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1 Making connections The key words listed above can be called concepts. Concepts can be related to each other by the
use of linking words or phrases to form propositions (see the example at left). An arrow shows the sense of the relationship. When several concepts are related in a meaningful way, a concept map is formed. Because concepts can be related in many ways, there is no single correct concept map. Figure 1.35 shows one concept map containing some of the key words from this chapter. Add to this map or prepare another by using key words from the list above and other words of your choice. Checklist Check the meaning of each of the key words of this chapter. Comments There are many correct answers for this question. The students word choice will govern their outcome. One concept map has been shown on page 29. Another map given below contains some of the key words of the chapter, and presents another equally correct map.
Comments a As the temperature drops there is not sufficient movement to break the hydrogen bonds so a lattice structure forms. b C6H12O6 c A monosaccharide consists of one carbon ring (a sugar) and a disaccharide consists of two sugar carbon rings and has the formula C12H22O11. d One e The side chain or R group f The molecular formula of that amino acid will contain sulfur g The irregular folding of polypeptides held together by ionic or hydrogen bonds h Four i Two j One k Glycogen
4 Applying your understanding What is a characteristic of fats that makes them energy dense?
Checklist _ Read chapter 1 (pp. 213). Comments Fats store twice as much energy as the same weight of polysaccharide. The lack of water in the fat molecules means that they carry more energy per molecule.
Applying understanding and drawing conclusions During an experiment, you analyse a compound that has a chemical composition of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1 and a six-sided molecular shape. What predictions would you make with regard to classification of the compound? Checklist _ Read chapter 1 (pp. 910). Comments This compound is likely to be a monosaccharide (C6H12O6) and since it is a hexagonal molecule it is most likely glucose.
Applying understanding and drawing conclusions Before the introduction of genetically engineered insulin for use by people with diabetes, the protein hormone was extracted from beef or pig pancreas. Explain how you would expect the sequence of amino acids in the beef and pig insulin to compare with that of humans. Checklist _ Read chapter 1 (p. 20). Comments You would expect the amino acid sequence from beef or pig insulin to be similar to that of humans. The active and inactive form of the molecule relies on specific disulfide bonds between the amino acids.
A particular small polypeptide contains nine amino acids. The polypeptide has been fragmented in various experiments by breaking particular peptide bonds. The fragments obtained were: ser cys his pro arg cys pro arg cys X gly met cys his pro arg cys X gly met cys ser cys X is known to be the first amino acid in the polypeptide. What is the primary structure of the polypeptide? Checklist _ Read chapter 1 (p. 15). Comments X gly met cys ser cys his pro arg cys
that the nitrogen base sequence in one of the strands in a DNA molecule is: A-T-C-G-A-C-A-T-G-G-A-A-T-A-C-C-T-C. a What is the base sequence in the complementary strand? b How many amino acids does this piece of DNA code for? Checklist _ Read chapter 1 (pp. 235). Comments a T-A-G-C-T-G-T-A-C-C-T-T-A-T-G-G-A-G b6
piece of RNA has the base sequence: U-A-C-G-A-U-U-C-G-A-A-C-A-U-G a Are you able to determine the kind of RNA this molecule is without any further information? b If you were told this piece of RNA carries the code for five amino acids, would you change your answer to part a? If so, what would your explanation be for change? Checklist _ Read chapter 1 (p. 26). Comments a No b You now know it is messenger RNA because it is the only RNA which is translated into a polypeptide.
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Applying your knowledge From the table below match each statement on the left with the most appropriate term on the right. Statements Term Some organic molecules store and process hydrophilic 1 information at the molecular level. Some substances can dissolve other substances. proteins 2 Some molecules dissolve readily in water. nucleic acids 3 Our fingernails and hair are made of a particular kind of molecule. carbohydrates 4
solvent
Checklist Review chapter 1. Comments 1. Nucleic acids 2. Solvent 3. Hydrophilic 4. Proteins 5. Carbohydrates
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Using the web _ Go to www.jaconline.com.au/natureofbiology/natbiol2-3e and click on the Protein weblink for this chapter. a Click on Download to obtain a pdf file of the protein illustrations and print a copy. b Draw two columns, one at each side of the illustrations. Give one column the heading Example and the other Function. c Carry out web research or use the textbook to enter relevant information in the columns for each protein structure. Checklist Read chapter 1 (pp. 1422). Comments The figure shows the four levels of organisation of proteins. After the web search students may come up with many different examples. primary protein structure e.g. insulin, lysozyme (enzyme) secondary protein structure e.g. alpha helix, alpha keratin; beta sheets e.g. spider silk or fibroin tertiary protein structure e.g. hexokinase (an enzyme involved in glycolysis) quaternary protein structure e.g. haemoglobin (carry oxygen)