More On 8051

Decembei 1992
8051 8052 and 80C51

Hardware Description
COPYRIGHT INTEL CORPORATION 1996
Order Number 270252-006
8051 8052 and 80C51 Hardware Description
CONTENTS PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
Special Function Registers 1
PORT STRUCTURES AND
OPERATION 4
IO Configurations 5
Writing to a Port 5
Port Loading and Interfacing 6
Read-Modify-Write Feature 7
ACCESSING EXTERNAL MEMORY 7
TIMERCOUNTERS 7
Timer 0 and Timer 1 8
Timer 2 10
SERIAL INTERFACE 11
Multiprocessor Communications 12
Serial Port Control Register 12
Baud Rates 13
More About Mode 0 15
More About Mode 1 15
More About Modes 2 and 3 18
CONTENTS PAGE
INTERRUPTS 21
Priority Level Structure 22
How Interrupts Are Handled 22
External Interrupts 23
Response Time 23
SINGLE-STEP OPERATION 24
RESET 24
POWER-ON RESET 25
POWER-SAVING MODES OF
OPERATION 25
CHMOS Power Reduction Modes 25
EPROM VERSIONS 27
Exposure to Light 27
Program Memory Locks 27
ONCE Mode 28
THE ON-CHIP OSCILLATORS 28
HMOS Versions 28
CHMOS Versions 30
INTERNAL TIMING 31
8051 8052 AND 80C51
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
This chaptei piesents a compiehensive desciiption of
the on-chip haidwaie featuies of the MCS-51 micio-
contioIIeis. IncIuded in this desciiption aie
The poit diiveis and how they function both as
poits and, foi Poits 0 and 2, in bus opeiations
The Timei/Counteis
The SeiiaI Inteiface
The Inteiiupt System
Reset
The Reduced Powei Modes in the CHMOS devices
The FPROM veisions of the 8051AH, 8052AH and
80C51BH
The devices undei consideiation aie Iisted in TabIe 1.
As it becomes unwieIdy to be constantIy iefeiiing to
each of these devices by theii individuaI names, we wiII
adopt a convention of iefeiiing to them geneiicaIIy as
8051s and 8052s, unIess a specific membei of the gioup
is being iefeiied to, in which case it wiII be specificaIIy
named. The 8051s incIude the 8051AH, 80C51BH,
and theii ROMIess and FPROM veisions. The 8052s
aie the 8052AH, 8032AH and 8752BH.
Figuie 1 shows a functionaI bIock diagiam of the 8051s
and 8052s.
Table 1 The MCS-51 Family of Microcontrollers
Device ROMless EPROM ROM RAM 16-bit Ckt
Name Version Version Bytes Bytes Timers Type
8051AH 8031AH 8751H 8751BH 4K 128 2 HMOS
8052AH 8032AH 8752BH 8K 256 3 HMOS
80C51BH 80C31BH 87C51 4K 128 2 CHMOS
Special Function Registers
A map of the on-chip memoiy aiea caIIed SFR (SpeciaI Function Registei) space is shown in Figuie 2. SFRs maiked
by paientheses aie iesident in the 8052s but not in the 8051s.
1
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION OF THE 8051 8052 AND 80C51
2702521
Figure 1 MCS-51 Architectural Block Diagram
2
8 Bytes
F8 FF
F0 B F7
E8 EF
E0 ACC E7
D8 DF
D0 PSW D7
C8 (T2CON) (RCAP2L) (RCAP2H) (TL2) (TH2) CF
C0 C7
B8 IP BF
B0 P3 B7
A8 IE AF
A0 P2 A7
98 SCON SBUF 9F
90 P1 97
88 TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 8F
80 P0 SP DPL DPH PCON 87
Figure 2 SFR Map ( ) Indicates Resident in 8052s not in 8051s
Note that not aII of the addiesses aie occupied. Unoc-
cupied addiesses aie not impIemented on the chip.
Read accesses to these addiesses wiII in geneiaI ietuin
iandom data, and wiite accesses wiII have no effect.
Usei softwaie shouId not wiite 1s to these unimpIe-
mented Iocations, since they may be used in futuie
MCS-51 pioducts to invoke new featuies. In that case
the ieset oi inactive vaIues of the new bits wiII aIways
be 0, and theii active vaIues wiII be 1.
The functions of the SFRs aie outIined beIow.
ACCUMULATOR
ACC is the AccumuIatoi iegistei. The mnemonics foi
AccumuIatoi-Specific instiuctions, howevei, iefei to
the AccumuIatoi simpIy as A.
