Networking Fundamental -II

Muhammmad Usman Mehmood

Msc Ts 3rd

A function used for Branch Level Connectivity is called Routing. The destination in Routing table of the router is called Routing. Routing Manual Dynamic Static Default Distance Vector Hybrid Link State

How many Number Of Hopes are there in b/w Source are Destination (Rip V1V2)

OSPF

It check band width (EIGRP)

APPLY IP ADDRESS ON FAST ETHERNET (0/0) ON ROUTER (COMPUTER DEPT)

COMMANDS: Router>Enable Router# Config terminal Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router(config if)# Ip address Router(config if)# No shutdown

APPLY IP ADDRESS ON SERIAL PORT (2/0) ON ROUTER (COMPUTER DEPT)

APPLY IP ADDRESS ON FAST ETHERNET (0/0) ON ROUTER (PHY DEPT) APPLY IP ADDRESS ON SERIAL PORT (2/0) ON ROUTER (PHY DEPT)

Commands: Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router (config )# Interface serial Router (config -if)# Clock rate

APPLY STATIC ROUTING ON ROUTER (COM DEPT)

APPLY STATIC ROUTING ON ROUTER (PHY DEPT)

DISPLAY THE STATIC ROUTING PROTOCOL

Commands: Router (config )# Ip route Router # Show ip router Pc> Ping ( ip address)

APPLY DEFULT ROUTING ON ROUTER (MLT)

APPLY DEFULT ROUTING ON ROUTER (LHR)

NOTE: Apply Ip address on Fast Ethernet and Serial Port on both Routers
COMMANDS: Router>Enable Router# Config terminal Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router(config if)# Ip address Router(config if)# No shutdown

Commands: Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router (config )# Interface serial Router (config -if)# Clock rate

Commands: Router (config )# Ip route Router # Show ip router

MTL
Int Fa 0/0 192.168.10.1 In Se 2/0 1.1.1.2 P.C 192.168.10.2

LHR
Int Fa 0/0 192.168.20.1 Int Se 2/0 1.1.1.1 Int Se 3/0 2.1.1.2 P.C 192.168.20.2

ISL
Int Fa 0/0 192.168.30.1 In Se 2/0 2.1.1.2 P.C 192.168.30.2

COMMANDS: Router>Enable Router# Config terminal Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router(config if)# Ip address Router(config if)# No shutdown

10

APPLY ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP) ON MLT

APPLY ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP) ON LHR

11

APPLY ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP) ON ISL

Show Rip Protocol on These Routers

Commands: Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router (config )# Interface serial Router (config -if)# Clock rate

Commands: Router (config )# Ip route Router # Show ip router Router (config )#do show ip router

12

PING ROUTER (MTL) TO ROUTER (ISL) (2.1.1.2)

PING PC.0 (192.168.10.2) TO PC.2 (192.168.30.2)

PING PC.0 (192.168.10.2) TO ROUTER (ISL) (2.1.1.2)

COMMANDS: Router# ping ip add P.C> ping ip add Router# show ruuning config

13

Overview of EIGRP in an Enterprise Network

EIGRP is an enhanced version of IGRP. EIGRP has some characteristics similar to those of a link-state routing protocol. This makes EIGRP suitable for very large networks. EIGRP has a maximum hop count of 255 (the default is set to 100). The

administrative distance for EIGRP is 90. EIGRP Terminology Neighbor

A router running EIGRP that is directly connected.

Neighbor table
This table is built from information on Hellos received from adjacent routers (neighbors). When a newly discovered neighbor is learned, the address and interface of the neighbor are recorded, and this information is held in the neighbor table.

Neighbor Discovery
Before EIGRP routers are willing to exchange routes with each other, they must become neighbors. There are three conditions that must be met for neighborship establishment: Hellos received AS numbers match Identical metrics (K values)

Protocol-Dependent Modules
One of the most interesting features of EIGRP is that it provides routing support for multiple Network layer protocols: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, and now IPv6. (Obviously we wont use IPX and AppleTalk, but EIGRP does support them.)

14

EIGRP supports different Network layer protocols through the use of protocol-dependent modules (PDMs).

