1. Anti-Americanism and possiible remedies including American soft power a.

Marc Lynch references anti-americanism in the context of the Arab world.

i. He notes that, although Arab public discourse is dominated by a narrative identifying America as generally hostile, these attitudes are sensitive to changes in US foreign policy and are not a fully ingrained bias. ii. He presents four factors often claimed to contribute to antiAmericanism: 1. IsraelArabs sympathy for the Palestinians coupled with American unilateralist bias towards Israel pits Arabs against America. 2. Arab mediaTV shows, radio broadcasts, etc. help foster a common Arab narrative between countries that are only tenuously related. 3. Islamismdeeper form of anti-Americanism, one rooted not so much in politics as in a competing vision of universal principles governing all aspects of life. 4. Configuration of distinctive national politicsdepends whether or not government is allied with the US. iii. Possible remedy with soft power; lynch notes there is a disconnection between admiration for American culture and hostility to American politics. In 2004 Zogby poll, 83% of Jordanians said they admired American technology, 57% admired American freedoms, 56% enjoyed American television. American culture, what Professor Blanchard notes as blue jeans and Diet Coke may be attractive 1. American credibility: theres a deep desire for the US to be sincere in its democracy promotion. Perhaps Arab anti-Americanism can be abated if US improves its reputation. Lynch notes that although The ideals of national independence and freedom resonate well with many Arabs, but US has built for itself a bad reputation as arrogant and unilateralist. Arab media routinely frames US actions and policies in ways that cast doubt on US intentions or present them as actively inimical. b. Other Anti-Americanism. Chart: percent of people who view America unfavorably in 2013 i. Jordan 83% ii. Egypt 81% iii. Palestinian territory 79 iv. Pakistan 72 v. Turkey 70 vi. Greece 57

vii. China 53 Significance - we want to prevent anti-americanism if we want to remain powerful and not have many enemies. we also want to protect ourselves from attack. So understanding why people are averse to us is important. If they are averse to our hard power policies, that is something that we can change but if they are averse to our cultural influence (soft power), that is not something that we can change. 2. Bush doctrine and neo-conservatism a. (Schmidt and Williams 2008) (Jervis 2004)

b. Bush Doctrine i. Unilateralism (take option to act alone) ii. Preemptive use of military force iii. Primacy: Main (beneficial) American preponderance of power, primacy iv. Democracy promotion (aka Wilsonianism with teethmearsheimer) c. Neo-conservatism (package of ideas that underwrote Bush Doctrine) i. Moral clarity: necessity of distinguishing between good and evil ii. Benevolent hegemony: maintain US military dominance iii. Got it? Flaunt it! Strong interventionist disposition and mistrust of international law and institutions (khong 2008).

Significance: the Bush Doctrine created some really shitty foreign policy decisions in the 2000s particularly in relation to the Middle East. Understanding the ideology behind BUshs decision to go into Iraq can help us to see what the transformation of ideology into policy and can help us to understand where we went wrong. THe Bush Doctrine is a strong foreign policy doctrine that needs to be analyzed so that we can see our past foreign policy errors in terms of the thinking that went into it. 3. The worlds government in an era of scarcity a. Maundelbaum

b. Much of the governance that the world has come from the United States. i. American helps keep global order. American security role in Europe reassures the Western Europeans that if Russia should attempt to intimidate them, the US will

protect them as it did during the Cold War. Similar American role in Asia reassures the countries of the region that they have a means of counterbalancing China, while reassuring China that Japan will not reprise its past pattern of conquest. ii. US taken the lead to try to prevent spread of nuclear weapons. iii. American dollar is worlds most widely held reserve currency, reserves being illiquid resources that countries keep on hand to pay their foreign debts and foster confidence in their own national currencies. US also furnishes a very large proportion of the worlds total consumption iv. other governments recognize privately how important American foreign policy is for their own countries well being. v. In a world of scarcity, US will have to choose for continuation the policies that make the most important contributions to its own and the worlds well being. 4. US, NATO, and Russia a. Rutland and Dubinski US Foreign Policy in Russia CS ch14