B REGISTER
The B iegistei is used duiing muItipIy and divide opei-
ations. Foi othei instiuctions it can be tieated as anoth-
ei sciatch pad iegistei.
PROGRAM STATUS WORD
The PSW iegistei contains piogiam status infoimation
as detaiIed in Figuie 3.
STACK POINTER
The Stack Pointei Registei is 8 bits wide. It is incie-
mented befoie data is stoied duiing PUSH and CALL
executions. WhiIe the stack may ieside anywheie in on-
chip RAM, the Stack Pointei is initiaIized to 07H aftei
a ieset. This causes the stack to begin at Iocation 08H.
DATA POINTER
The Data Pointei (DPTR) consists of a high byte
(DPH) and a Iow byte (DPL). Its intended function is
to hoId a 16-bit addiess. It may be manipuIated as a
16-bit iegistei oi as two independent 8-bit iegisteis.
PORTS 0 TO 3
P0, P1, P2 and P3 aie the SFR Iatches of Poits 0, 1, 2
and 3, iespectiveIy.
SERIAL DATA BUFFER
The SeiiaI Data Buffei is actuaIIy two sepaiate iegis-
teis, a tiansmit buffei and a ieceive buffei iegistei.
When data is moved to SBUF, it goes to the tiansmit
buffei wheie it is heId foi seiiaI tiansmission. (Moving
a byte to SBUF is what initiates the tiansmission.)
When data is moved fiom SBUF, it comes fiom the
ieceive buffei.
TIMER REGISTERS
Registei paiis (TH0, TL0), (TH1, TL1), and (TH2,
TL2) aie the 16-bit Counting iegisteis foi Timei/Coun-
teis 0, 1, and 2, iespectiveIy.
CAPTURE REGISTERS
The iegistei paii (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) aie the Cap-
tuie iegisteis foi the Timei 2 Captuie Mode. In this
mode, in iesponse to a tiansition at the 8052s T2FX
pin, TH2 and TL2 aie copied into RCAP2H and
RCAP2L. Timei 2 aIso has a 16-bit auto-ieIoad mode,
and RCAP2H and RCAP2L hoId the ieIoad vaIue foi
this mode. Moie about Timei 2s featuies in a Iatei
section.
CONTROL REGISTERS
SpeciaI Function Registeis IP, IF, TMOD, TCON,
T2CON, SCON, and PCON contain contioI and status
bits foi the inteiiupt system, the Timei/Counteis, and
the seiiaI poit. They aie desciibed in Iatei sections.
3
(MSB) (LSB)
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV P
Symbol Position Name and Significance
CY PSW7 Carry flag
AC PSW6 Auxiliary Carry flag
(For BCD operations)
F0 PSW5 Flag 0
(Available to the user for general
purposes)
RS1 PSW4 Register bank select control bits 1
RS0 PSW3 0 Setcleared by software to
determine working register bank (see
Note)
OV PSW2 Overflow flag
PSW1 User definable flag
P PSW0 Parity flag
Setcleared by hardware each
instruction cycle to indicate an odd
even number of one bits in the
Accumulator ie even parity
NOTE
The contents of (RS1 RS0) enable the working register banks as
follows
(00)Bank 0 (00H07H)
(01)Bank 1 (08H0FH)
(10)Bank 2 (10H17H)
(11)Bank 3 (18H1FH)
Figure 3 PSW Program Status Word Register
2702522
A Port 0 Bit
2702524
C Port 2 Bit
2702523
B Port 1 Bit
2702525
D Port 3 Bit
Figure 4 8051 Port Bit Latches and IO Buffers
See Figuie 5 foi detaiIs of the inteinaI puIIup.
PORT STRUCTURES AND
OPERATION
AII foui poits in the 8051 aie bidiiectionaI. Fach con-
sists of a Iatch (SpeciaI Function Registeis P0 thiough
P3), an output diivei, and an input buffei.
The output diiveis of Poits 0 and 2, and the input buff-
eis of Poit 0, aie used in accesses to exteinaI memoiy.
In this appIication, Poit 0 outputs the Iow byte of the
exteinaI memoiy addiess, time-muItipIexed with the
byte being wiitten oi iead. Poit 2 outputs the high byte
of the exteinaI memoiy addiess when the addiess is 16
bits wide. Otheiwise the Poit 2 pins continue to emit
the P2 SFR content.