Routing table The routing table, or list of available networks and the best paths. A path is moved from the topology table to the routing table when a feasible successor is identified. Topology table A table that contains all the paths advertised by neighbors to all the known networks. This is a list of all the successors, feasible successors, the feasible distance, the advertised distance, and the outgoing interface. For each neighbor, the advertised metric (distance), which comes only from the neighbors routing table, is recorded as well as the FD. Smooth Round-Trip Time (SRTT) The time that the router waits after sending a packet reliably to hear an acknowledgment. This is held in the neighbor table and is used to calculate the RTO. Retransmission Timeout (RTO) Timer calculated in reference to the SRTT. RTO determines how long the router waits for an ACK before retransmitting the packet. Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) Mechanism used to determine requirements that the packets be delivered in sequence and guaranteed. Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) An algorithm performed on the topology table to converge the network. Feasible distance (FD) This is the best metric among all paths to a remote network, including the metric to the neighbor that is advertising that remote network. The route with the lowest FD is the route that you will find in the routing table because it is considered the best path.

15

The metric of a feasible distance is the metric reported by the neighbor (called reported or advertised distance) plus the metric to the neighbor reporting the route. The lowest-cost distance (metric) to a remote network. Reported/advertised distance (AD) This is the metric of a remote network, as reported by a neighbor. It is also the routing table metric of the neighbor and is the same as the second number in parentheses as displayed in the topology table, the first number being the feasible distance. Feasible successor A feasible successor is a path whose advertised distance is less than the feasible distance of the current successor, and it is considered a backup route. EIGRP will keep up to 16 feasible successors in the topology table. Only the one with the best metric (the successor) is copied and placed in the routing table. The show ip eigrp topology command will display all the EIGRP feasible successor routes known to a router. Successor A successor route (think successful!) is the best route to a remote network. A successor route is used by EIGRP to forward traffic to a destination and is stored in the routing table. Active Route state when there is a network change, but after examining the topology table, no FS is found. The route is set to active mode, and the router queries its neighbors for alternative routes. Passive An operational route is passive. If the path is lost, the router examines the topology table to find an FS. It is backed up by a feasible successor route that is stored in the topology tableif one is available.

16

ISL Int fa 0/0 192.168.10.1 Int se 2/0 1.1.1.1 P.C 0 192.168.10.2 P.C 1 192.168.10.3

KARACHI Int fa 0/0 192.168.20.1 Int se 2/0 1.1.1.2 P.C 2 192.168.20.2 P.C 3 192.168.20.3 Int se 3/0 2.1.1.1

LHR Int fa 0/0 192.168.30.1 Int se 2/0 2.1.1.2 P.C 4 192.168.30.2 P.C 5 192.168.30.3

COMMANDS: Router>Enable Router# Config terminal Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router(config if)# Ip address Router(config if)# No shutdown

17

CONFIGURE EIGRP 1 ON ROUTER (ISL)

CONFIGURE EIGRP 1 ON ROUTER (KARACHI)

CONFIGURE EIGRP 1 ON ROUTER (LHR)

Command: Router(config ) # router eigrp 1

18

IP ADDRESSING WITH SUBNETTING

We have five networks and we use class C We have network ID is 192.168.10.0 23=8 and we have limits 8 networks. XXXXXXXX Block Size is 32 The network Scheme is
192.168.10.0 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.30 192.168.10.31 192.168.10.32 192.168.10.33 192.168.10.62 192.168.10.63 192.168.10.64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.94 192.168.10.95 192.168.10.96 192.168.10.97 192.168.10.128 192.168.10.129

XXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXX

192.168.10.126 192.168.10.158 192.168.10.127 192.168.10.159

19

OSPF[Open Shortest Path First]

OSPF stands for open shortest path first. It also uses the SPF (shortest path first) algorithm to determine the best route to its neighbors. The administrative distance for OSPF is 110. The entire network that OSPF routes for is called an "Autonomous System", or "AS". All OSPF routing updates must traverse area 0. Because of this, you should carefully design your network before you begin deploying OSPF. OSPF is a LINK STATE protocol. With OSPF, every router has its own unique "picture" (topology map) of the network. Routers use "HELLO" packets to periodically check with routers to ensure they are still there. What features does OSPF offer? OSPF provides the following features: Consists of areas and autonomous systems Minimizes routing update traffic Allows scalability Supports VLSM/CIDR Has unlimited hop count Allows multi-vendor deployment (open standard)

20

Characteristics Of OSPF

Hierarchical Fashion
OSPF is supposed to be designed in a hierarchical fashion, which basically means that you can separate the larger internetwork into smaller internetworks called areas. This is the best design for OSPF. The following are reasons for creating OSPF in a hierarchical design: To decrease routing overhead To speed up convergence

To confine network instability to single areas of the network

21

OSPF design example

Notice how some routers connect to the backbonecalled area 0, or the backbone area. OSPF must have an area 0, and all other areas should connect to this area. Routers that connect other areas to the backbone area within an AS are called Area Border Routers (ABRs). Still, at least one interface of the ABR must be in area 0. OSPF runs inside an autonomous system, but it can also connect multiple autonomous systems together. The router that connects these ASs is called an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR).