i. Me: NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was created in 1949 to deter the Soviet military threat. In the 1990s, the US plan to expand NATO into central Europe strained US-Russia relationships. ii. Moscow argued that since the SU and its military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, had dissolved in 1991, NATO should also follow suit. The US radically cut its 300,000 troops stationed in Europe, but did not want to dismantle NATOwhich it saw not only as a highly successful defensive alliance, but also a vehicle for projecting stability into eastern Europe. iii. In April 1998, the Senate approved NATO expansion and in March 1999, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic joined NATO, bringing the alliance to 19 countries. iv. NATOs expansion stoked fears of capitalist encirclement among Russian communists and nationalists. v. Why was NATO significant? For Clinton, NATO enlargement was an insurance policy that protected US interests in case Russia went bad. The Kremlin eventually realized that it was powerless to stop the process. Me: affected US-Russian relations. b. GoldgeierNATO expansion i. NATO expansion process was not at all clear-cut. The president and his top advisers did not make a formal decision about a timetable or process for expansion until long after Clinton had started saying NATO would enlarge. The when, who, how, and even why came only over time and not always through a formal decision-making process. In January 1994, when

President Clinton first said that he expected the alliance to take in new members, no consensus existed among his top advisers on the difficult questions of when and how. 5. The rebalance and main critiques a. Sutter. i. Shift from middle east to asia. ii. Not just military, but diplomatic and economic iii. Two phases: recognize peaceful rise of china but also want to have a presence in the area while China is rising. Instead of having a conflict, have a mutually beneficial relations. b. Beginning in the fall of 2011, the Obama administration has issued a series of announcements and taken a series of steps to expand and intensify the already significant role of the US in the Asia-pacific region. c. CRITIQUES i. Rebalance will provoke a backlash from china 1. Rebalance may prompt china to react negatively, potentially creating greater confrontation with a danger of conflict, possibly military conflict. ii. Rebalance is unaffordable and unsustainable 1. Rebalance requires investment spending to fund new weapons systems to support planned naval and other forces in Pacific. The ongoing sequestration process entails significant reductions in military end-strength, which may be disruptive to defense planning. Budget constraints. Long term naval budgets may not support expansion of ships from 280 to 330 iii. President obamas commitment to asia is thin 1. Administration lacks expertise on Asian issues. Secretary of state Kerry focused first months on Middle East. Some analysts have suggested that rebalance is a useful political tool to show the American people and international audiences evidence of American resolve. 6. Impact of US drug and firearms policies on Mexico a. Barclay reading

b. US efforts to aid latin America have often backfired, helping to strengthen the regional networks of organized crime groups and sparking large-scale immigration waves to the United States. c. US drug policy

i. Shannon ONeil blames US policy for the drug trades move from Colombia to Mexico. She wrote that the US war on drugs has pushed the epicenter of these illegal criminal networks closer to the US border. d. US firearms policy (specifically the 2004 repeal of US ban on sales of assault-style weapons) also is seen as aiding Mexican cartels. According to the Mexican government, American arms smuggled across the border account for 90% of the confiscated arms in Mexico, which, ironically, has some of the toughest gun-control laws in the world. 7. Obstacles to democratization in South East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa a. Sub-Saharan AfricaJason McLure

i. Ethnic tensions have long been a source of political friction. Many Africans (even the continents most stable and democratic countries) consider their ethnic identity as equally or more important than their national identity. Strong ethnic attachments can hamper the development of democracy if elections become mere headcounts, with winners dividing the spoils. ii. Lingering influence of European colonial governments. Me: When colonial powers divvied up the continent in the late 1800s, imposed arbitrary boundaries that were not based on existing ethnic or cultural geography. This prevented the emergence of strong national identities in African countries. 1. Moreover, where ethnic groups were left straddling national boundaries, civil wars often spilled over into neighboring states. Ex: Chad was drawn into conflict in neighboring Sudans Darfur region. iii. Corruption and free elections----leaders dont have a check. Should strengthen democratic institutions such as parliaments, the judiciary, electoral commissions and citizens groups. a. Maybe write about Ayittey and how foreign aid fuels this.

iv. McLure notes that the Cold War rivalry between US and Soviet Union seriously hampered the development of democracy across the African continent. US and Soviet blocs gave foreign aid and arms that ensured that authoritarian rulers had the means to violently repress their opponents; in the process, Western democracies provided military and financial support to most dictatorial governments. From the early 1960s until the collapse of the Soviet Union, Africa was ruled by the so-called Big Men who dealt ruthlessly with political opponents, stacked electoral commissions, cowed the judiciary. b. SouthEast Asia-Barbara Mantel i. Corruption and problems with rule of law. Citizens must routinely pay bribes for basic services, and senior state and military personnel demand kickbacks from foreign companies in the petroleum, gas and logging industriesPublics desire for change and support for democratization. According to Diamond, pollsters have found that public support for democracy

