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User Manual
Article Number VESD4003 - Manual Version: APROT.AE.9 OMICRON electronics 2007. All rights reserved. This manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH. All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, e.g., photocopying, microfilming or storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit consent of OMICRON electronics. Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted. This manual represents the technical status at the time of writing. The product information, specifications, and all technical data contained within this manual are not contractually binding. OMICRON electronics reserves the right to make changes at any time to the technology and/or configuration without prior announcement. We have done our best to ensure that the material found in this publication is both useful and accurate. However, please be aware that errors may exist in this publication, and that neither the authors nor OMICRON electronics are to be held liable for statements and declarations given in this manual or in the use to which it may be put. The user is responsible for every application described in this manual and its results. OMICRON electronics explicitly exonerates itself from all liability for mistakes in this manual. OMICRON electronics translates this manual from its source language English into a number of other languages. Any translation of this manual is done for local requirements, and in the event of a dispute between the English and any non-English versions, the English version of this manual shall govern.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 1.2 Scope of Advanced Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 2 Advanced TransPlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 2.1 The Advanced TransPlay Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 2.1.1 Detail View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 2.1.2 Time Signal View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 2.1.3 Measurement View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 2.1.4 Report View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 2.2 Example: Distance Relay with a Transient Playback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 3 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Starting Advanced TransPlay from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Defining the Test Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Advanced Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 3.1 Advanced Distance Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 3.1.1 Shot, Search and Check Test Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 3.1.2 Relative Test Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 3.1.3 Constant Source Impedance Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 3.1.4 Load Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 3.1.5 Testing Multiple Fault Loops in one Test Module . . . . . . . . . . . .32 3.1.6 User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
3.2 Advanced Distance Example: Testing Reaches and Trip Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 3.2.1 Wiring Between Protection Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 3.2.2 Starting Advanced Distance from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 3.2.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 3.2.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Defining the Test Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 View Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
3.3 CB Configuration Example with Advanced Distance Module . . . . . . . . .55 3.3.1 Wiring Between Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 3.3.2 Starting the OMICRON Control Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 3.3.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 3.3.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 3.3.5 Inserting the CB Configuration Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 3.3.6 Inserting an Advanced Distance Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 3.3.7 Viewing the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 4 Advanced Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 4.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 4.1.1 The Diff Configuration Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 4.1.2 The Diff Operating Characteristic Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 4.1.3 The Diff Trip Time Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 4.1.4 The Diff Harmonic Restraint Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 4.2 Advanced Differential Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 4.2.1 What should be tested? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 4.2.2 Wiring Between Relay and CMC/CMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 4.2.3 Starting Diff Harmonic Restraint from the OCC . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 4.2.4 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Table of Contents
Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Testing the Relay or Protection System Configuration . . . . . . . .83 Testing the Operating Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Testing the Trip Time Characteristic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Testing Harmonic Restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
Synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 5.1 Application: Connecting a Generator to the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 5.2 Example: ELIN SYN3000 Digital Synchronizing Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 5.2.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 5.2.2 Starting Synchronizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 5.2.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 5.2.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 5.2.5 Verifying the Wiring Between the Relay and the CMC . . . . . . .124 5.2.6 Defining the Synchronizer Time Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 5.2.7 The Function Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 5.2.8 The Adjustment Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 5.2.9 Creating an OCC Test Document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Annunciation Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 6.1 Example: Annunciation Checker with a Digital Distance Protection Relay 7SA631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 6.1.1 Test Task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 6.1.2 Preparing the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 6.1.3 Defining the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 6.1.4 Specifying the Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 6.1.5 Defining the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 6.1.6 Running the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 6.1.7 Functional Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
Transient Ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 7.1 Example: Ground Fault Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 7.1.1 Emulation with CMC Test Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 7.1.2 Starting Transient Ground Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 7.1.3 Setting up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 7.1.4 Configuring the Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 7.1.5 Verifying the Wiring Between Relay and CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 7.1.6 Defining the Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 7.1.7 Running the Test and Viewing the Time Signal . . . . . . . . . . . .182 7.1.8 Defining the Measurement Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 7.1.9 Defining the Test Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
VI-Starting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 8.1 About VI Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 8.2 Testing Method of VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 8.3 Example: Using VI Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 8.3.1 Setting Up the Test Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 8.3.2 Preparing the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 8.3.3 Automatic Testing of the Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 8.3.4 A Search Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
Single Phase Testing and Output of Fault Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 9.2 Electromechanical Relays and the Single-Phase Fault Model . . . . . . .193 9.3 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Distance Protection . . . . . . .194 9.4 Settings in the Hardware Configuration for using the Single-Phase Fault Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 9.5 Output of the Fault Quantities for Testing Overcurrent Protection . . . .198 9.6 Single-Phase Current Source and Three-Phase Voltage Source . . . . .199 9.7 Single-Phase Current Source and Single-Phase Voltage Source. . . . .200
Table of Contents
File Name Extensions within OMICRON Test Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Contact Information / Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
Introduction
1 Introduction
The OMICRON Test Universe Advanced Protection manual is an add-on manual to the OMICRON Test Universe Protection manual. It describes all components of the Advanced Protection Package that are not already documented for the Protection Package. It includes general information about the additional test modules as well as one or more specific test examples using those test modules.
