2014

PHYSICS PROJECT

Rahul Sahu
12 th A Nirmal Higher Secondary School

Nirmal Higher Secondry School

(Affiliated to C.B.S.E.)

Session : 2013-14

A Physics Investigatory Project to find the Refractive index of various liquids using a Liquid Prism

Submitted to: Mr. Suresh G. Kurup H.o.d. Physics

Submitted by: Rahul Sahu 12th science Roll no. = 20

Certificate:
This is to certify that Rahul Sahu of class 12th A has satisfactorily completed the project in Physics on the topic Liquid Prism in the academic year 2013-14. The project has been completed under my supervision fulfilling the required conditions. I have examined the project and hereby accord my approval of it.

Mr. Mathew Kunnel (Head of Institute)

Mr. Suresh G. Kurup ( H.O.D Physics)

Acknowledgement:
As a student of class 12th, I did this project as a part of my studies entitled Liquid Prism. My project can never begin without you, dear GOD. Rather than saying thank you to you, you know that I feel like saying I love you, to you, always. I must say thanks to my parents who provide me sufficient money and help in making of this project. Mr. Suresh G. Kurup, you are real foundation of the project done by me. My project would never have been possible without your guidance. Thank you very much. Special thanks to my Principal who gave support to me. Next on my thanks lists are my friends, teachers, students who really showered constructive feedbacks and suggestions without which this project would not have been in its present form.

Rahul Sahu

CONTENTS :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Objective Introduction Apparatus Theory Procedure Observations Diagrams Calculations + Graphs Precautions

10. Result

OBJECTIVES :
To study the variation of the deviation with the angle of using Hollow Glass Prism determine the angle of deviation. angle of incidence and to minimum

 To find out the refractive index, speed of light in various liquids using a Hollow Prism.

INTRODUCTION :
This project is of Investigatory Type. In this project, a hollow prism has been used to calculate the refractive index of various liquids. The hollow prism is filled with liquid and then the experiment is performed.

APPARATUS :
Sheet of Paper

THEORY :
Refraction :
In a homogenous medium, light travels along a straight line, but whenever it falls on a surface of another medium, a very small fraction of it is reflected back and most of the light passes into the medium, though with a change of direction. This phenomenon of the bending of light at the surface of separation of the two medium is called refraction of light.

Cause of refraction :
This phenomenon of refraction takes place when a beam of light enters a medium in which light enters a medium in which light travels with a different velocity.

Laws Of Refraction :
1. The incident ray, the refracted and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence lie on the same plane. 2. For any two given media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction is a constant, where it is the angle of incidence and is the angle of refraction. Medium : The surrounding substance through which the light travels. For a monochromatic light, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant for any two given media. If `I is the angle of incidence, and `r is the angle of refraction, then: Sine(I)/Sine(R)=constant the constant is called the Refractive Index. For most purposes it may be assumed that the refractive index is with respect to air. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal and vice versa when it goes from a denser to a rarer medium. It has been experimentally shown that
Velocity of light in air Refractive index of substance = ----------------------------------------Velocity of light in substance

Refraction Through Prism: A transparent medium bounded by two plane surface inclined to each other at an angle is called a Prism. The angle between the two faces is known as the angle of the prism. Angle of deviation: The angle through which the incident ray of light is deviated is called the angle of deviation. In fact it is the angle between the emergent ray and the incident ray produced. Angle of minimum deviation: As the value of the angle of incidence (i) increases, the angle of deviation decreases till for a particular value of the angle of incidence, it attains a minimum value Dm, is called the angle of minimum deviation. Critical angle : It is that angle of incidence in the denser medium for which corresponding angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90 degree. = 1/sin C Where, - Refractive Index C - Critical angle The four factors on which angle of deviation depends are : 1. 2. 3. 4. Angle of prism ( A ) Material of prism ( ) Angle of incidence ( I ) Wavelength or colour of light ( )

Theory on refraction through Prism : When a ray of light passes from one medium into the other, it either bends towards the normal or away from the normal in the second

medium, depending upon whether the second medium is denser or rarer with respect to first medium. This phenomenon is known as the Refraction of light. For a particular pair of two media, and for a particular wavelength of light (colour) the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant quantity called the Refractive Index of the second medium with respect to the first medium. It is represented by: = Sin i/Sin r Therefore, the value of the angle of incidence i can be obtained in terms of the refracting angle A of the prism and the angle of minimum deviation m and the angle of refraction r can also be obtained in terms of the refracting angle A of the prism.

