CE 807 Computer Aided Design of Structures ANSYS MANUAL FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In the finite element method, a structure is broken down into many small simple blocks or elements. The behavior of an individual element can be described with a relatively simple set of equations. Just as the set of elements would be joined together to build the whole structure, the equations describing the behaviors of the individual elements are joined into an extremely large set of equations that describe the behavior of the whole structure. The computer can solve this large set of simultaneous equations. rom the solution, the computer extracts the behavior of the individual elements. rom this, it can get the stress and deflection of all the parts of the structure. The stresses will be compared to allowed values of stress for the materials to be used, to see if the structure is strong enough. There are two ways for the formulation of the !"# one is based on the direct variational method $such as the %ayleigh&%it' method( and the other on the method of weighted residuals $such as the )alerkin method(. In the formulation based on the variational method, the fundamental equations are derived from the stationary conditions of the functional for the boundary*value problems. This formulation has an advantage that the process of deriving functionals is not necessary, so it is easy to formulate the !" based on the method of the weighted residuals. In the formulation based on the variational method, however, it is generally difficult to derive the functional except for the case where the variational principles are already established as in the case of the principle of the virtual work or the principle of the minimum potential energy in the field of the solid mechanics.

ANSYS
+,-.- is a general purpose finite element modeling package for numerically solving a wide variety of mechanical problems. These problems include# static/dynamic structural analysis $both linear and non*linear(, heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electro*magnetic problems. In general, a finite element solution may be broken into the following three stages. This is a general guideline that can be used for setting up any finite element analysis. 0. Preprocessing: defining the pro lem1 the major steps in preprocessing are given below# o 2efine keypoints/lines/areas/volumes o 2efine element type and material/geometric properties o "esh lines/areas/volumes as required

3 The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the analysis $i.e. 02, 32, axi*symmetric, 42(. 3. Sol!tion: "ssigning lo"ds# constr"ints "nd sol$ing1 here we specify the loads $point or pressure(, contraints $translational and rotational( and finally solve the resulting set of equations. 4. Postprocessing: f!rther processing "nd $ie%ing of the res!lts& in this stage one may wish to see# o 5ists of nodal displacements o !lement forces and moments o 2eflection plots o -tress contour diagrams There are two methods to use +,-.-. The first is by means of the graphical user interface or )6I. This method follows the conventions of popular 7indows and 8*7indows based programs.The second is by means of command files. The command file approach has a steeper learning curve for many, but it has the advantage that the entire analysis can be described in a small text file, typically in less than 9: lines of commands. This approach enables easy model modifications and minimal file space requirements. The +,-.- environment contains two windows# the "ain 7indow and an ;utput7indow.7ithin the "ain7indow there are five divisions $0( UtilityMenu# The6tility"enu contains functions that are available throughout the +,-.session, such as file controls, selections, graphic controls, and parameters. $3( Input Line# The Input 5ine shows program prompt messages and allows to type in commands directly. $4( Toolbar# The Toolbar contains push buttons that execute commonly used +,-.commands. "ore push buttons can be made available if desired. $<( Main Menu# The "ain "enu contains the primary +,-.- functions, organi'ed by preprocessor, solution, general postprocessor, and design optimi'er. It is from this menu that the vast majority of modeling commands are issued. $9( Graphics Windows# The )raphics 7indow is where graphics are shown and graphical picking can be made. It is here where the model in its various stages of construction and the ensuing results from the analysis can be viewed. ANSYS FILE SYSTEM + large number of files are created when +,-.- is run. If +,-.- is started without specifying a jobname, the name of all files created will be ile.=, where the = represents various extensions described below. If a jobname is specified, say >eam, then the created files will all have the file prefix, >eam again with various extensions# beam.db & database file $binary(. This file stores the geometry, boundary conditions,

4 and any solutions. beam.dbb & backup of the database file $binary(. beam.err & error file $text(. 5isting of all error and warning messages. beam.out & output of all +,-.- operations $text(. This is what normally scrolls in the output window during +,-.- session. beam.log & log file or listing of +,-.- commands $text(. 5isting of all equivalent +,-.- command line commands used during the current session. ELEMENT TYPES OFFE'ED (Y ANSYS