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Protection
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Advanced Protection
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TEST UNIVERSE
Version 2.2
TEST UNIVERSE
Version 2.2
Protection manual
Together with the Protection Package software, Advanced Protection Package provides full-range functionality to define and perform comprehensive tests of any protective relay according to the manufacturers guidelines or actual relay settings and usage. In addition, it provides more advanced test modules to test more complex and difficult protection relays. Detailed information about the individual test modules is found in their modulespecific online help systems. You are encouraged to use this reference first whenever you have a question or need further explanation about a specific topic. Start the online help by clicking the H E L P T O P I C S . . . command on the H E L P pull-down menu of the individual test module or tool. If this does not meet your needs, please fax or e-mail your question(s) to us or contact us directly by phone (refer to section Contact Information / Technical Support"). For detailed information about the OMICRON Control Center (OCC), please refer to the manual The Concept. The PDF file can be found at OMICRON Test Universe installation path\Doc. You find a direct hyperlink to this manual in the online help topic "User Manuals of OMICRON Test Universe". In addition, the online help also provides detailed information about Control Center under the table of contents entry --- OMICRON Control Center ---.
1.1 Preface
We assume that you understand and are comfortable using the Windows operating system1. Please take time to become familiar with your computer's operating system before using OMICRON Test Universe. This manual uses the following conventions:
Mouse
Click Press and release the primary mouse button. The primary mouse button is the button you use most often. For most people, this is the left mouse button. Press and release the secondary mouse button. The secondary button is the button you use least often. For most people, this is the right button. Press and release the primary mouse button twice. Move the mouse while you hold down the primary mouse button. Remove your finger from a mouse button. Scroll bars along the right and bottom sides of a window can be used to move the contents up and down and left and right within the window. To use a scrollbar, either click and hold one of the arrow buttons at either end of the bar, or drag the scroll bar slider.
Right-click
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Introduction
Test modules Advanced TransPlay Universal tool to import, edit, and output transient data to a test object. The transient data files were created from real or simulated fault occurrences beforehand and are available as a data file in either COMTRADE, PL4 or TRF format. The main application area is the reproduction of real fault occurrences. The fault occurrences recorded with the integrated fault recorder of the protection device are transmitted to a PC and stored in a corresponding file format. Advanced Distance Advanced Distance is used to efficiently define test documents, execute them, automate them, and report the results. It provides the same features as offered in the Distance module plus advanced functionality: Synchronizer Additional testing modes: Search and Check test Impedance setting as percentages of zone reaches ("relative" impedance) Efficient and flexible testing in several fault loops.
Tests synchronizing relays. It tests 3-phase-to-3-phase, 3-phase-to-1-phase, and 1-phase-to-1-phase operations for connecting two power systems together, such as a generator to the power grid.
