Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module Outline
Lecture 27
Historical Background
Location and period Social characteristics and beliefs
Lecture 28
Early Christian Architecture Byzantine Architecture
Lecture 29
Byzantine Architecture
Architectural Characteristics
Buildings and other architectural elements Building materials, construction and technologies Architectural Organizing principles
Learning Outcomes
We should expect to learn the following about the civilization The evolution of the Christian place of worship and the architecture of the Early Christian periods Architectural response to religious requirements and worship modes Byzantine structural and architectural developments and principles Examples of Byzantine architecture
Module 8 Lecture 27
Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture
Outline of Lecture
Lecture 27
Historical Background
Location and period Social characteristics and beliefs
Historical Background
Historical Background
Location
The Early Christian and Byzantine architecture started in two prominent locations centered at Rome and Byzantium or Constantinople Early Christian architecture occurred in Rome and in areas around Rome Byzantine architecture was centered at Byzantium From the two focal points Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture spread to other areas in the European and Asian region
Historical Background
Period
The following is a time line of events for the Early Christian and Byzantine period:
29 A.D. Passing of Isa (AS) and beginning of Christian Religion 286 A.D. Emperor Diocletian reorganizes the Roman Empire splitting it into two; the Eastern and the Western part 313 A. D. Emperor Constantine recognizes the Christian religion and adopts it as a state religion
Historical Background
Period
324 A.D. Emperor Constantine reunited the Roman Empire with a new capital at Byzantium 364 A. D. Rome finally splits into two; the Western and Eastern Empire 476 A. D. Rome is sacked by Visgoth and Vandals 632 A. D. Muslim begin an advance on the Byzantine empire 1453 A. D. Byzantium falls to Sultan Muhammad II ending the Byzantine Empire
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
The single most important social phenomenon of the early Christian and Byzantine period was the spread and acceptance of the Christian religion Early During the period from the first century to the third century after the death of Jesus, Christianity was a secret society It was considered dangerous and subversive by the government
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
Christians met secretly in tombs and private houses Gradually, however, it spread and became widely accepted in Asia minor and in Rome itself By the third century, Rome had a population of 50,000 Christians The religion was tolerated but it was still illegal
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
The third century was for the Roman Empire a period of political instability and decline The Empire was split into a Western and Eastern Empires In A.D. 313, the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan making Christianity legal He also adopted it as a state religion and he became the first Christian emperor
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
The acceptance of the religion by the emperor fueled its expansion It also led to the early development of places of worship for the new religion Constantine was able to unite the Roman Empire during his reign He established the capital of the new empire at Byzantium, renamed Constantinople or the city of Constantine After his death, the Empire was again split
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
The Western Empire was sacked by Vandals and Visigoths in 476, leading to its disintegration The Eastern Empire with Constantinople as its capital survived for a thousand years, Although the Eastern Empire was not yet "Byzantine" under Constantine, Christianity would become one of its defining characteristics
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
The empire was a multinational state Greek became the everyday language as well as the language of the church and everyday commerce in this empire The general identity of the Eastern Roman Empire was a combination of Roman statehood, Hellenistic culture and Christian religion
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture of the Period
With Christianity widely accepted as a state religion in Rome it was necessary for architecture to respond to the demands of the religion for worship space Mode of worship was the most important determinant of the form of the church Requirement for church design was centered on worship and burial
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture of the Period
The requirements include:
A path for processional entry and exit of the clergy An alter area, where the clergy celebrate mass A space for the segregation of the clergy from the congregation during procession and communion Burial space
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture of the Period
The focus of both Early Christian and Byzantine architecture is on the Christian church Before the legal recognition of the new faith, Christian places of worship were of necessity inconspicuous with no fixed architectural form Afterward, however, imposing cult edifices were erected in many parts of the Roman Empire, especially in its major cities Early Christian builders adapted structures that had been used in the Roman world
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture of the Period
The basilica, consisting of a nave flanked by lower aisles and terminated by an apse, was adopted as the standard structure in Christian congregational worship This was not however the only form adopted More centralized plans which were of round, polygonal, or cruciform shapes were adopted occasionally Martyria were erected on sites connected with certain events in the life of Jesus and other places held to be sanctified by the sacrifice of the martyrs
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs Architecture of the Period
In such buildings the martyrium structure and basilica were combined, creating a new formal synthesis of great significance for Christian religious architecture Development of the Christian church continued during the Byzantine era In the Byzantine period focus shifted from the rituals or practices of worship to the building as an embodiment or symbols of the majesty of the faith Innovative structure was combined with light and decoration to create fascinating interiors
Module 8 Lecture 28
Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture
Outline of Lecture
Lecture 28
Early Christian Architecture
Alternative church forms
Byzantine Architecture
Introduction Domes and Domes on Pendentives Early Prototypes Hagia Sophia
Byzantine Architecture
Introduction
By the end of the 5th century AD, Rome had completely declined It had been sacked twice and was then under occupation Its influence was significantly reduced and the Impetus for architectural innovation shifted to the Byzantine Empire This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilization to the Byzantine civilization Under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, the Byzantine style of architecture evolved His interest in church building led to the discovery of the groin vault and the evolution of the Byzantine style