Let ABC represent a section of the glass prism and let IP be a ray incident at angle i on the first face AB of the prism at a point P. N1PN is the normal to this face. The material of the prism is denser with respect to air, as such the ray will refract in the direction PQ making an angle r1 with the normal reaching the second face AC of

the prism at the point Q making an angle r2 with the normal N2QT. The ray emerging in the direction QE bending away from the normal and making an angle e with the normal. If the incident ray IP be produced backwards to meet QE produced at S, the angle KSQ is called the angle of deviation is represented by D. Angle BAC is called the refracting angle of the prism and represented by A. To derive the relation: A+ D = i+e In SPQ, PS is produced to K. KSQ or D is the external angle. D = SPQ + SQP

= i-r1 + e-r 2 = (i + e) - (r 1 + r 2) r1 + r 2 + PTQ = 1800 r 1 + r2 = 1800 - PTQ Taking quadrilateral APTQ APT + AQT = 900 + 900 = 1800 A + PTQ = 1800 A = 180 - PTQ From (2) and (3) r1 + r2 = A From (1) and (4) ...........(4) --------(3) .........(2) ...........(1)

 D = i+e- A A + D = i + e When the angle of deviation D has minimum value Dm the following conditions are fulfilled: i = e and r1 - r2 = r (say) Applying these conditions in Eq.(2) and (3) A = 2r or r=A/2 and A + D m = 2i i= ( A+Dm)/2 Since, 2 = sin i/sin r We obtain on substituting the value of (i) and (r) Since, = Sin(i)/Sin (r) = (Sin(A+Dm)/2)/ Sin(A/2) ------------(7) ---------(6) --------(5)

Thus we find that we can use the relation (7) for determining the refractive index. The experiment thus consists of finding of the value of the refracting angle of minimum deviation Dm. For finding the value of Dm a curve is plotted between the angles of incidence (i) and their respective angles of deviation (D).

PROCEDURE :
Fix the sheet of white paper on Drawing board with cello tape or drawing pins. Draw a straight-line XY nearly at the centre of the sheet parallel to its length. Mark points marked as O at suitable spacing on the line XY and draw normal to the line XY at point O. Draw

straight line PQ corresponding to the incident rays that are drawn at the angles of incidence ranging from 30 to 60 i.e. for angles 35,40,45,50,55 & 60 using a protractor. Fill the liquid from open and of prism. Fix two pins P and Q about 8 cm on the incident ray line and view its image with one eye closed from the side of BC of the prism. Fix two pins R and S on the paper such that the tips of these pins and the tips of these images of the incident ray pins, all lie on the same straight line. Join the points (i.e. pin pricks) S & R and produce it backwards to meet the incident ray PQ produced. Thus RS is the emergent ray corresponding to the incident ray PQ. Draw arrow heads to show the direction of rays. Measure the angle of deviation D with Protractor. Repeat at steps (4 to 8) for different liquids having different values of angle of incidence and measure the corresponding angles of deviation D. Take at least three values (i) from 300 to 400. Now place the prism on separate sheet of paper or on the same sheet at a suitable place and trace its triangular boundary with a sharp pencil. Measure the angle A, of the triangle so traced with the help of protractor. Record your observation in observation table. Plotting of graph between i & D. Plot a graph between angle i and D for various sets of values recorded in the observation table.

OBSERVATIONS :
For Water : Sl.No. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 35o 40o 45o 50o 55o ANGLE OF DEVIATION 25o 24o 23o 25o 26o

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

For Spirit : Sl.No. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 35o 40o 45o 50o 55o ANGLE OF DEVIATION 29o 26o 25o 27o 28o

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

For Glycerin: Sl.No. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 35o 40o 45o 50o 55o ANGLE OF DEVIATION 39o 38o 35o 40 o 41o

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

For Benzene: Sl.No. ANGLE OF INCIDENCE 35o 40o 45o 50o 55o ANGLE OF DEVIATION 40o 39o 41o 42 o 45o

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

CALCULATIONS :
Formula Applied :
=

(Sin (A+Dm ))/2 Sin (A/2)

1.

Water:

(Sin (60+23 ))/2 Sin(60/2)

= Sin 41.5 Sin 30 = 1.33

0.6626 0.5

2.

Spirit:

( Sin (60+25 ))/2 Sin(60/2)

= Sin(42.5) Sin 30

0.6756 0.5

1.35

3.

Glycerin:

(Sin(60+35))/2

= Sin(47.5)

Sin(60/2) = 0.7372 0.5 4. Benzene : = (Sin(60+39))/2 Sin(60/2) = 0.7600 0.5 = =

Sin 30 1.47

= Sin(49.5) Sin 30 1.52

Precautions :
A sharp pencil should be used for drawing the boundary of the prism. The separation between the pins should not be less than 8 cm. The angle of incidence should lie between 30-45. The same and prism should be used for all observations. So an ink mark should be placed on it to distinguish it as a refracting angle A of the prism. The pins should have sharp tips and fixed vertically and the pin pricks should be encircled immediately after they are removed. Proper arrow should be drawn to indicate the incident, the refracted and the emergent rays. A smooth curve passing practically through all the plotted points should be drawn.

RESULTS :
The angle of deviation, D first decrease with the increase in the angle of incidence, attains a minimum value and then increase with further increase in angle of incidence. The angle of minimum deviation Dm for : 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Water Spirit Glycerine Benzene = 23o = 25 o = 35 o = 39 o

The refractive index of : 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Water Spirit Glycerine Benzene = 1.33 = 1.35 = 1.47 = 1.52

The speed of light in : 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Water Spirit Glycerine Benzene = 2.26 x 108 m/s = 2.22 x 108 m/s = 2.04 x 108 m/s = 1.97 x 108 m/s