VI Starting
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Advanced Differential
The Advanced Differential software is a set of 4 test modules which provide a complete testing solution for differential schemes having up to 3 winding transformers and up to 9 injected currents. Automatic calculation of the test currents avoids time consuming and error-prone manual calculations. These test modules are also suitable for testing other differential relay functions such as an overcurrent backup-protection function or an overload function integrated into the relay. This module is covered in more detail in section 4 Advanced Differential on page 61. Diff Configuration Diff Operating Characteristic Diff Trip Time Diff Harmonic Restraint
Tests ground fault protection relays. Ground Fault provides the appropriate network configuration to perform a simulation of a ground fault. The simulation can be directly output from a CMC test system as currents, voltages, and binary signals. The behavior of the test object can be measured and displayed, and can be reported in a test document. Verifies the wiring and the assignment of status messages when commissioning a substation. The test set CMC 256 offers a CB simulation that emulates the action of the auxiliary contacts (52a / 52b) of a circuit breaker during tripping and closing. CB Configuration configures the circuit breaker (CB) simulation state machine in the CMC firmware. This module automatically maps the routed binary input and output signals to the simulation inputs and outputs of the state machine.
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Advanced TransPlay
2 Advanced TransPlay
Advanced TransPlay is used to import, edit and output transient data to a test object. These transient data were created from real or simulated fault occurrences beforehand and are available as a data file. The main application field is seen in the reproduction of real fault occurrences. The fault occurrences recorded with the integrated fault recorder of the protection device are transmitted to a PC and stored in a corresponding file format. Of course, this data may also originate from another source than a fault recorder as long as is is available in a compatible file format. The following file formats used to import transient signals are supported: Comtrade format with the following files: CFG: COMTRADE configuration file for the description of the failure report channels (signal names, sample frequency etc.) DAT: COMTRADE file with the sample values of the failure report channels. HDR: "Header file", that contains any data-related text that is not used by the software.
A detailed description about the supported file formats can be found in the Advanced TransPlay online help under the table of contents entry "File Formats and Size". Using this data, a protection device can be optimally tested and adjusted under real operation conditions. Advanced TransPlay is also a suitable tool for testing protection devices (e.g., with simulated data) during the process of development. The data output is started either via an external trigger (e.g., GPS), via binary inputs, by pressing a key or immediately after pressing the S T A R T / C O N T I N U E button. Afterwards, the reaction of the test object is compared with given nominal values or binary signals (reaction saved in the data record or user-defined) and assessed in the test report.
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Advanced TransPlay
2.1.1
Detail View
The Detail View consists of the tabs Analog Out, Binary Out, Trigger, and General. With these tabs, it is possible to view and edit the parameters which are necessary for the test. Which fields in the tabs are active and which names are assigned to these fields depends on the settings previously made in the hardware configuration. If, for instance, only one generator group is assigned in the hardware configuration only this generator group will be available. The designation is the name that is assigned for this group in the hardware configuration.
Analog Outputs
The Analog Outputs tab contains a table for setting the output magnitudes of the available generators. This table has five columns: Signal, Channel, Scale, Minimum, and Maximum. Each line corresponds to one used analog output. After loading a data file, the table is filled with the information stored in the data record. The signals are routed to the analog outputs of the CMC on the basis of the signal names. This assignment can be changed at any time. The Scale column can be used to increase or decrease the voltage and current values that are to be output. The result of the scaling is displayed in the Minimum and Maximum fields.
Binary Outputs
The Binary Outputs tab shows the available binary outputs (as defined in the hardware configuration) and what is interconnected with the binary signals.
Trigger
The Trigger tab defines the start conditions for the output of the transient signals.
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Four trigger conditions are available: No Trigger: The output of data is started immediately after the S T A R T / C O N T I N U E button is pressed (or the corresponding option is selected on the T E S T menu).
Binary Trigger Condition: The output is put on hold until the binary inputs of the hardware meet the logical conditions defined in the lower half of the tab. Key Pressed: External Trigger: With this option it is waited until the user presses a key. It is waited for an external trigger event via the connector on the CMC's CMExif board (e.g. from a CMGPS synchronization unit).
When test repetitions are performed, the trigger condition is only valid for the first test. The output of the transient data is started for the repetitions after the pause time between the repetitions is elapsed. (These settings are made at V I E W | D E T A I L V I E W in the General tab).
Test 2
Test 3
General Tab
The General tab contains specifications for the entire test, such as the number of test repetitions and the time between the individual test repetitions. Additionally, the sampling rate can be specified with which the transient signals are output.
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Advanced TransPlay
2.1.2
Expanded:
Test Results:
Two cursor sliders are available in all views to determine the values at certain time positions and to determine time differences. The measurement values are displayed in the cursor data window. Context menus allow zooming individual time ranges and the optimized display of the signals in the diagram (concerning X and Y axis) magnifying the display of the diagrams (100% to 400%) editing the properties of the signals and data markers and removing the selfdefined binary signals, state markers, and data markers.