<

B ANSYS T)TO'IAL

*+ An"l,sis of " Simpl, S!pported (e"m %ith " Distri !ted Lo"d
Preprocessing: Sol!tion: 0. +dding Jobname. C. +pply constraints and loads to the model. 3. 2efine element type. 0:. -olve. 4. 2efine real constants. Postprocessing: <. 2efine material properties. 00. Dlot deformed shape. 9. Areate keypoints 03. 5ist reaction forces. ?. Areate lines between keypoints. 04. 5ist the deflections. @. -pecify element division length. 04. !xit the +,-.- program. B. "esh the lines EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE "oment of Inertia, I F0Be*< m < ,Aross*sectional area, +F:.:? m 31 Geight F :.4 m1 "odulus of !lasticity, !F3!00 Da1 poisson ratioF:.39. B:H, 03 H,/m <m ?m 3m 3m

0. Ahange jobname# File -> Change Jobna e !nter I>eamJ, and click on I;HJ. 3. 2efine element types# !reprocessor -> "le ent Type -> #dd$"dit$%elete Alick on I+dd..J, highlight I>eamJ, then I32 elasticJ, click on I;HJ, then IAloseJ. 4. 2efine the real constants for the >!+"4, which are moment of inertia, cross*sectional area and height# !reprocessor -> &eal Constants -> #dd Alick I;HJ for IType 0 >!+"4J <. 2efine "aterial Droperties# !reprocessor -> Material !roperties -> *Aonstant* Isotropic I;HJ for material set number 0, then enter the values for !8 and ,68., then I;HJ. In this example, you will create keypoints, then lines, then mesh the lines. In the meshing process, +,-.- automatically creates nodes and elements. 9. Areate 9 keypoints# K0 at the left end, K3 at the first pin joint from the left, K4 at the end of the distributed load, K< at the second pin joint, and K9 at the right end. To create keypoints# !reprocessor -> *"odeling* Create -> 'eypoints -> In #cti(e C) !nter 0 for keypoint number . !nter the location as $x,y,'(F$:,:,:(. Alick on I+pplyJ. Aontinue defining keypoints 3*9, using the locations based on the sketch of the beam. >ut, after entering the keypoint 9 location, click on I;HJ instead of I+pplyJ. Turn on keypoint numbering# Utility Menu -> !lotCtrls -> *u bering. ?. Areate lines between keypoints#

C !reprocessor -> Create -> Lines -> )traight Line + picking menu appears. Dick keypoint 0, then keypoint 3, and a line is created between the two keypoints. Aontinue creating lines in this way, one between keypoints 3 and 4, one between keypoints 4 and <, and one between keypoints < and 9. +fter the last line is created, you can just click on IA+,A!5J in the picking box. @. Instead of using the default mesh for each line, specify a number of element divisions per line so that all elements in the model are 3 m long $this length is arbitrary(# !reprocessor ->*"eshing* )i+e Ctrls -> *5ines* #ll Lines In the box that appears, enter I3J for -IL!, then I;HJ. B. "esh the lines# !reprocessor ->*"eshing* Mesh -> Lines -> !ic, #ll +t this point, the nodes and elements are created. To see a node plot, go to the top utility menu, and choose !lot -> *odes. There will be a dot for each node. ,ow, go back and replot the lines# !lot -> Lines. C. +pply constraints and loads# )olution -> *5oads* #pply -> *-tructural* %isplace ent -> -n 'eypoints Alick on keypoints 3 and <, then click I;HJ in the picking menu that has appeared. Ahoose 68 and 6., and use the default value of 'ero. If the I+55 2; J label is highlighted, make sure to unselect the I+55 2; J label. If the I+55 2; J label is highlighted, unselect it by clicking on it. +fter confirming that only I68J and I6.J are highlighted, click I;HJ. To apply the force, choose# )olution -> *5oads* #pply -> *-tructural* Force$Mo ent -> -n 'eypoints. Dick keypoint 9, then I;HJ in the picking menu, choose I .J for I5abJ, and enter *B: for the force value. Alick on I;HJ. To apply the distributed load, choose# )olution -> *5oads* #pply -> *-tructural* !ressure -> -n /ea s 2; ,;T AG;;-! I;n 5inesJ & this does not work for beam elementsM + picking menu appears. Alick on the line between keypoints 0 and 3, and the line between keypoints 3 and 4, then I;HJ. + box appears. !nter I03J for N+5I. Alick I;HJ. 0:. -olve the problem# )olution -> *-olve* Current L) Alick I;HJ in the I-olve Aurrent 5oad -tepJ >ox. 00. Dlot the deformed shape# General !ostproc -> !lot &esults -> %e0or ed )hape

