Igor Mishustin*)

Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies,

J.W. Goethe Universitt, Frankfurt am Main
National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute
Moscow
Non-equilibrium Dynamics, Hersonissos, Crete, 25-30 June, 2012
Non
Non
-
-
equilibrium phase transitions
equilibrium phase transitions
in expanding matter
in expanding matter
*
)

in collaboration with Marlene Nahrgang and Marcus Bleicher

QCD
QCD

phase diagram
phase diagram
Marlene
Contents
Contents

Introduction: Effects of fast dynamics

Fluctuations of the order parameter

Chiral fluid dynamics with damping and noise

Critical slowing down and supercooling

Observable signatures

Conclusions
This talk is based on recent works:
M. Nahrgang, M. Bleicher, S. Leupold and I. Mishustin, The impact of dissipation and
noise on fluctuations in chiral fluid dynamics, arXiv:1105.1962 [nucl-th];
M. Nahrgang, I.Mishustin, M. Bleicher, Dynamical domain formation in expanding
chiral fluid underegoing 1
st

order phase transition, in preparation
Effects of fast dynamics
T
0
a
d
i
a
b
a
t
1
2
3

C
spinoidal
lines
critical line
4
0
2 4 6
0
( ; , ) ( , )
2 4 6
a b c
T T | | | | O = O + + +
Effective thermodynamic potential for a 1
st

order transition
In rapidly expanding system 1-st order transition is delayed until the barrier
between two competing phases disappears -

spinodal decomposition
I.N. Mishustin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 4779; Nucl. Phys. A681 (2001) 56
a,b,c are functions of
and T
0 ( )
eq
P |
|
cO
= = O
c
|
crossover cp
1-st order
Equilibrium is determined by
Equilibrium fluctuations of order parameter in
1
st

order phase transition
q
1
q
P(q)
T>T
c
q
P(q)
T<T
c
T=T
c
P(q)
Phase I Mixed phase Phase II
Bi-modality in distribution of fluctuations/observables, e.g. Z
max
distributions
In rapid process fluctuations of the order parameter are out of equilibrium
During supercooling process strong fluctuations may develop in the form
of droplets of metastable phase
Probability distribution
for fluctuations
( )
( ) exp ,
V
P
T
o|
o| o| | |
AO
| |
=
|
\ .

q
1
q
2
q q
2
q
2
q
1
Evolution of equilibrium fluctuations
in 2
nd
order phase transition
T>T
c
0
T<T
c
T=T
c
0
2 2 4
0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( )
2 2 4
( )
, and 0, ,
( )
Distribution of fluctuations ( ) exp
c
c c
a T b a T a T T
a T
T T T T
V
P
T

| | | |
| | o| | |

o|
o|
O = + V + =
= < = > =
AO
(

In rapidly expanding system critical fluctuations have not sufficient time to develop
o|
o|
o|
|
rel
1
( ) , 2
c
T
T T
v
t v

Critical slowing down in the 2
nd
order
phase transition
0
T=0
T>T
c
T=T
c
B
In the vicinity of the critical point
the relaxation time for the order
parameter diverges -

no restoring force
(Landau&Lifshitz, vol. X,
Physical kinetics)
rel
d
dt
o| o|

| t
cO
= ~
c
Rolling down

from the top of the potential
is similar to spinodal decomposition
(Csernai&Mishustin 1995)
eff
( ) U |
|
f
t
Fluctuations of the order parameter
evolve according to the equation
Critical slowing down 2
B. Berdnikov, K. Rajagopal, Phys. Rec. D61 (2000)
Critical fluctuations have not enough time to build up. One can expect only a factor 2
enhancement in the correlation length (even for slow cooling rate, dT/dt=10 MeV/fm).
Dynamical model of chiral phase transition
Linear sigma model (LM) with constituent quarks
Thermodynamics of LM on the mean-field level was studied in
Scavenius, Mocsy, Mishustin&Rischke, Phys. Rev. C64 (2001) 045202
Effective thermodynamic potential:
CO, 2
nd

and 1
st

order chiral transitions
are obtained in T-

plane.
5
2
2 2 2 2 2
vac
1
[ ( )] [ ] ( , ),
2
( , ) ( ) , < >
4
L q i g i q U
U v H f H f m


t t t
o o o o

o t o o o
= c + + c c + c c
= + = =

tt t t t
t
eff
2 2 2
( ; , ) ( , ( ; , )
( )
q
U T U m T
m g
o o
o
= O
= +
2
t) +
t
Effective thermodynamic potential
Here we consider =0 system but tune the order of the
chiral phase transition by changing the coupling g.
2 2 3
f
-
( ; , ) ln 1 exp ( ) , =2
q q c
m p d
m T T N N
T

v v
t

(
| |
+

O = + +
( |
`
|
(

\ .
)
}
3
p
(2 )
Order parameter field vs T
g=4.5
g=3.3
crossover 1-st order
unstable states at 122 MeV<T<132 MeV
spinodal instability
Chiral fluid dynamics (CFD)
Fluid is formed by constituent quarks and antiquarks which
interact with the chiral field via quark effective mass
CFD equations are obtained from the energy momentum
conservation for the coupled system fluid+field
I.N. Mishustin, O. Scavenius, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 3134
K. Paech, H. Stocker and A. Dumitru, Phys. Rev. C 68 (2003) 044907
m go =
fluid field fluid field
2
eff
( ) 0
( ) ( )
s t
T T T T S
U
S g
v v v v v
v v
v v v
o o q o o
o
c + = c = c
c
= c + c = + c c
c
We solve generalized e. o. m. with friction () and noise ():
Langevin equation
for the order parameter
(f
eff
t
U
g qq

o q o
o
c
c c + + < > + c =
c
' ' ' '
1
( , ) 0, ( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( )coth
2
m
t r t r t r m t t r r
V T
o
o
qo o
| |
< >= < >=
|
\ .