Byzantine Architecture
Introduction
Although it is impossible to identify two similar Byzantine churches, it is still possible to identify the basic characteristics of an ideal Byzantine church The attributes of the ideal church included:
The use of a centralized church plan The use of surrounding isles The use of pendantives and dome on pendentives And the use of a complex program of interior structure, lighting and decoration to create fascinating interiors
Byzantine Architecture
Domes and Domes on Pedentives
Byzantine architecture gave us the pedentive domes and the dome on pedentives The pendentive dome and the dome on pendentives provided the Byzantine architects with a unique way of adjusting the circular form of a dome roof to a square or polygonal plan This type of dome was invented by the Romans but was seldom used by them It was the Byzantine builders who used it to create dramatic interiors In the Pantheon in Rome, the Dome roof had to be supported by a circular plan The walls of the plan had to be thick to counterbalance the forces from the Dome
Byzantine Architecture
Domes and Domes on Pedentives
The pendentive dome is derived by trimming the sides of a regular dome over a square plan as shown in A. The pendentive dome enables the transfer the total load of the dome to the four corners of a building, meaning that only the four corners need to be reinforced This allows the dome roof to be adapted for a square building as shown in B
Byzantine Architecture
Domes and Domes on Pedentives
Additionally, the top of the pendentive dome can be trim to introduce another dome on top of it as shown in C The additional dome can further be raised to introduce a cylinder between the pendentive dome and the additional dome as in D Windows can then be introduced in the cylinder enabling architects to creating dazzling interior light effects
Early Prototypes
St Vitale Ravenna AD 526-547
Byzantine architecture has its early prototypes in two churches, San Vitale (526-47), Ravenna and in Saint Sergius and Saint Bacchus in Constantinople Ravenna once served as the seat of the Roman Empire The church is among the most important monument of Byzantine architecture It was also the prototype for the Hagia Sophia which was built 10 years later
Early Prototypes
St Vitale Ravenna AD 526-547
The church is octagonal in plan It has a domed octagonal core surrounded by ground level ambulatory with a gallery above it The outer wall of the ambulatory is also octagonal It has an apse which extends from the central core to one of the 8 sides of the outer octagon
Early Prototypes
St Vitale Ravenna AD 526-547
The domed roof of the church is raised on a drum allowing it greater height and lighting The dome has a diameter of 17 meters and a height of 30 meters The Byzantine characteristics of the church include: Its central planning The structural arrangement of its central dome The use of surrounding isles And the way structure, lighting and decoration have been integrated in the interior of the church
Early Prototypes
St. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople
It was built as a palace church between A.D. 527-536 It is based on the four-lobed alternative church plan of early Christian architecture The church in plan consist of an octagonal core set in a very loose rectangular form The form of the church was not a perfect square
Early Prototypes
St. Sergius and Bacchus, Constantinople
The central space was covered by a dome The octagon of the central dome has a small but true pendentive dome This church was constructed very shortly before Hagia Sophia and was believed to be a experiment The dome, its adaptation to a squarish form, the use of pendentive and the lighting and decoration scheme in the interior gives it its Byzantine characteristics
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia or the church of the holy wisdom is the most accomplished master piece in the history of architecture The church was constructed in 532 A.D. by Emperor Justinian in Constantinople now Istanbul Hagia Sophia was the greatest vaulted space without intermediate supports that has ever been built and it remained so throughout the history of the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Its architects were Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, professors of geometry at the University of Constantinople The church provides an expert solution to the problem of how to place a dome on a square base The solution was to use pendantives
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia is covered by a central dome 102 feet (31 m) across, slightly smaller than the Pantheon's The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of arched windows under it, which help flood the colorful interior with light The dome is carried on pendentives The weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches These four concave triangular sections of masonry solved the problem of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base The church form is a combination of centralized and longitudinal structure Longitudinal direction is defined by domes to the east and west
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
At Hagia Sophia, two opposing arches on the central square open into semi domes, each pierced by 3 smaller radial semidomes At the west (entrance) and east (liturgical) ends, the arched openings are extended and by great half domes carried on smaller semi-domed exedras
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Thus a hierarchy of domeheaded elements build up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence never seen before in antiquity Of great artistic importance was its decorated interior with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings The combination of interior decoration with lights flooding from its domes creates a glittering internal environment
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
Hagia sophia dominated church architecture after the 6th century AD For over 900 years it was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for imperial ceremonies Hagia Sophia was converted to a mosque at the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Mohammad II in 1453 Its rich figurative mosaics were covered with plaster and replaced by Islamic motifs
Byzantine Architecture
Hagia Sophia
It was for almost 500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul Hagia Sophia served as model for many of the great Ottoman mosques of Constantinople such as the Shehzade Mosque, the Suleiman Mosque, and the Rustem Pasha Mosque After continuing as a mosque for many years, it was in 1934 turned by Turkish authorities into the Hagia Sophia Museum
Module 8 Lecture 29
Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture
Outline of Lecture
Lecture 29
Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine in Other places
Architectural Characteristics
Buildings and other architectural elements Building materials, construction and technologies Architectural Organizing principles
Architectural Characteristics