may be shallow. In Thailand, for example, there is not a lot of commitment to democratic values like tolerance of opposition and freedom and press and association. ii. Violence. In Thailand 2010, protests exploded into some of the worst political violence in Thailands modern history, erupted on May 13 after a sniper shot a renegade Thai general as he stood talking with a New York Times reporter. Philippines powerful political family allegedly slaughtered 57 people who were connected to a political rival. iii. Class 1. Southeast asia elitism: indonesias the only free country in southeast asia 2. Corruption. 3. Public support and desire for change but theres corrupt 4. Myanmar elections were a complete sham NLD (national league for democracy). Political parties have to be registered with the state. NLD boycotted the election. 8. Mars/Venus debate a. Europe and US. Because Europe was destroyed of WWII because of balancing power politics. Europe has gone towards only multilateral agreements, only care about diplomacy. b. Europe-US tensions (smith pg. 235) c. Mars/venus

i. Cultural difference in how US and Europe views hard power. US sees hard power as military intervention. Europeans prefer soft power ii. US=mars. Because of long historical experiences, US has preference for hard military power to implement foreign policy (industrial development, geographical position in world) iii. Europe=venus: civilian power, building institutions to solve international problems, can look back to history and see Europes ruinous attempts to solve problems through wars. d. Mars: USaggressive war god i. Landmines ii. Sanctions, ignorance of extraterritorial law e. Venus i. ICC (international criminal court)

ii. UN dues iii. Arms control iv. Environment 1. Kyoto control 9. The legacy of Iran 1953 for US foreign policy a. HuntConfronting Revolution in Iran 1953-1980

i. In the end modernization failed in Iran to produce the economic development and political stability that its advocates expected. Instead, it sharpened longdeveloping divergences among Iranians over their countrys future and ultimately gave rise to a powerful revolutionary impulse. ii. America restored Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi to power in 1953 and vigorously backed him as the agent of progress. iii. He was to promote industrialization, Western education, and other initiatives that would bring his country into the modern world, and thus he would keep Iran stable and secure. The surrogate strategy worked for a quarter of a centuryonly to blow up in Washingtons face. iv. The Shiite clergy, articulating popular discontents, turned on the shahs regime and in 1979 overwhelmed it. v. The taking of American diplomats as hostages in 1979 dramatically revealed the limits of American influence in Iran. 10. The Google Doctrine a. Evgeny Morozov

b. the enthusiastic belief in the liberating power of technology accompanied by the irresistible urge to enlist Silicon Valley start-ups in the global fight for freedom c. Is it looking at google favorably or unfavorably?

i. Perhaps this: the internet is reshaping the very nature and culture of antigovernment resistance and dissent, shifting it away from real-world practices and toward anonymous virtual spaces. This will have significant consequences for the scale and tempo of the protest movement, not all of them positive. ii. Fervent conviction that dictatorships are doomed if there are enough gadgets, connectivity, and foreign funding.

d. It is nave to believe that such a sophisticated and multipurpose technology as the Internet could produce identical outcomes, whether good or bad, in countries as diverse as Belarus, Burma, and Tunisia. Its highly unlikely that such disparate entities would all react to such a powerful stimulus the same way. 11. Three reasons US position in the Asia-Pacific will endure a. Sutter

i. 1. US has retained overall favorable outlooks from countries in the Asia-Pacific region, suggesting that a continuing US presence in the Asia-Pacific region is generally welcomed (US expected to exert calming influence in dealing with regional tensions) ii. 2. Obama administration began to place more emphasis on constructive economic and diplomatic initiatives, and it began to play down military measures that were particularly sensitive to China. iii. 3. Obama administrations rebalance in Asia-Pacific region is in line with broad and longstanding US interests. b. CoxUS China and rising Asia i. Even though China is rising economically, China may not want to take up Americas role as global policeman ii. US is a less biased mediator 12. The joust as an analytic flaw in the intelligence process during the run-up to Iraq a. Stevenson

b. Still another flaw is the politicization of analysis, where analysts tailor their reports to be consistent with the views and policy preferences of the president and other senior officials. A former senior CIA analyst describes the process as a joust. c. The joust typically would conclude with inventive wordsmithing that met each sides minimum requirements in the competition. Analysts also know that their careers would be helped by praise from above and could be derailed if superiors concluded they were not team players. 13. Rational actor model and US perceptions of Saddam Hussein a. Saddam Hussein was an irrational actor (he should have realized the US and coalition were too powerful) 14. News medias role in Bush effort to sell the 2003 war a. The George W Bush administration coordinated its propaganda campaign by expanding on the news management techniques used in the past. According to Scott McClellan, who served as