0: .ou will probably want to choose I2ef O undeformedJ, then I;HJ. 03. 5ist reaction forces# General !ostproc -> List &esults -> &eaction )olution 6se the default I+ll itemsJ, and click on I;HJ. 04. 5ist the x and y direction deflections for each node# )eneral Dostproc *P 5ist %esults *P ,odal -olution *P 2; -olution *P +55 2; s 0<. !xit +,-.-. Toolbar# 1uit ->)a(e "(erything -> -'

-+ An"l,sis of " Tr!ss

Preprocessing: Sol!tion: 0. +dding Jobname. C. -tarting new analysis. 3. 2efine element type. 0:.+pply constraints and loads to the model. 4. 2efine real constants. 00. -olve. <. 2efine material properties. Postprocessing: 9. Areate keypoints 00. Dlot deformed shape. ?. Areate lines between keypoints. 03. Dlot the axial force. @. -pecify element division length. 04. !xit the +,-.- program. B. "esh the lines EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

3B:H,

4?:H,

4.?m
30:H,

4.?m
3B:H,

4.?m

! F30:eC ,/m

= :.4

0. Ahange jobname# File -> Change Jobna e !nter ITrussJ, and click on I;HJ. 3. 2efine element types# !reprocessor -> "le ent Type -> #dd$"dit$%elete Alick on I+dd..J, highlight I5ink0J, then I32 spar 0J, click on I;HJ, then IAloseJ. 4. 2efine the real constants for the 5I,H0, cross*sectional area. !reprocessor -> &eal Constants -> #dd Alick I;HJ for IType 0 5inkJ, !nter the area of the member as :.::39 <. 2efine "aterial Droperties# !reprocessor -> Material !roperties -> *Aonstant* Isotropic

00 I;HJ for material set number 0, then enter the values for !8 and ,68., then I;HJ. 9. Areate keypoints# To create keypoints# !reprocessor -> *"odeling* Create -> 'eypoints -> In #cti(e C) $:,:,:(, $4.?,:,:(,$@.3,:,:(, $0:.B,:,:(,$C,4.00B,:(,$9.<,4.00B,:(,$0.B,4.00B,:( ?. Areate lines between keypoints# !reprocessor -> Create -> Lines -> )traight Line + picking menu appears. Dick keypoint 0, then keypoint 3, and a line is created between the two keypoints. Aontinue creating lines in this way. +fter the last line is created, you can just click on IA+,A!5J in the picking box. @. Gere we would like to mesh each line into single element, !reprocessor > Meshing > Mesh #ttributes > Line #ttributes > !ic,ed Lines .ou can choose pick all to select all lines. Ahoose "aterial number 0, %eal constant number 0 and !lement type number 0 $if not already highlighted(. Alick Q;HR ,ext choose , !reprocessor > Meshing > )i+e Cntrls > Manual)i+e > Lines > !ic,ed Lines Dlease choose pick all to select all line and type 0 in number of element divisions$ This helps us to have one element for each line(. Alick Q;H. B. !reprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines Dlease choose pick all to select all line. Alick Q;HR C. To start new analysis, )olution > #nalysis Type > *ew #nalysis Ahoose static. $,ormally static is kept as default( 0:. +pplying constraints and loads, )olution > %e0ine Loads > #pply > )tructural > %isplace ent > -n 'eypoints -elect keypoint 0. $To see the keypoint number goto, Utility Menu > !lotCtrls > *u bering , check the keypoint option on(. -elect 68 and 6. and choose Q;HR. Then, )olution > %e0ine Loads > #pply > )tructural > %isplace ent > -n 'eypoints -elect keypoint <. -elect 6. and choose Q;HR. To apply the loads, )olution > %e0ine Loads > #pply > )tructural > Force$Mo ent > -n 'eypoints -elect keypoint 0, change direction of force/mom option to ., enter *3B: and press Q;HR to finish. %epeat the above procedure to apply *30:, *3B:, *4?: at keypoints 3,4 an < respectively. 00. -olve the problem# )olution -> *-olve* Current L) Alick I;HJ in the I-olve Aurrent 5oad -tepJ >ox. 03. Dlot the deformed shape# General !ostproc -> !lot &esults -> %e0or ed )hape .ou will probably want to choose I2ef O undeformedJ, then I;HJ. 04. Dlot the axial forces, General !ostproc -> "le ent table -> %e0ine Table This opens the element data table window, Dress Q+ddR to open Q2efine +dditional !lement TableR window. Type the name of the label as Q+8I+5R. -croll down in this menu to find I>y sequence numberJ. Gere choose -"I-A and type Q,0R , so that the box looks, -"I-A,0. Alick Q;HR. Dress QA5;-!J.