AII the Poit 3 pins, and (in the 8052) two Poit 1 pins
aie muItifunctionaI. They aie not onIy poit pins, but
aIso seive the functions of vaiious speciaI featuies as
Iisted on the foIIowing page.
4
Port Pin Alternate Function
P10 T2 (TimerCounter 2
external input)
P11 T2EX (TimerCounter 2
CaptureReload trigger)
P30 RXD (serial input port)
P31 TXD (serial output port)
P32 INT0 (external interrupt)
P33 INT1 (external interrupt)
P34 T0 (TimerCounter 0 external
input)
P35 T1 (TimerCounter 1 external
input)
P36 WR (external Data Memory
write strobe)
P37 RD (external Data Memory
read strobe)
P1.0 and P1.1 seive these aIteinate functions onIy on
the 8052.
The aIteinate functions can onIy be activated if the coi-
iesponding bit Iatch in the poit SFR contains a 1. Oth-
eiwise the poit pin is stuck at 0.
IO Configurations
Figuie 4 shows a functionaI diagiam of a typicaI bit
Iatch and I/O buffei in each of the foui poits. The bit
Iatch (one bit in the poits SFR) is iepiesented as a
Type D fIip-fIop, which wiII cIock in a vaIue fiom the
inteinaI bus in iesponse to a wiite to Iatch signaI
fiom the CPU. The Q output of the fIip-fIop is pIaced
on the inteinaI bus in iesponse to a iead Iatch signaI
fiom the CPU. The IeveI of the poit pin itseIf is pIaced
on the inteinaI bus in iesponse to a iead pin signaI
fiom the CPU. Some instiuctions that iead a poit acti-
vate the iead Iatch signaI, and otheis activate the
iead pin signaI. Moie about that Iatei.
As shown in Figuie 4, the output diiveis of Poits 0 and
2 aie switchabIe to an inteinaI ADDR and ADDR/
DATA bus by an inteinaI CONTROL signaI foi use in
exteinaI memoiy accesses. Duiing exteinaI memoiy ac-
cesses, the P2 SFR iemains unchanged, but the P0 SFR
gets 1s wiitten to it.
AIso shown in Figuie 4, is that if a P3 bit Iatch contains
a 1, then the output IeveI is contioIIed by the signaI
IabeIed aIteinate output function. The actuaI P3.X
pin IeveI is aIways avaiIabIe to the pins aIteinate input
function, if any.
Poits 1, 2, and 3 have inteinaI puIIups. Poit 0 has open
diain outputs. Fach I/O Iine can be independentIy used
as an input oi an output. (Poits 0 and 2 may not be
used as geneiaI puipose I/O when being used as the
ADDR/DATA BUS). To be used as an input, the poit
bit Iatch must contain a 1, which tuins off the output
diivei FFT. Then, foi Poits 1, 2, and 3, the pin is
puIIed high by the inteinaI puIIup, but can be puIIed
Iow by an exteinaI souice.
Poit 0 diffeis in not having inteinaI puIIups. The puIIup
FFT in the P0 output diivei (see Figuie 4) is used onIy
when the Poit is emitting 1s duiing exteinaI memoiy
accesses. Otheiwise the puIIup FFT is off. Consequent-
Iy P0 Iines that aie being used as output poit Iines aie
open diain. Wiiting a 1 to the bit Iatch Ieaves both
output FFTs off, so the pin fIoats. In that condition it
can be used a high-impedance input.
Because Poits 1, 2, and 3 have fixed inteinaI puIIups
they aie sometimes caIIed quasi-bidiiectionaI poits.
When configuied as inputs they puII high and wiII
souice cuiient (IIL, in the data sheets) when exteinaIIy
puIIed Iow. Poit 0, on the othei hand, is consideied
tiue bidiiectionaI, because when configuied as an in-
put it fIoats.
AII the poit Iatches in the 8051 have 1s wiitten to them
by the ieset function. If a 0 is subsequentIy wiitten to a
poit Iatch, it can be ieconfiguied as an input by wiiting
a 1 to it.
Writing to a Port
In the execution of an instiuction that changes the vaI-
ue in a poit Iatch, the new vaIue aiiives at the Iatch
duiing S6P2 of the finaI cycIe of the instiuction. How-
evei, poit Iatches aie in fact sampIed by theii output
buffeis onIy duiing Phase 1 of any cIock peiiod. (Dui-
ing Phase 2 the output buffei hoIds the vaIue it saw
duiing the pievious Phase 1). ConsequentIy, the new
vaIue in the poit Iatch wont actuaIIy appeai at the
output pin untiI the next Phase 1, which wiII be at S1P1
of the next machine cycIe. See Figuie 39 in the InteinaI
Timing section.