press secretary from 2003 to 2006, the White House communications staff fought to seize the media offensive and win every news cycle. b. The administration produced its own combination of propaganda and information, dubbed infoganda by comedian Rob Corddry. Using dramatic visuals and emotional appeals, officials employed a strategy of credulity, asking people to believe in them and their policies. c. News programs began to use aggressive, opinionated personalities to hold viewers attention and tell them what they wanted to hear. Called the fox effect after the popular Fox Television News, broadcasters in 2003 delivered an assertive and entertaining mix of prowar content with their news reports. The average sound bite shrunk from 42 seconds to 10 seconds, making attitude easier to communicate than analysis. 15. How public opinion influences foreign policy From Piers Robinson: There are two types of media models that are available we can appreciate how much the media has changed. One of these media models believes that the public influences foreign policy, the other doesnt. The Elite model believes that power is controlled by a small portion of people (business and govt interests). Public is therefore influenced by these interests and spoonfed their ideas. The Pluralist model on the other hand believes that it is an open system where the public holds the power. the US public is capable of rationally processing news information and determining the correct policy. This is aided by CNN - 24 hr news - and the internet, where the public has the ability to determine what information is out there. Also the Vietnam Syndrome is an example of this in that it shows that the more casualties there are, the more the public is averse to war and will vote against it (like Vietnam) - once the public had info they were against it - and protested violently. YAY COLUMBIA. Significance: is it the attentive public or the full public? does the public care about foreign policy? Is the free media in the United States manipulated and manufactured by the government? these questions are essential to our intellectual freedom and demand for sound foreign policies. Does investigative journalism truly exist? If we take the Bush administration as an example, it really doesnt.

16. Kennan sweepstakes a. John dumbrell: following cold war, there was a need to find international goal for the US. In early cold war times, George kennan coined this idea of containment. Whole goal of cold war was containment of communism. b. Sweepstakes refers to the question posed by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ambiguous direction of the new international community.

c.

Influenced by idea of American decline. Needed to map out post-cold war politics

d. Long 1990s of bush senior and Clinton e. Bush senior committed to new world order and democratic idealism i. But hes aware of limits of American power ii. Bush senior has foreign policy experience 17. US foreign policy by drone: pros and cons (strategic and ethical) a. Pros

i. Unmanned aircraft have been used to take out a number of so-called high-value terrorist targets, among them Baitullah Mehsud, Pakistans Taliban chief. ii. David Rohde, a New York Times reporter, said that drone strikes are generally accurate and had a major impact. He notes that Taliban leaders were very nervous about being tracked by drones. iii. Potential for capabilities of unmanned systems to exceed those of human pilots and manned aircraft, such as the capacity to withstand extreme gravitational forces, for instance, and the potential to stay in the air much longer than conventional planes b. Cons i. Endanger civilians. Large civilian casualties. General Petraeus admitted that, since 2006, 14 senior Al Qaeda leaders were killed during drone strikes but also 700 Pakistani civilians. Drone strikes are highly unpopular, deeply aggravating to the population ii. May actually fuel insurgency. Drones create passion for revenge and anger and lead to spikes of extremism. They are robot killing machines that might actually create more resistance. Drones are increasingly used as part of counterinsurgency strategies. c. Significance: ultimately decide how effective and worthwhile unmanned planes are. Are they worth the costs (financial costs and moral/social costs)? Pentagons 2011 budget included plans for a doubling of production of unmanned aircraft. Government Accountability Office noted that the Defense Department , in its fiscal 2011 request, indicated that it expected to need more than $24 billion for unmanned aircraft systems through 2015 18. Ireland and the Euro a. Sarah Glazer article

b. Sean Barrett, an economist at Trinity College Dublin, says that when it comes to Irelands current economic crisis, the governments biggest mistake was joining the Euro in the first place.

c. Known during boom times as the Celtic Tiger Ireland was growing exponentially on a virtual tsunami of cheap money during the 1990s-2000s, which triggered a disastrous property bubble. The government should have raised interest rates to slow down the borrowing frenzy, euro critics say, but it no longer had that power since the European Central Bank sets interest rates for the euro countries. d. Barrett notes that Ireland needed to cool down in the years after it joined the euro, but Germany needed to warm up.