Calculation of damping term

Calculation of damping term
T.Biro and C. Greiner, PRL, 79. 3138 (1997)
M. Nahrgang, S. Leupold, C. Herold, M. Bleicher, PRC 84, 024912 (2011)
The damping is associated with the processes:
It has been calculated using 2PI effective action
Around Tc the damping is due to the pion modes, =2.2/fm
, qq o o
3/2
2
2 2
2
1 2
2 4
q
F q
m m
g n m
m
o o
o
v
q
t
| |
(
| |
=
|
|
(
\ .

\ .
Dynamic simulations: Bjorken-like expansion
Initial state: cylinder of length L in z direction, with ellipsoidal cross
section in x-y direction
x
2
At 0: ( ) 0.2 , - ; v 0; 160
2 2
y
z L L
t v z c z v T MeV
L
= = < < = = =
In the vicinity of the c.p. sigma shows pronounced oscillations
since damping term vanishes
Supercooling and reheating effects are clearly seen in the 1-st
order transition.
( 2 )
q
m m
o
<
Dynamical evolution of chiral fluid
1
st

order transition (g=5.5)
Reheating
2-nd order transition (g=3.63)
Dynamical evolution of sigma fluctuations
2-nd order transition (g=3.63) 1
st

order transition (g=5.5)
Latest developments

Realistic initial conditions are obtained from
UrQMD simulations;

Correlations of noise variables in neighboring
cells are introduced by averaging over V=1fm
3
;

Dynamical domain formation studied
T
c
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T
[
M
e
V
]

[
M
e
V
]
t [fm]
T

t = 3.4 fm t = 5.0 fm t = 6.6 fm

z = 0.4 fm
z = 0 fm
z = 0.4 fm

[
M
e
V
]
x [fm]
y
[
f
m
]
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
-10
-5
0
5
10
-10
-5
0
5
10
-10
-5
0
5
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Tomographic visualization of domains
Domains of restored phase are embedded into a chirally-broken background
Tomography of the system at t=4 fm/c
z = 1.6 fm z = 1.2 fm z = 0.8 fm
z = 0.4 fm z = 0 fm z = 0.4 fm
z = 0.8 fm z = 1.2 fm z = 1.6 fm
t = 4.0 fm/c

[
M
e
V
]
x [fm]
y
[
f
m
]
-8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8
-8
-4
0
4
8
-8
-4
0
4
8
-8
-4
0
4
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
One can clearly see a big domain in the central region (r<0.8 fm)
Tomography of the system at t=5 fm/c
Smaller domains have been formed in the bigger region (r<1.2 fm)
z = 1.6 fm z = 1.2 fm z = 0.8 fm
z = 0.4 fm z = 0 fm z = 0.4 fm
z = 0.8 fm z = 1.2 fm z = 1.6 fm
t = 5.0 fm/c

[
M
e
V
]
x [fm]
y
[
f
m
]
-8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8
-8
-4
0
4
8
-8
-4
0
4
8
-8
-4
0
4
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Domains (droplets) are spred over the large region (r<1.6 fm)
Tomography of the system at t=6 fm/c
z = 1.6 fm z = 1.2 fm z = 0.8 fm
z = 0.4 fm z = 0 fm z = 0.4 fm
z = 0.8 fm z = 1.2 fm z = 1.6 fm
t = 6.0 fm/c

[
M
e
V
]
x [fm]
y
[
f
m
]
-8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8 -8 -4 0 4 8
-8
-4
0
4
8
-8
-4
0
4
8
-8
-4
0
4
8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Strength of sigma fluctuations transition
Strength of sigma fluctuations transition
eq
2
.
2 2 2 2 2 2
eff
3 3 2
1 1
[ | | | | ], ,
(2 ) 2
k k k k
k
dN U
m k m
d k
o
o o o o
e o o e
t e o
=
c
= + = + =
c
Fluctuations are rather weak, effective number of sigmas is small
Crossover transition (g-3.3)
Second order transition with critical
Second order transition with critical
point (g=3.63)
point (g=3.63)
Fluctuations are stronger, but no traces of divergence are seen
Strong first order transition (g=5.5)
Strong first order transition (g=5.5)
Strong supercooling and reheating effects are clearly seen.
Sharp rise of fluctuations after 6 fm/c, when the barrier
in thermodynamic potential disappears. Effective number of
sigmas increases by two orders of magnitude!
Rapid expansion should lead to dynamical
fragmentation of QGP
In the course of fast expansion the system enters spinodal instability when
Q phase becomes unstable and splits into QGP droplets/hadron resonances
Csernai&Mishustin 1995, Mishustin 1999, Rafelski et al. 2000, Koch&Randrup, 2003
Extreme possibility -

direct transition from quarks to hadrons without mixed phase
Ultrarelativistic A+A collisions
Ultrarelativistic A+A collisions
Au+Au,
Pb+Pb,
RHIC (STAR) LHC (ALICE)
Charged particles tracks
one of these tracks could be an antinucleus
Experimental signal of droplets in the
rapidity-azimuthal angle plane
Look for event-by-event distributions of hadron multiplicities in
momentum space associated with emission from QGP droplets.
Such measurements should be done in the broad energy range!
Select hadrons in different p
t

interwals
Conclusions
Conclusions

Phase transitions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions will
most likely proceed out of equilibrium

2
nd

order phase transitions (with CEP) are too weak to
produce significant observable effects

Non-equilibrium effects in a1
st

order transition (spinodal
decomposition, dynamical domain formation) may help
to identify the phase transition

If large QGP domains are produced in the 1-st order
phase transition they will show up in large non-statistical
multiplicity fluctuations in single events