If the change iequiies a 0-to-1 tiansition in Poit 1, 2, oi
3, an additionaI puIIup is tuined on duiing S1P1 and
S1P2 of the cycIe in which the tiansition occuis. This is
done to inciease the tiansition speed. The extia puIIup
can souice about 100 times the cuiient that the noimaI
puIIup can. It shouId be noted that the inteinaI puIIups
aie fieId-effect tiansistois, not Iineai iesistois. The puII-
up aiiangements aie shown in Figuie 5.
In HMOS veisions of the 8051, the fixed pait of the
puIIup is a depIetion-mode tiansistoi with the gate
wiied to the souice. This tiansistoi wiII aIIow the pin to
souice about 0.25 mA when shoited to giound. In
paiaIIeI with the fixed puIIup is an enhancement-mode
tiansistoi, which is activated duiing S1 whenevei the
poit bit does a 0-to-1 tiansition. Duiing this inteivaI, if
the poit pin is shoited to giound, this extia tiansistoi
wiII aIIow the pin to souice an additionaI 30 mA.
5
2702526
A HMOS Configuration The enhancement mode transistor
is turned on for 2 osc periods after Q makes a 0-to-1 transition
2702527
B CHMOS Configuration pFET 1 is turned on for 2 osc periods after Q
makes a 0-to-1 transition During this time pFET 1 also turns on pFET 3
through the inverter to form a latch which holds the 1 pFET 2 is also on
Figure 5 Ports 1 And 3 HMOS And CHMOS Internal Pullup Configurations
Port 2 is Similar Except That It Holds The Strong Pullup On While Emitting
1s That Are Address Bits (See Text Accessing External Memory)
In the CHMOS veisions, the puIIup consists of thiee
pFFTs. It shouId be noted that an n-channeI FFT
(nFFT) is tuined on when a IogicaI 1 is appIied to its
gate, and is tuined off when a IogicaI 0 is appIied to its
gate. A p-channeI FFT (pFFT) is the opposite: it is on
when its gate sees a 0, and off when its gate sees a 1.
pFFT1 in Figuie 5 is the tiansistoi that is tuined on foi
2 osciIIatoi peiiods aftei a 0-to-1 tiansition in the poit
Iatch. WhiIe its on, it tuins on pFFT3 (a weak puII-
up), thiough the inveitei. This inveitei and pFFT foim
a Iatch which hoId the 1.
Note that if the pin is emitting a 1, a negative gIitch on
the pin fiom some exteinaI souice can tuin off pFFT3,
causing the pin to go into a fIoat state. pFFT2 is a veiy
weak puIIup which is on whenevei the nFFT is off, in
tiaditionaI CMOS styIe. Its onIy about the stiength
of pFFT3. Its function is to iestoie a 1 to the pin in the
event the pin had a 1 and Iost it to a gIitch.
Port Loading and Interfacing
The output buffeis of Poits 1, 2, and 3 can each diive 4
LS TTL inputs. These poits on HMOS veisions can be
diiven in a noimaI mannei by any TTL oi NMOS cii-
cuit. Both HMOS and CHMOS pins can be diiven by
open-coIIectoi and open-diain outputs, but note that 0-
to-1 tiansitions wiII not be fast. In the HMOS device, if
the pin is diiven by an open-coIIectoi output, a 0-to-1
tiansition wiII have to be diiven by the ieIativeIy weak
depIetion mode FFT in Figuie 5(A). In the CHMOS
device, an input 0 tuins off puIIup pFFT3, Ieaving onIy
the veiy weak puIIup pFFT2 to diive the tiansition.
In exteinaI bus mode, Poit 0 output buffeis can each
diive 8 LS TTL inputs. As poit pins, they iequiie extei-
naI puIIups to diive any inputs.