19. Intermestic issues a. Intermingling of foreign affairs and domestic politics

b. Migration c. Narco-traffic

d. Arms flows

Department of Homeland Security and Transportation Security Administration and Federal Emergency Management Agency - combination - responses to all-hazards national and international. Fiscal federalism - it is the fact that national terrorist fighting groups send money to states to combat terrorism - this competes with systems that are already present at the domestic level in the states. Significance: In this new era of the War on Terror, intermestic politics is playing a key role. But the merging of domestic and foreign politics has resulted in competition within states and has an adverse effect on the system of federalism. Intermestic politics also blurs the surveillance line when there is surveillance both nationally and internationally, there is a question of citizenship and civil liberties - too much federal security measures - TSA, DHS, FEMA (FEMA replaces state responders) 20. 9/11: aberration, not a harbinger a. Mueller and Stewart warn that there has been a tendency to inflate al-Qaidas importance and effectiveness. b. Target selection is effectively a random process, lacking guile and careful planning c. Since sept 11, al-Qaida central hasnt done much of anything except issue videos filled with empty, self-infatuated threats.

d. Mindless brutalities of al-Qaida affiliated combatants (staging beheadings at mosques, bombing playgrounds, taking over hospitals, performing forced marriages) eventually turned the Iraqis against them. In fact, they seem to have managed to alienate the entire population. Terrorists need very specific characteristics in order to become terrorists - essentially they must be radical enough to commit a large scale crime and be willing to die. They also need to be intelligent enough to plan it. These are very rare qualities in a person - most plotting terrorists would never actually go through with it. List of terrorist possibilities - these are ultimately all not serious. Significance: our entire policy system has been shaped around terrorism - but if its not actually a threat, we SERIOUSLY need to rethink our policies and surveillance - and perhaps focus on other issues. i.E. if we accept that 9/11 doesnt have much of a chance of happening again, we can lessen our security spending and change our intelligence community for the better. 21. smart power and Libya a. Combination of hard and soft power resources into successful strategies in various contexts (Nye p100) c. Joseph Nye notes that although Bush was more decisive in Iraq, he also turned out to be decisively wrong about the presence of weapons of mass destruction and the ease of creating a democratic polity in Iraq, and the result was a sharp drop in Americas international standing. d. In designing his strategy for Libya, Obama showed awareness of both hard and soft dimensions in ways that many of his critics did not. First, he was careful to limit both American objectives and commitments. Humanitarian interests are important but not vital in the sense of national survival. e. Second, Obama was careful not to create a global narrative of a third American military attack on a Muslim country. Instead, he waited until the Arab League and Un Security Council resolutions provided a narrative of a legitimate enforcement of a humanitarian responsibility to protect civilians. f. Third, he encouraged France, Britain, and other allies to share in the lead, and also encourage the devolution of the operation of the no-fly zone to NATO, a multilateral institution. 22. September 15, 2008 and entitlement overstretch a. Maundelbaum: crash of Lehman Brothers that triggered global financial crisis. It will limit resources at the disposal of policy makers in Washington, limiting the financial means available to conduct American foreign policy. b. A credit crisis of the kind that the lehman collapse produced can inflict catastrophic economic damage. What makes sept 15, 2008 important is the impact of these developments in combination with the principal economic challenges that US faces.

c. To counteract recessions, American government liberally applied the remedy of deficit spending. Expenditures funded not by tax revenues but by federal borrowing. These deficits will be added to a cumulative national debt. d. Entitlement i. Social security and medicare ii. Baby boom generationthey will qualify for most retirement and health care benefits. iii. Government does not have money to pay for these programs. 23. Can foreign aid reduce poverty? a. Jeffrey Sachs argues that foreign aid can indeed reduce poverty, and cites examples from Asia. In contrast, George Ayittey arguest that foreign aid cannot reduce poverty, using Africa as evidence. b. Yes: Jeffrey Sachs i. Biggest development successes have come in Asia. Economic growth in China, India, Korea and many other countries (along with public investments in health, education, and infrastructure) have powered the most rapid improvement in living standards in world history. c. No: George BN Ayittey i. Africas leaky begging bowl 1. Africa has the resources it needs to launch self-sustaining growth and prosperity. Yet the problem has been a leadership that is programmed to look only outside Africa (principally to the West) for such resources. 2. The result has been hopeless dependency on foreign aid 3. Capital flight out of Africa is at least $20 billion annually. Business owners have little faith in keeping it in Africa, and corrupt African leader and politicians steal money. In August 2004, an African Union report claimed that Africa loses an estimated 25% of the continents GDP 4. Significant because, instead of blindly pouring money into a leaky system, we can implement better ways of helping Africa. African people need these tools: a. Free and independent media to ensure free flow of information