03 Then plot the results using, General !ostproc -> plot results -> Contour plot ->Line "le res Ahoose +8I+5 in both element table item at node I and node J. Heep the Qdef shape onlyR option on $off course you can change it(. Dress Q;HR. .ou will see the axial force plot. 0<. !xit +,-.-. Toolbar# 1uit ->)a(e "(erything -> -' .+ Mod"l "n"l,sis of fr"me
Preprocessing: 0. +dding Jobname. 3. -pecify element type and constants. 4. -pecify material properties 9. Areate keypoints ?. Areate lines between keypoints. @. "eshing geometry. 8. -pecify boundary conditions Sol!tion: C. -olve the problem Postprocessing: 00. Dlot mode shapes. 03. !xit the +,-.- program.

<m !F 3:: eC ,/m3 = 0.25 = 7850 kg/m4 I F 0e*</03

4m

4m

0. Ahange jobname# File -> Change Jobna e !nter I"odal analysisJ, and click on I;HJ. -+ Specif, element t,pe "nd const"nts Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add Dick >eam in the left box and 32 elastic 4 in the right box. Alick ;H. In the Dreprocessor menu, -elect# &eal Constants > #dd$"dit$%elete > #dd Alick ;H to select the >!+"4 element. !nter the values of !, I and poison ratio. .+ Specif, m"teri"l properties

04

!nter the 2efine "aterial "odel >ehavior menu

)elect Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models In the 2efine "aterial "odel >ehavior menu, double*click on -tructural, 5inear, !lastic, and Isotropic. Alick ;H. 2ouble*click on 2ensity under -tructural. !nter density value for 2!,-.Alick ;H.Alose the 2efine "aterial "odel >ehavior menu. /+ 0re"te 1e,points Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS Heypoint 0# 8F:, .F: Heypoint 3# 8F:, .F4 Heypoint 4# 8F<, .F4 Heypoint 4# 8F<, .F: Alick ;H. 2+ 0re"te Lines Modeling > Create> Lines > Lines > In Active Coord -elect keypoint 0 followed by keypoint 3. Alick +pply -elect keypoint 3 followed by keypoint 4.Alick +pply -elect keypoint 4 followed by keypoint <.Alick ;H 3+ Meshing geometr, To bring up the "eshTool, -elect# "ain "enu P Dreprocessor P "eshTool Alick on -et under !lement +ttributes in the "eshTool. Alose this menu by clicking ;H .2efine ,umber of !lements for !ach 5ine.6nder -i'e Aontrol and 5ines, click -et. -elect all three lines and !nter 3: for ,2IN. Alick ;H. To Areate the "esh, In the "eshTool, click on "esh. This brings up the pick menu. Alick on Dick +ll. The geometry has been meshed and the elements are plotted in the graphics window. Alose the "eshTool. @. -pecify boundary conditions rom the Dreprocessor, 5oads P 2efine 5oads P +pply P -tructural P 2isplacement P ;n Heypoints -elect keypoint at 0. -elect all 2; .Alick ;H. -elect keypoint at <.. -elect 68 and 6..Alick ;H. To specify 2amping %atio, rom the Dreprocessor, 5oads P 5oad -tep ;pts P Time/ requency P 2amping !nter :.:4 for Aonstant damping ratio.Alick ;H. B. -olve the problem, rom the main "enu# Solution > Analysis Type > e! Analysis > Modal Then select in "ain "enu# Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis "ptions