22

OSPF areas
A collection of networks and routers that has the same area identification . The Characteristics of OSPF Area OSPF divides the network into multiple areas. Each area can contain N number of routers. All the Areas should connect to Area 0(Backbone area) All the routers within the same area will be having the same topology table It contains one Autonomous system border system router(ASBR) All routers in the same area share a common Area ID. Because a router can be a member of more than one area at a time, the Area ID is associated with specific interfaces on the router

Point-to-point
Point-to-point refers to a type of network topology consisting of a direct connection between two routers that provides a single communication path. The point-to-point connection can be physical, as in a serial cable directly connecting two routers, or it can be logical.

Process ID
A value in the range from 1 to 65,535 identifies the OSPF Process ID. Its a unique number on this router that groups a series of OSPF

23

Wildcard mask:
it is a 32 bit in length. A 0 in a bit position means there must be an exact march and 1in bit position means ignore. For example address is 192.168.10.0 then these wild card mask is 0.0.0.255 Then we find this address through procedure 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 The wild card is subtraction so 0.0.0.255

Types of tables
There are three types of tables used in OSPF. Neighbor Table Topology Table Routing Table Neighbor Table The router tracks all the neighbors which is running OSPF as a routing protocol and put that information in this table. It contains all the information about the directly connected neighbors. Topology Table This is the one of the big difference between Distance vector and linkstate protocols. Distance vector protocol doesnt have this topology table. They only know about the directly connected neighbors.

Routing Table
This table contains all the best routes to reach a particular network. Based on the topology table it will be having multiple paths for a single destination network.

24

Router ID
The Router ID (RID) is an IP address used to identify the router. OSPF will choose the highest IP address of all active physical interfaces.

Designated Router
A router elected by all others to represent the network area A router that is elected by all other routers on the same area to represent all the routers. selection based on the priority assigned by the network administrator The election is won by the router with the highest priority, and the highest Router ID is used as a tiebreaker if the priority of more than one router turns out to be the same. All routers on the shared network will establish adjacencies with the DR and backup designated router (BDR)

Backup designated router

A backup designated router (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on multi-access links. The BDR receives all routing updates from OSPF adjacent routers but doesnt flood LSA updates.

25

26

ROUTER 0
Int fa 192.168.10.1 Int se 1.1.1.1 P.C 192.168.10.2 P.C 192.168.10.3
COMMANDS:

ROUTER 1
Int fa 192.168.11.1 Int se 1.1.1.2 Int se 2.1.1.1 P.C 192.168.11.2 P.C 192.168.11.3

ROUTER 2
Int fa 192.168.12.1 Int se 2.1.1.2 Int se 3.1.1.1 P.C 192.168.12.2 P.C 192.168.12.3

ROUTER 3
Int fa 192.168.13.1 Int se 3.1.1.2 P.C 192.168.13.2 P.C 192.168.13.3

Router>Enable Router# Config terminal Router (config )# Interface fast Ethernet Router(config if)# Ip address Router(config if)# No shutdown

27

CONFIGURE OSPF ON ROUTER 0

CONFIGURE OSPF ON ROUTER 1

28

CONFIGURE OSPF ON ROUTER 2

CONFIGURE OSPF ON ROUTER 3

Commands: Router(config ) # do show ip route Router(config ) # router ospf 1

29

SHOW ROUTING PROTOCOL

Save Configurations..

Ping Router 1 to Router 2

Commands: Router# show ip route Router# write Router# ping 2.1.1.2

30

We have network ID is 192.168.10.0 23=8 and we have limits 8 networks. XXXXXXXX Block Size is 32 The network Scheme is
192.168.10.0 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.30 192.168.10.31 192.168.10.32 192.168.10.33 192.168.10.62 192.168.10.63 192.168.10.64 192.168.10.65 192.168.10.94 192.168.10.95 192.168.10.96 192.168.10.97 192.168.10.128 192.168.10.129

XXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXX

192.168.10.126 192.168.10.158 192.168.10.127 192.168.10.159

And Wild card mask is 0.0.0.31 Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.224

31

32