b. An independent judiciary for the rule of law 24. The Mogadishu line

a. The Mogadishu Line is the point at which foreign involvement in a conflict shifts from peacekeeping or diplomacy to combat operations.[1] The term often comes about in reference to the reluctance of international actors to intervene militarily in another state for humanitarian reasons, due to a fear of combat operations that have a high human cost b. Clinton and Somalia c. Jon Western: Sources of Humanitarian Intervention M pp 399

d. Significance: 25. Presidential environmental sympathies as explanations for US foreign environmental policy a. Eckersley

b. In the early 1970s, the USA stood out as a world leader in domestic environmental law and policy, and under the presidency of Richard Nixon the USA pursued a relatively proactive role at the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. At Stockholm, two most prominent initiatives included establishment of United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and develop a convention on ocean dumping. Richard Nixon (along with Lyndon Johnson) has received the strongest rating in a survey of the environmental records of the ten presidents from Truman to Clinton. c. President Jimmy Carter is widely regarded as the first US president to adopt a global environmental perspective. He introduced a bill establishing a Synthetic Fuels Corporation, placed the Department of Energy in the presidential cabinet, extended the application of NEPA to US government activities abroad, and he banned the export of toxic waste to other countries in 1981. Carters most significant environmental legacy was his preparedness to question Americas dependence on imported oil and his efforts to promote energy conservation and a renewable energy industry in America. Although Carters international environmental concerns may have been more sincere and noble than those of Nixon, his international environmental record turn out to be more modest (me: shows that individual leadership is limited) d. Reagan: First US president with explicit anti-environmental agenda. Dismantled White House solar panels, attempted to abolish the CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality). Huge irony that a monumental testament to US environmental leadership, US ozone diplomacy, occurred during Reagans second term. e. Bush Jr: fossil fuel president. Me: Bushs inherent tendency to act unilaterally was even evident in his environmental platform. Book: Bush administration attracted widespread international criticism for its rejection of environmental multilateralism in general, and its repudiation of the Kyoto Protocol in particular f. Significance? Shows that although the US president is chief diplomat and chief executive officer, US foreign environmental policy decisions have been largely shaped by domestic environmental politics, and the president is merely one (albeit one very significant) player in a complicated set of political processes in the deeply fragmented US political system. There has never been a substantial environmental president (Soden and Steel). No president has yet

exploited the full capacity of their constitutional or leadership powers to promote, as distinct from obstruct or compromise, environmental goals. 26. Humanitarian intervention: communitarianism/cosmopolitanism and selective engagers / liberal humanitarianists a. Jon Western: sources of humanitarian intervention.

b. Pg 413: humanitarian impulses have increasingly become part of the political discourse within American foreign policy and probably cannot be ignored or rejected outright. Indeed, those who seek to establish some universal grand strategy restricting the use of force to only those situations where American vital interests are directly threatened may well find themselves under intense and persistent pressure. Selective engagers: Bush and advisors - with the end of the Cold War, both the horn of Africa and the Balkans had dramatically diminished in strategic importance to the United States. Went from prevention/slow change to containment policies in Yugoslavia. Somalia was caused by U.S. stopping its financial contributions to Somalia after the Cold War (less geo-strategical). This created tensions and interethnic civil conflict - the Bush administration called it an internal Somali problem Communitarian 1. The international community is a society of states 2. States are morally legitimate political actors 3. Dont override sovereignty norm in the name of protecting HRs; it is states responsibility to secure and protect human rights (not global society!) 4. Human dignity is best secured within and through each of the distinct political societies of the international system Sovereignty norm is dominant? Infer that a communitarian is not going to be as gung ho as ? Protect the collective within the state. Self-determination (counter-argument) o Argument that Somalia was a failed state therefore intervention is ethical States have the responsibility Cosmopolitan 1. No, the world is a unitary society 2. Yeah, only to the extent they protect human rights 3. Borders should not be used to protect injustice within states and human rights must take priority over state sovereignty 4. international morality requires the subordination of state boundaries to human dignity

Significance? How we think about humanitarianism is important because it dictates how we act in the world and in foreign policy. The U.S. is a world leader with a significant economy and therefore

it must make the choice of whether or not to intervene. Selective engagers intervene only if the U.S. has an interest for example. We need to determine whether or not intervention for humanitarian reasons is a necessary moral choice or whether or not we will further harm people in the area.