0< !nter 02 for *o o0 odes to e2tract. Alick -' and then -' again to accept defaults for the >lock 5anc'os "ethod. -elect in "ain "enu# Solution > Solve > Current LS Alose this window. Alick ;H in -olve Aurrent 5oad -tep dialog box. C. Dloting "ode shapes !nter Dostprocessing module, "ain "enu P )eneral Dostproc -elect %esults -ummary. This shows you the cyclic frequencies of the 03 modes. To view "ode -hape for "ode 4 %ead %esults P >y -et ,umbers !nter 4 for ,-!T.Alick ;H. Dlot %esults P 2eformed -hape -elect 2efOundeformed. Alick ;H. 0:. !xit +,-.-. Toolbar# Suit *P-ave !verything *P ;H

/+ Mod"l An"l,sis of " Spring4M"ss S,stem

The masses will be modeled as blocks, 0 m x 0 m, with unit thickness. -o, they have a volume of 0 m4. The densities will be specified to produce the correct masses. +lso, the free lengths of the springs are irrelevant in this analysis, as only the stiffness matter. >ut, they will both be assumed to have a length of 9 m.

!"

!2

#= $ N%m

M= 2 g

#= 20 N%m

M= " g

Preprocessing: 0. Ahange jobname. 3. 2efine element types $K0 * -olid<3 element1 K3 * Aombin0< element(. 4. -pecify material properties for the masses. <. -pecify real constants for the springs. $-pring stiffnesses.( 9. Areate rectangles $actually, IsquaresJ( ?. -pecify mesh controls for the masses. @. "esh the areas. B. Areate a node at the wall. C. Areate the spring elements. 0:. +pply constraints. 00. "ake rigid body constraints for each mass. Sol!tion: 03. -pecify analysis type and options. 04. -olve. Postprocessing: 0<. 5ist the natural frequencies. 09. +nimate the mode shapes. 0?. 5ist the mode shapes. 0@. !xit the +,-.- program, saving all data.

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

Preprocessing: *+ 0h"nge 5o n"me+ ;n the 6tility "enu across the very top of the screen, select# File -> Change Jobna e !nter Imodalsys0J, and click on I;HJ. -+ Define element t,pes: !reprocessor -> "le ent Type -> #dd$"dit$%elete Alick on I+ddJ. The I5ibrary of !lement TypesJ box appears, as shown. -croll down to highlight I-olidJ, and ISuad <node <3J as shown. Alick on I+DD5.J. ,ow, scroll down to highlight IAombinationJ and I-pring*2amper 0<J as shown, then click on I;HJ and IAloseJ. .+ Specif, m"teri"l properties for the m"sses# !reprocessor -> Material !rops -> *Aonstant* Isotropic ;n the box, shown on the next page, enter I0J in the I!8J input field $!8 is the modulus of elasticity(, and enter I3J in the I2!,-J input field, as shown, then click on I+DD5.J. +fter entering the input, click on I+DD5.J. The IIsotropic "aterials >oxJ should be showing on the screen, and at this point, the material number is still set to I0J. Ahange the material number to I3J, and click on I;HJ. The material properties box, like that below, re*opens. +gain, enter I0J for !8, but this time, enter I0J for density. Alick on I;HJ.

0?

/+ Specif, re"l const"nts for the springs !reprocessor -> &eal Constants -> #dd$"dit$%elete -> #dd The box below will open. >e sure that IType 3 A;">I,0<J is highlighted, and click on I;HJ or real constant set I0J, choose IHF9J, as shown below. 5eave the other fields blank, and click on I+pplyJ. Then, change the -et ,umber to I3J, and enter a value of I3:J for H, then click on I;HJ, then IAlose 2+ 0re"te rect"ngles: !reprocessor -> "odeling* Create -> *+reas* &ectangle -> /y %i ensions ill in $80,83(F$9,?(, and $.0,.3(F$:,0(, as shown below. Then, click on I+pplyJ. Areate the block for the other mass by filling in $80,83(F$00,03(, and $.0,.3(F$:,0(, and then click I;HJ. 3+ Specif, mesh controls for the m"sses+ !reprocessor -P *"eshing* )i+e Cntrls -> *5ines* !ic,ed Lines This opens up a Dicking "enu, as shown on the next page. This box would allow for picking individual lines. >ut, in this case, we want a single element division for every line. -o, in the Dicking "enu, choose IDick +llJ. This opens up an I!lement -i'esJ box, also shown on the next page. Input I0J for I,2INJ , as shown, and click on I;HJ. 6+ Mesh the "re"s+ Ahoose# !lot -> #reas Then, choose# !reprocessor -> *"eshing* Mesh -> *+reas* Mapped -> 3 or 4 sided + Dicking "enu opens $which has the label I"esh +reasJ at the top of the menu(. Alick on the block on the left $which will be the 3 kg mass(. It should highlight. Then, click on I;HJ in the Dicking "enu. -ince we are only creating a single

