Histochemical analysis Histochemistry is the study of the identification and distribution of chemical compounds within and between biological

cells using histological techniques such as histology stains, indicators and light (optical) and electron microscopy. Histology stains are usually selected according to the type of biological tissue to be observed. There are many different histology stains in use. Some histology stains are more widely used than others. Some histology stains are only used to study very specific types of biological tissue. E amples of some histology stains and some categories of histology stains are listed in alphabetical order below, with brief notes about each. This list is intended to convey an indication of the wide range of histology stains in use in histology laboratories. !ldehyde "uchsin # can be used to stain pancreatic islet beta cell granules $. !lician %lue # a &ucin stain (a category of histology stains, listed below) # can stain mucins and mucosubstances blue (due to the copper in the stain) '. !li(arin )ed S # can be used to identify calcium in tissue sections # used on the *upont !+! analy(er to measure serum calcium photometrically ,. !l-aline .hosphatase # can be used to stain endothelial cells /. !(an Stain # can be used to differentiate osteoid from mineralised bone

0. %ielschows-y Stain # can be used to show reticular fibres # used for showing neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques # uses the chemical element silver (!g) 1. +a2al Stain # can be used on nervous tissue. 3. +ongo )ed # used to stain amyloid fibres (to appear orange4red). 5. +resyl 6iolet # will stain both neurons and glia # bonds with acidic parts of cells such as ribosomes, nuclei and nucleoli 78. Eosin # commonly used for general histology staining when paired with haemato ylin # see Hemato ylin and Eosin (H9E) 77. "ontana#&asson # uses the chemical element silver (!g) # stains argentaffin granules and melanin blac- # while also staining nuclei pin-4red and cytoplasm light pin# a specific e ample of a &elanin Stain (general category of histology stains) 7$. :iemsa Stain

# a )omanows-i (also written ;)omanows-y;) type stain # used for peripheral blood smears, i.e. a thin layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide and used for bone marrow. # used to study parasites and malaria 7'. :olgi Stain # can be used to stain neurons 7,. :omori Trichrome # trichrome histology stains are formed from a mi ture of three dyes # :omori<s trichrome stains connective tissue and collagen (green or blue), muscle, -eratin and cytoplasm (red) and nuclei (grey4blue4blac-) 7/. Heidenhain<s !=!> trichrome stain # trichrome histology stains are formed from a mi ture of three dyes # can be used to distinguish cells from e tracellular components # stains connective tissues, e.g. muscle fibres, cartilage and bone matrices. # a similar stain to &allory Trichome (listed below). These histology stains differ because Heidenhain introduced azocarmine G in place of the acid fuchsine of Mallory's stain. He also added controlled destaining resulting in different colours of cell nuclei (dark red), collagen (blue) and a arious of colours in cytoplasm. 70. Hemato ylin # commonly used for general histology staining when paired with eosin # see Hemato ylin and Eosin (H9E) 71. Hemato ylin and Eosin (H9E) # standard histology stain and the most frequently used combination of stains used in the histology lab for general purpose staining # often used for routine tissue preparation # Hemato ylin binds to acidic structures, staining them blue#purple. Hence it binds and stains nucleic acids (*>! and )>!), so stains the nuclei of cells blue.

# Eosin binds to and stains basic structures pin-, e.g. cytoplasm, muscle, connective tissue, colloid and red blood cells are stained pin-#red. 73. ?ron Hemato ylin # stains nuclei bluish4blac-.

Donnan equilibrium
This theory describes the effect of fi ed or non#diffusible ions which mostly accumulate on the inner surface of the outer membrane. .rocess is named after its discoverer ".:.*onnan. ?f there is a negative non#diffusing charge on one side of a membrane, it will create a potential gradient across the membrane from which ions will diffuse. The result will be an electrochemical equilibrium. The concentration (chemical potential) of ions will not necessarily be the bsame inside and outside. Thus, as an electrical disequilibrium is maintained because of diffusing charges. ! concentration disequilibrium is established.

*onnan Equilibrium Therefore, according to *onnan, *onnan equilibrium is attained if the product of anions and cations in the internal solution becomes equal to the product of anions and cations in the e ternal solution. +i@ A +ations inside !i# A !nions inside +o@ A +ations outside

!o# A !nions outside B+i@CB!i#C A B+o@CB!o#C