6
Read-Modify-Write Feature
Some instiuctions that iead a poit iead the Iatch and
otheis iead the pin. Which ones do which! The instiuc-
tions that iead the Iatch iathei than the pin aie the ones
that iead a vaIue, possibIy change it, and then iewiite it
to the Iatch. These aie caIIed iead-modify-wiite in-
stiuctions. The instiuctions Iisted beIow aie iead-mod-
ify-wiite instiuctions. When the destination opeiand is
a poit, oi a poit bit, these instiuctions iead the Iatch
iathei than the pin:
ANL (IogicaI AND, e.g., ANL P1, A)
ORL (IogicaI OR, e.g., ORL P2, A)
XRL (IogicaI FX-OR, e.g., XRL P3, A)
JBC (jump if bit
e
1 and cIeai bit, e.g.,
JBC P1.1, LABFL)
CPL (compIement bit, e.g., CPL P3.0)
INC (inciement, e.g., INC P2)
DFC (deciement, e.g., DFC P2)
DJNZ (deciement and jump if not zeio, e.g.,
DJNZ P3, LABFL)
MOV, PX.Y, C (move caiiy bit to bit Y of Poit X)
CLR PX.Y (cIeai bit Y of Poit X)
SFTB PX.Y (set bit Y of Poit X)
It is not obvious that the Iast thiee instiuctions in this
Iist aie iead-modify-wiite instiuctions, but they aie.
They iead the poit byte, aII 8 bits, modify the addiessed
bit, then wiite the new byte back to the Iatch.
The ieason that iead-modify-wiite instiuctions aie di-
iected to the Iatch iathei than the pin is to avoid a
possibIe misinteipietation of the voItage IeveI at the
pin. Foi exampIe, a poit bit might be used to diive the
base of a tiansistoi. When a 1 is wiitten to the bit, the
tiansistoi is tuined on. If the CPU then ieads the same
poit bit at the pin iathei than the Iatch, it wiII iead the
base voItage of the tiansistoi and inteipiet it as a 0.
Reading the Iatch iathei than the pin wiII ietuin the
coiiect vaIue of 1.
ACCESSING EXTERNAL MEMORY
Accesses to exteinaI memoiy aie of two types: accesses
to exteinaI Piogiam Memoiy and accesses to exteinaI
Data Memoiy. Accesses to exteinaI Piogiam Memoiy
use signaI PSFN (piogiam stoie enabIe) as the iead
stiobe. Accesses to exteinaI Data Memoiy use RD oi
WR (aIteinate functions of P3.7 and P3.6) to stiobe the
memoiy. Refei to Figuies 36 thiough 38 in the InteinaI
Timing section.
Fetches fiom exteinaI Piogiam Memoiy aIways use a
16-bit addiess. Accesses to exteinaI Data Memoiy can
use eithei a 16-bit addiess (MOVX

DPTR) oi an
8-bit addiess (MOVX

Ri).
Whenevei a 16-bit addiess is used, the high byte of the
addiess comes out on Poit 2, wheie it is heId foi the
duiation of the iead oi wiite cycIe. Note that the Poit 2
diiveis use the stiong puIIups duiing the entiie time
that they aie emitting addiess bits that aie 1s. This is
duiing the execution of a MOVX

DPTR instiuction.
Duiing this time the Poit 2 Iatch (the SpeciaI Function
Registei) does not have to contain 1s, and the contents
of the Poit 2 SFR aie not modified. If the exteinaI
memoiy cycIe is not immediateIy foIIowed by anothei
exteinaI memoiy cycIe, the undistuibed contents of the
Poit 2 SFR wiII ieappeai in the next cycIe.
If an 8-bit addiess is being used (MOVX

Ri), the
contents of the Poit 2 SFR iemain at the Poit 2 pins
thioughout the exteinaI memoiy cycIe. This wiII faciIi-
tate paging.
In any case, the Iow byte of the addiess is time-muIti-
pIexed with the data byte on Poit 0. The ADDR/
DATA signaI diives both FFTs in the Poit 0 output
buffeis. Thus, in this appIication the Poit 0 pins aie not
open-diain outputs, and do not iequiie exteinaI puII-
ups. SignaI ALF (Addiess Latch FnabIe) shouId be
used to captuie the addiess byte into an exteinaI Iatch.
The addiess byte is vaIid at the negative tiansition of
ALF. Then, in a wiite cycIe, the data byte to be wiitten
appeais on Poit 0 just befoie WR is activated, and ie-
mains theie untiI aftei WR is deactivated. In a iead
cycIe, the incoming byte is accepted at Poit 0 just be-
foie the iead stiobe is deactivated.
Duiing any access to exteinaI memoiy, the CPU wiites
0FFH to the Poit 0 Iatch (the SpeciaI Function Regis-
tei), thus obIiteiating whatevei infoimation the Poit 0
SFR may have been hoIding. If the usei wiites to Poit 0
duiing an exteinaI memoiy fetch, the incoming code
byte is coiiupted. Theiefoie, do not wiite to Poit 0 if
exteinaI piogiam memoiy is used.