element in each block, at this point, a plot of the elements looks just like a plot of the areas. >ut, there are now nodes at the corners of the left*hand block, and this block contains a single D5+,!<3 finite element. Drobably, an element plot has appeared showing only the single meshed element.

0@ %e*plot the areas, as done above, by choosing, on the top toolbar# !lot -> #reas ,ow, before meshing the second area, the material number needs to be changed to number 3, because the density of the two masses is different, and we defined different materials to account for this. To do this, use the path# !reprocessor -> *"odeling* Create -> "le ents -> "le #ttributes The box below opens. Ahange the T"+TU entry to I3J, as shown. ,o other changes are needed at this time, so click I;HJ. ,ow, to mesh the second mass, choose# !reprocessor -> *"eshing* Mesh -> *+reas* Mapped -> 3 or 4 sided + Dicking "enu opens $which has the label I"esh +reasJ at the top of the menu(. Alick on the block on the right $which will be the 0 kg mass(. It should highlight. Then, click on I;HJ in the Dicking "enu. 7+ 0re"te " node "t the %"ll:
Preprocessor > Create -> Nodes -> In Active CS

In the box that opens, as shown on the next page, there is no input required for this case. This is only because we are going to create the node at $8,.,L(F$:,:,:(. +lso, we do not need a node number, because +,-.- will use the lowest available node number if we leave the node number field blank. Just click on I;HJ. It is probably a good idea now to turn off the display of the 8*.*L triad, because it covers up the node at the wall in the plots. +long the top toolbar# Ahoose# !ltCtrls -> Window Controls -> Window -ptions. In the box that opens, for T/T%I+2U, select I,ot shownJ, then click on I;HJ. ,ow, it is probably a good idea to turn the node numbers on. They may be showing already at this time, but to make sure they are, on the top toolbar# +lthough nodes are probably already plotted now, to make sure, on the top toolbar, choose !lot -> *odes.

0B 8+ 0re"te the spring elements+ irst, the element type needs to be changed to type 3, which is the element type number we used in defining the Aombin0< $spring( element type. To do this, use the path# !reprocessor -> *"odeling* Create -> "le ents -> "le #ttributes The box below opens. Ahange the TT.D!U entry to I3 other changes are needed at this time, so click I;HJ. ,ow, to create the first spring element, choose# !reprocessor -> *"odeling* Create -> "le ents -> *+uto ,umbered & Thru *odes + picking menu opens. It should be that the numbered nodes are plotted on screen at this time. ,ode number C should be the node at the wall, and node number 0 should be the node at the bottom left*hand side of the 3 kg mass. Alick once, with the left mouse button, on node C, then click again, once, on node 0. Then, in the picking menu, click on I;HJ. ,ow, before creating the other spring, the real constant set number needs to be changed to set 3, because the spring constant is different for the two springs. To do this, use the path# !reprocessor -> *"odeling* Create -> "le ents -> "le #ttributes In the box that opens, change the T%!+5U entry to I3J. ,o other changes are needed at this time, so click I;HJ. Then, choose# !reprocessor -> *"odeling* Create -> "le ents -> *+uto ,umbered & Thru *odes + picking menu opens. ,ode number 3 should be the node at the bottom*right corner of the left*hand mass, and node 9 should be the node at the bottom*left corner A;">I,0<J as shown. ,o

