1.

Auxiliaires modaux et semi-modaux

Voici les verbes modaux: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to. Ils sont utiliss avant dautres verbes et ajoutent une signification telle que la certitude, la capacit, lobligation, la possibilit, la permission etc. 1.1) Conjugaison

- Pas de s la 3 personne du singulier She can ski. He must be tired. It might rain. - Pas de do/does/dont/doesnt dans les questions ni dans les phrases ngatives. What should I do ? He cant dance Can I help you? You mustnt steal. - Quand les auxiliaires modaux sont suivis dun infinitif, le to disparait. Exception : Ought to You must go. You ought to see a doctor. - Linfinitif to et la forme en ing nexistent pas. Dautres expressions sont utilises la place. Id love to be able to ski I hate having to get up on cold winter mornings - Pas de conjugaison au pass. La forme Perfect Infinitive est utilise. You should have told me that you cant swim. You might have drowned. Ou une autre expression: I had to work hard in school.

M. Palm 4 ANLM2 2013

1.2) Utilisation - Les verbes modaux expriment nos attitudes, opinions, jugements etc. Compare : Whos knocking on the door ? Its John (cest un fait) It could/may/might/must/should/cant/ll be John. (expression de notre attitude ou opinion) - Chaque verbe modal a au moins 2 significations diffrentes. I must post this letter. (obligation) You must be tired. (dduction, probabilit) Could you help me ? (demande) We could go to Spain for our holiday (possibilit) You may go home now. (permission) Where is Anna? Im not sure. She may be at work. (possibilit) 1.3) Obligation : should, ought to, must, have to

- Should et ought to : expriment une suggestion, un avis, une obligation douce, ce qui selon lopinion de celui qui parle reprsente la chose correcte faire. Ils sont souvent prcds de I think/I dont think Youre always asking me for money. I think you should spend less. You shouldnt sit so close to the television. Its bad for your eyes. You ought to be more careful with your money. Ou dans les questions Do you think ? Do you think I should see a doctor ? What do you think I should wear to the party ? - Must et have to expriment une obligation plus forte. Must indique une obligation qui implique lopinion de celui qui parle. Cest personnel. I must get my hair cut. You must go and visit your grandmother. Must sutilise galement dans le style formel et crit. All visitors must show proper ID. Books must be returned on or before the due date. - Must et have to sont parfois interchangeables I must be home by midnight I have to be home by midnight. Ce qui les diffrencie: Must exprime habituellement le sentiment ou le souhait de celui qui parle. Have to exprime une obligation provenant dune tierce personne. M. Palm 4 ANLM2 2013

I must buy my mother a birthday card. Tommy, you must look after your toys. You have to work hard in this life. Visitors have to report to reception. Attention donc de ne pas trop utiliser Must qui peut sembler trop autoritaire. Have to est plus courant. En cas dhsitation, il vaut mieux utiliser have to. Formes interrogatives -> Have to est plus commun. Do I have to do what you say ? (Must I? est inhabituel) Have to peut sutilise dans toutes les formes de conjugaison. Must ne peut sutiliser que pour le prsent et le futur. - Dont have to et mustnt Aucune similitude entre ces 2 formes. Dont have to exprime une absence dobligation (tu peux, mais ce nest pas ncessaire)

Mustnt exprime une interdiction (il est trs important de ne pas faire qqch) Some people iron their socks, but you dont have to. I think its a waste of time. When you go into a shop, you dont have to buy something. You can just look. You mustnt steal other peoples things. Its wrong. You mustnt drive if youve been drinking. You could kill someone!

M. Palm 4 ANLM2 2013