo"e su"#ace inc"easin' the accu"acy and "an'e o# the p"oAectiles. The cast unwo"ked piece #o" the cannon bo"e is clamped in a wooden b"ace and lowe"ed an pulleys to the &e"tical d"ill. Two ho"ses tu"n the d"ill. The wei'ht o# the cannon itsel# p"oduces the #eed. 2odel: scale 1:1( built at the >eutsches 2useum In&.-No.: 9C/43,68

%rod#cing threads b+ hand

The #i"st #astenin' sc"ews we"e int"oduced a"ound C(( !>. The manu#actu"e o# sc"ews "emained an a"t until the end o# the 18th centu"y. The th"eads we"e cast #iled o" solde"ed on. The comple7ity o# sc"ew p"oduction made "i&ets and wed'es the p"e#e""ed #astene"s. 1. 2audslay and <. %hitwo"th o# $n'land de&eloped the #i"st t"uly p"acticable th"eadin' dies and sc"ew taps in 181( and 18C(. These inno&ations made sc"ews and sc"ew nuts to mass p"oduced a"ticles with a p"e&iously unknown dimensional accu"acy. !s o# 186( sc"ew connections we"e inte"chan'eable. /c"ew th"eads ha&e been standa"diBed since 18,8. This de&elopment made it possible #o" the sc"ew-nut system to become the most #"e=uently used sepa"able #astene"

Th"eadin' dies
Th"eadin' dies p"oduce e7temal th"eads that meet the "e=ui"ements o# applications in which dimensional accu"acy is not o# p"ima"y impo"tance. The th"eads a"e 'ene"ally p"oduced in a sin'le step. The #o"e"unne" o# the th"eadin' dies we"e ha"dened steel plates with &a"yin' cut d"ill holes. These plates we"e used to cut e7temal th"eads up to 9 mm in diamete".

0e"many 18th centu"y

In&.-No: (6/1C581

cre. stoc3s
!ccu"ate e7temal th"eads a"e cut with sc"ew stocks. /c"ewin' dies split in hal# o" consistin' o# se&e"al pa"ts a"e easily adAusted and inte"chan'eable #o" cuttin' &a"yin' diamete"s. Tape" taps plu' taps and bottomin' taps a"e used to imp"o&e the =uality o# manu#actu"e.

0e"many 14,6 F"i'htG

In&.-No: (8/19C(9

+ouis Philippe *"ance 185( FmiddleG

In&.-No.: (8/16643

0e"many end 1,th centu"y FmiddleG

In&.-No: (8/16C1(

0e"many end 1,th centu"y Fbi' middleG In&.-No: (8/15149

0e"many um 189( Fsmall middleG

In&.-No.: 8(/C8(-1

0e"many 18C4 Fle#tG

In&.-No: 8(/C8(-5

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 F#"ontG

In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-3, 58 5,

0e"many 1,th centu"y

In&.-No: (8/1CCC4

cre. ta,s

Inte"nal th"eads a"e 'ene"ally p"oduced with sc"ew taps. !#te" the "oot diamete" has been "ebo"ed the th"eads a"e cut with a set o# th"ee taps. The oldest known taps F1,th centu"yG a"e conical. To inc"ease p"oduction the p"o#iles we"e chan'ed o&e" time.

0e"many end 1,th centu"y F"i'ht No. 11G In&.-No.: (8/1CC54

0e"many app"o7. 189( FNo. 13G In&.-No.: 38/63536 c

0e"many app"o7. 189( FNo. 15G In&.-No.: 38/63536 d

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-, 1( 11

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-13

%hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-34

7rench .ith lengthening ,iece

%"ench with len'thenin' piece Fat the back o# the tableG

%"ench with len'thenin' piece %hitwo"th D Co. $n'land 1896 In&.-No.: (,/14,4(-5(