0C of the right*hand mass. Alick once, with the left mouse button, on node 3, then click again, once, on node 9. Then, in the picking menu, click on I;HJ. Dlot the elements, by choosing, on the top toolbar# !lot-> "le ents *9+ Appl, constr"ints+ It is assumed that only 8*direction motion is allowed. -o, the . and L direction motion must be constrained to 'ero at all nodes.
Preprocessor 4: Lo"ds 4: Appl, 4: Displ"cement 4: On Nodes

+ picking menu applies. 7e want this constraint to apply to all nodes in the model. -o, in the picking menu, choose IDick +llJ. +nother box opens. (e s!re to 6n*highlight I+ll 2; J, by clicking on it. Then, highlight I6.J and I6LJ by clicking on these labels, as shown, and then click on I+pplyJ. The picking menu should remain open. Alick on the node at the wall $this should be node number C(, and then click on I;HJ in the Dicking "enu. This node should not move in any direction. -o, choose, in the box that opens, as shown on the previous page, click on I+ll 2; J, and then click on I;HJ. **+ M"1e rigid od, constr"ints for e"ch m"ss+ !ach mass is supposed to move as a rigid body. 7e can produce this effect by coupling all nodes on each mass so that they move together. To do this, choose#
Preprocessor 4: 0o!pling ; 0e<n 4: 0o!ple DOFs

+ picking menu opens. Alick on nodes 0*3*4*<, to highlight all four nodes that define the left*hand mass. Then, in the Dicking "enu, click on I+pplyJ. + box, as shown below, opens. !nter I0J for I,-!TJ, as shown, and leave the label I68J for I5abJ. Then, click on I+pplyJ.The picking menu should re*open. Alick on nodes 9*?*@*B, to highlight all four nodes that define the right*hand mass. Then, in the Dicking "enu, click on I;HJ. + box, as shown above, re* opens. This time, !nter I3J for I,-!TJ, and again leave the label I68J for I5abJ. Then, click on I;HJ. *-+ Specif, "n"l,sis t,pe "nd options+ %eturn to the main +,-.- "enu, and choose# )olution -> *+nalysis Type* *ew #nalysis In the box that opens, select I"odalJ and click on I;HJ. Then, select# )olution -> #nalysis -ptions

3: The box below opens. !nter I3J for I,o. of modes to extractJ and I3J for I,";2! ,o. of modes to expandJ. Ahoose I;HJ, and the box at bottom opens. !nter I0:::J for I %!S!J, as shown, then click on I;HJ. *.+ Sol$e Ahoose# )olution -> *-olve* Current L) + green box will appear. Just click on I;HJ in the box. .ou should then, very quickly, get a yellow box, with the note I-olution is doneMJ. .ou can close this box. */+ List N"t!r"l Fre<!encies %eturn to the +,-.- "ain "enu, and choose#
=ener"l Postproc 4: 'es!lts S!mm"r,

.ou should get a box listing two natural frequencies. ;ne is for I-et 0J and the other is for I-et 3J. -et 0 is the set of results corresponding to "ode 0, and -et 3 is the set of results corresponding to "ode 3. ,ote the natural frequencies $these are listed in units of IG'J(, then close the listing box. *2+ Anim"te the Mode Sh"pes
Choose: =ener"l Postproc 4: -Read Results- First Set

Then, on the top toolbar, choose# !lotCtrls -> #ni ate -> Mode )hape
To animate the second mode shape, choose: =ener"l Postproc 4: -Read Results- Ne>t Set

+gain, back on the top toolbar, choose# !lotCtrls -> #ni ate -> Mode )hape %epeat the procedure outlined above, and you should see the animation of the second mode shape. *3+ List the Mode Sh"pes
Choose: =ener"l Postproc 4: -Read Results- First Set

Then, choose# General !ostproc -> List &esults -> *odal )olution In the box that opens, as shown below, keep the defaults by just clicking on I;HJ.

30 ,ow, list the second mode shape in a similar way. )eneral Dostproc *P -&ead &esults- ,ext -et Then, as above, choose# General !ostproc -> List &esults -> *odal )olution *6+ E>it the ANSYS progr"m# s"$ing "ll d"t"+ ;n the +,-.- Toolbar, shown below, choose# 1uit ->)a(e "(erything -> -' irst, choose#