Cursor Slider
The sliders act as anchor points for the measuring cursors. In addition they are used to move the cursor horizontally along the time axis. This is done either by using the cursor arrow keys of the PC keyboard or by clicking and dragging with the mouse to the position of your choice. If you prefer to use the cursor arrow keys on your PC keyboard, use the <Tab> key or <Shift> + <Tab> to switch between the cursor sliders.
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Data Markers
In the Original mode repetition type data markers can be defined and displayed. The data markers are represented by vertical lines in the diagram and with their names in the state diagram. The representation of the lines can be individually defined by the user.
State Markers
State markers are defined in the Expanded mode. As with the data markers, they are depicted by vertical lines and their names.
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Advanced TransPlay
2.1.3
Measurement View
Any number of time measurement conditions can be defined in the Measurement View. To do this, two tables are offered. In the upper table, individual moments (state markers and edge changes) can be specified as assessment criterion (Table 2-1).
Terms in the measurement table Name User-defined name for the identification of the time measurement condition.
Ignore before An event which has to occur before the "Start" and "Stop" events. With this, the time measurement range is limited. All events until the end of the specified state will be ignored for the measurement. If the field remains empty the time measurement starts immediately when the start condition is fulfilled. Start Stop Tnom TdevTdev+ Tact The event which starts the time measurement. The start condition is selected from a drop-down list of options. The event which stops the time measurement. The stop condition is selected from a drop-down list of options. Nominal time interval for the defined measurement condition (in seconds). Permitted negative deviation from the nominal time (in seconds). Permitted positive deviation from the nominal time (in seconds). Measured time interval between the start and the stop condition. If the cell is empty, either the start condition or the stop condition did not occur. The start conditions and the stop conditions are scanned simultaneously. This means that possibly the stop condition occurred before the start condition. In this case the time measurement value is negative. Tdev Assessment The measured deviation of Tact in relation to Tnom (this value can be either positive or negative). "Passed" (green +), "Failed" (red x), or "Not assessed" (grey o). The assessment is based on the comparison between actual deviation and permitted deviation.
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In the second table, binary signals are used for time comparison (Table 2-2). If the start condition and the stop condition are the same a measurement of 0 s is recorded. It is not searched for a second appearance of a condition, i.e. the time between the first and the second 0 -> 1 transition of a binary signal is not measurable; the first 0 -> 1 transition fulfills both measurement conditions. In order to measure such a condition the cursor measurement function in the Time Signal View can be used.
Table 2-2: Additional terms in the measurement table 2
Additional terms in the measurement table 2 Signal Binary signal which is to be played back in order to be compared with the reference signal. Here, all the binary signals which are set in the HCC dialog are available. Binary signal from the data record or self-defined signal which serves as a reference for the comparison with the signal to be played back. Here the measured time for the edge change of the played back signal is entered. The edge change time with the maximum deviation in relation to the reference signal is entered for binary signals with several edge changes. The (greatest) measured deviation of Tact in relation to Tnom (this value can be either positive or negative).
Tdev
The tables are expanded in accordance to the number of measurement repetitions, i.e. all measurement results are displayed. The first column in the table in which the measurement conditions are numbered obtains an additional number enclosed in brackets. This specifies the number of the measurement to detect which result belongs to which measurement.
2.1.4
Report View
The Report View depicts the test results in the form of a report for later printing. All settings made in the test object, in the hardware configuration, and in the test module can be displayed as well as all the results of the test. The selection of the contents is made on the menu P A R A M E T E R S | R E P O R T .
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Advanced TransPlay
Task
A distance relay is to be tested with a transient "play back" test. The test file is in COMTRADE format (Comtrade Example.cfg) and was created from a fault recording. The prefault time should be extended to at least one second. Also a measurement condition for the trip signal of the relay should be defined. The COMTRADE file format is an internationally accepted standard for transient data exchange (COMTRADE = COMmon TRAnsient Data Exchange). This standard was formulated by the IEEE. Ref.: IEEE C37.111-1999: "IEEE Standard Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (Comtrade) for Power Systems".