HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETES AND APPLICATIONS

Edited by

Walter P Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering, and Director of NSF Center for Science and Technology of Advanced Cement Based Materials North Western University, Evanston, IL, USA

S P Shah

Professor of Civil Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA

S H Ahmad

Edward Arnold
A member of the Hodder Headline Group LONDON MELBOURNE AUCKLAND

 1994 P Shah and S H Ahmad First published in Great Britain 1994 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data High Performance Concretes and Applications I. Shah, Surendra P. II. Ahmad, S. H. 691 ISBN 0-340-58922-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without either prior permission in writing from the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP 9HE Typeset in 10/12 Times by Wearset, Boldon, Tyne and Wear. Printed in Great Britain for Edward Arnold, a division of Hodder Headline PLC, Mill Road, Dunton Green, Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 2YA by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, and bound by Hartnolls Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall.

Preface
High performance concretes (HPC) represents a rather recent development in concrete materials technology. HPC is not a commodity but a range of products, each specifically designed to satisfy in the most effective way the performance requirements for the intended application. Concrete has large number of properties or attributes. These attributes can be grouped into three general categories: (1) attributes which benefit the construction process; (2) enhanced mechanical properties; (3) enhanced non-mechanical properties such as durability etc. For hardened concrete, strength and durability are the two most important attributes. In the last three or four years, several national-scale research programs have been established to study various aspects of high performance concretes. These include the two in the US: Center for Science and Technology for Advanced Cement-Based Materials (ACBM), Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP); The Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence (NCE) Program on High Performance Concrete; the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Program; the Swedish National Program on HPC; the French National Program called 'New Ways for Concrete' and the Japanese New Concrete Program. As the results from these programs start to be disseminated and digested in the concrete industry, the concrete technology will experience a significant advancement. Historically, more attention has been given to the strength attribute and concrete performance has been specified and evaluated in terms of compressive strength the higher the compressive strength, the better the expected performance. However, experience has shown that durability considerations become more important for structures exposed to hostile environments (e.g. marine structures and sanitary structures) and for structures such as bridges and pavements which are designed for longer service life. The SHRP program on High Performance Concrete has defined HPC for highway applications in terms of strength and durability attributes and water-cementious materials ratio. HPC is defined as concrete that meets the following criteria: It shall have one of the following strength characteristics: 4-hour strength ^25OO psi (17.5 MPa) 24-hour strength ^50OO psi (35 MPa) 28-day strength ^10,0OO psi (70 MPa)

It shall have a durability factor >80% after 300 cycles of freezing and thawing It shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio ^0.35

During the last decade, developments in mineral and chemical admixtures have made it possible to produce concretes with relatively much higher strengths than was thought possible. Presently concretes with strengths of 14,000 to 16,000 psi (98 to 112 MPa) are being commercially produced and used in the construction industry in USA. Other countries such as England, Canada, Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, Japan, Hong Kong and South Korea are aggressively employing the high strength concrete technology in their construction practice. The aim of this book is to summarize the developments of the last decade in the area of materials development for producing higher strength concrete, production methods, mechanical properties evaluation, non mechanical properties such as durability, and the implication of material properties on the structural design and performance. The use of higher strength concretes in the construction industry has steadily increased during the last decade, and therefore two chapters have been devoted to summarize the applications of higher strength concretes. Experts from USA, Canada, France, Norway, Spain and Japan have contributed individual chapters so as to give the book a broad perspective of the prevailing state-of-the-art in different parts of the world. The book is intended for the academics, engineers, consultants, contractors and researchers. The eleven chapters in the book are arranged so that the reader can be selective. Chapter 1 provides the background for the selection of materials and proportions. This chapter also provides information on quality control aspects for concretes with higher strengths. Chapter 2 addresses the short term mechanical properties such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength etc. The long term mechanical properties such as creep, shrinkage and temperature effects are discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 provides the information on the bond and fatigue characteristics. The important aspect of the durability and its implication for the performance of concrete are discussed in Chapters. The fracture mechanics approach to the understanding of the structural response is outlined in Chapter 6. The behavior of the structural members such as beam, columns and slabs is detailed in Chapter?. The ductility issues of the structural members and the structural ductility is presented in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 addresses structural design considerations and the structural applications with special emphasis on high-rise buildings and bridges. This chapter also summarizes the special construction considerations needed for these concretes. Chapter 10 is dedicated to high strength lightweight aggregate concrete and its applications. The last chapter is devoted to the applications of HPC in Japan and South East Asia.

List of Contributors

P Acker
Head, Division: 'Betons et Ciments pour Ouvrages d'Art', Laboratoire Central des Fonts et Chaussees, Paris, France

S H Ahmad
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

P N Balaguru
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, N J, US A

T W Bremner
Professor of Civil Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada

Fde Larrard
Senior Scientist, Division: 'Betons et Ciments pour Ouvrages d'Art', Laboratoire Central des Fonts et Chaussees, Paris, France

A S Ezeldin
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental and Coastal Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA

R Gettu
Senior Researcher, Technical University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain

S K Ghosh
Director, Engineered Structures and Codes, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA

O E Gj0rv
Professor, Division of Building Materials, Norwegian Institute of Technology - NTH, Trondheim - NTH, Norway

TA Holm
Vice President of Engineering, Solite Corporation, PO Box 27211, Richmond, VA, USA

R Le Roy
Research Engineer, Division: 'Betons et Ciments pour Ouvrages d'Art', Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France

S Mindess
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

S Nagataki
Professor of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguru-ku, Tokyo 152, Japan

A H Nilson (Professor)
162 Round Pound Road, HC-60, Box 162, Medomak, Maine, USA (formerly of Cornell University)

H G Russell
Vice President, Construction Technology Laboratories Inc., 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL, USA

M Saatcioglu
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Canada

E Sakai
Manager, Special Cement Additives Division, Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co. Ltd, Yuraku-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100, Japan

S P Shah
Walter P Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering; Director, NSF Center for Science and Technology of Advanced Cement-Based Materials; and Director, Center for Concrete and Geomaterials, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA