EE 214 ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1 SEMESTER 3 ELECTRICAL ENGINEEERING DEPARTMENT PEC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

LECTURE NOTES 5 TRANSFORMERS

Course coordinator Dhiraj Bhagat EE department PEC university of technology

Submitted by Avalpreet singh 12104029 B.E

EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
In a practical transformer there are mainly two types of major losses namely core and copper losses . These losses are wasted as heat and as a result temperature of the transformer rises. Therefore output power of the transformer will be always less than the input power drawn by the primary from the source and efficiency is defined as = Output power Output power+ Core loss +Copper loss

P0
P0 + Pm + Pcu
Losses

where

Po is output power Pm is coreloss Pcu is copperloss

Line Diagram representing input- output power relations

CORE LOSSES
The core of a non ideal transformer has finite permeability . Therefore even when the secondary is left open (no-load condition) the primary winding draws some current known as the excitation current, from the source. It is a common practice to assume that the excitation current, I is the sum of two currents Ic

and Im.

I = Im + Ic

< Ic is coreloss current and Im is magnetizing current>

The exact equivalent circuit as viewed from the primary side of the transformer.

The coreloss component of the excitation current accounts for the magnetic loss( hysteresis and eddy current loss) in core of transformer.

Coreloss power = Pm =|Ic|2Rc1

( here Ic is coreloss current and Rc1 is core resistance)

CORE LOSSES ARE CONSTANT

When we increase the load on the transformer, the following sequence of events takes place: (a) The secondary winding current increases. (b) The current supplied by the source increases. (C) The voltage drop across the primary winding impedance Z1increases. (d) The induced emf E1drops. (e) Finally, the mutual flux decreases owing to the decrease in the magnetizing current. However, in a well-designed transformer, the decrease in the mutual flux from no load to full load is about 1% to 3%. Therefore, for all practical purposes, we can assume that El remains substantially the same. In other words, the mutual flux is essentially the same under normal loading conditions and thereby there is no appreciable change in the excitation current.

So there is practically no change in the coreloss power.

COPPER LOSSES
The primary as well as secondary windings have finite resistance. The power loss corresponding to this is referred as copper loss. Copper loss is variable and is proportional to the square of current through the coils. Since the winding currents depend upon the degree of loading. The copper loss also varies accordingly.

Pcu = |Ip|2Re1

Re is the equivalent resistance

Re1 = R1 + a2R2

Pcu

Pm

Equivalent approximate circuit viewed from primary side

VOLTAGE REGULATION
The secondary winding voltage from no load to full load for the same primary winding voltage expressed as a percentage of its rated voltage is called the voltage regulation (VR) of the transformer.

VR = V2NL V2FL V2FL

V2NL is NO LOAD secondary voltage V2FL is FULL LOAD secondary voltage

EFFICIENCY

Putting values:P0 = V2I2 cos

Pm =|Ic|2Rc1

Pcu = |Ip|2Re1

(V2 , I2 , ) =

V2I2 cos V2I2 cos + |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1

also and

I2 = a Ip V2 Practically remains constant

(I1 , ) = aV2 Ip cos aV2 Ip cos + |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1

so

is a function of Ip and i.e

MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
CASE 1: Ip is constant and is variable
= aV2 Ip (-sin ) aV2 Ip cos {aV2 Ip (-sin )} 2 = aV2 Ip (-sin ){ |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1 } 2 { = aV2 Ip cos + |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1 }

for maximum efficiency aV2 Ip (-sin ){ |Ic|2Rc1 +|Ip|2Re1 } = 0 so sin = 0 or = n if sin = 0 then cos = 1

Therefore efficiency is maximum at constant input current when power factor is unity.

CASE 2: Ip is variable and is constant = aV2cos () aV2 Ip cos { aV2cos +2 Ip Re1} Ip 2 =

aV2cos { |Ic|2Rc1 |Ip|2Re1} 2

for maximum efficiency

|Ic|2Rc1 |Ip|2Re1 = 0 |Ic|2Rc1 = |Ip|2Re1

Therefore for a given power factor transformer gives maximum efficiency when coreloss is equal to copper loss.

RELATION BETWEEN SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

v1 - L1i1 + Mi2 = 0 v1 = L1i1 - Mi2 = L1i1 - Mi2 + Mi1 Mi1 = ( L1 M ) i1 + M ( i1 i2 )

T- TYPE EQUIVALENCE

v1 = Lai1 + Lc( i1 i2 ) = Lai1 + Lc ( i1 i2) v2 Mi1 + L2i2 = 0 va + Li2 Mi1 = vb va - vb = v2 = Mi1 Li2 = Mi1 Li2 Mi2 Mi2 v2 = M ( i1 i2) i2 ( L2 M )

v2 = -Lbi2 + Lc ( i1 i2)

Therefore

La = L1 M Lb = L2 M Lc = M

NON LINEAR OPERATION OF TRANSFORMER

im

E2

CONCLUSION

MAGNETISING CURRENT Sinusoidal Non Sinusoidal

OUTPUT VOLTAGE Non Sinusoidal Sinusoidal

EXAMPLE:A 23-kVA, 2300/230-V step-down transformer has the following resistance and leakagereactance values: R1 = 4 , R2 = 0.04 , X1 = 12 , and X2 = 0.12 . The transformer is operating at 75% of its rated load. If the power factor of the load is 0.866 leading. The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on the primary side of the transformer are 20 k and 15 k , respectively. What is its efficiency?

SOLUTION