FxteinaI Piogiam Memoiy is accessed undei two con-
ditions:
1) Whenevei signaI FA is active, oi
2) Whenevei the piogiam countei (PC) contains a
numbei that is Iaigei than 0FFFH (1FFFH foi the
8052).
This iequiies that the ROMIess veisions have FA wiied
Iow to enabIe the Iowei 4K (8K foi the 8032) piogiam
bytes to be fetched fiom exteinaI memoiy.
When the CPU is executing out of exteinaI Piogiam
Memoiy, aII 8 bits of Poit 2 aie dedicated to an output
function and may not be used foi geneiaI puipose I/O.
Duiing exteinaI piogiam fetches they output the high
byte of the PC. Duiing this time the Poit 2 diiveis use
the stiong puIIups to emit PC bits that aie 1s.
TIMERCOUNTERS
The 8051 has two 16-bit Timei/Countei iegisteis: Tim-
ei 0 and Timei 1. The 8052 has these two pIus one
7
moie: Timei 2. AII thiee can be configuied to opeiate
eithei as timeis oi event counteis.
In the Timei function, the iegistei is inciemented
eveiy machine cycIe. Thus, one can think of it as count-
ing machine cycIes. Since a machine cycIe consists of 12
osciIIatoi peiiods, the count iate is of the osciIIatoi
fiequency.
In the Countei function, the iegistei is inciemented
in iesponse to a 1-to-0 tiansition at its coiiesponding
exteinaI input pin, T0, T1 oi (in the 8052) T2. In this
function, the exteinaI input is sampIed duiing S5P2 of
eveiy machine cycIe. When the sampIes show a high in
one cycIe and a Iow in the next cycIe, the count is incie-
mented. The new count vaIue appeais in the iegistei
duiing S3P1 of the cycIe foIIowing the one in which the
tiansition was detected. Since it takes 2 machine cycIes
(24 osciIIatoi peiiods) to iecognize a 1-to-0 tiansition,
the maximum count iate is of the osciIIatoi fie-
quency. Theie aie no iestiictions on the duty cycIe of
the exteinaI input signaI, but to ensuie that a given
IeveI is sampIed at Ieast once befoie it changes, it
shouId be heId foi at Ieast one fuII machine cycIe.
In addition to the Timei oi Countei seIection,
Timei 0 and Timei 1 have foui opeiating modes fiom
which to seIect. Timei 2, in the 8052, has thiee modes
of opeiation: Captuie, Auto-ReIoad and baud
iate geneiatoi.
Timer 0 and Timer 1
These Timei/Counteis aie piesent in both the 8051 and
the 8052. The Timei oi Countei function is seIect-
ed by contioI bits C/T in the SpeciaI Function Registei
TMOD (Figuie 6). These two Timei/Counteis have
foui opeiating modes, which aie seIected by bit-paiis
(M1, M0) in TMOD. Modes 0, 1, and 2 aie the same
foi both Timei/Counteis. Mode 3 is diffeient. The foui
opeiating modes aie desciibed in the foIIowing text.
MODE 0
Fithei Timei in Mode 0 is an 8-bit Countei with a
divide-by-32 piescaIei. This 13-bit timei is MCS-48
compatibIe. Figuie 7 shows the Mode 0 opeiation as it
appIies to Timei 1.
In this mode, the Timei iegistei is configuied as a
13-Bit iegistei. As the count ioIIs ovei fiom aII 1s to aII
0s, it sets the Timei inteiiupt fIag TF1. The counted
input is enabIed to the Timei when TR1
e
1 and eithei
OATF
e
0 oi INT1
e
1. (Setting OATF
e
1 aIIows
the Timei to be contioIIed by exteinaI input INT1, to
faciIitate puIse width measuiements.) TR1 is a contioI
bit in the SpeciaI Function Registei TCON (Figuie 8).
OATF is in TMOD.
The 13-Bit iegistei consists of aII 8 bits of TH1 and the
Iowei 5 bits of TL1. The uppei 3 bits of TL1 aie inde-
teiminate and shouId be ignoied. Setting the iun fIag
(TR1) does not cIeai the iegisteis.
Mode 0 opeiation is the same foi Timei 0 as foi Timei
1. Substitute TR0, TF0 and INT0 foi the coiiespond-
ing Timei 1 signaIs in Figuie 7. Theie aie two diffeient
OATF bits, one foi Timei 1 (TMOD.7) and one foi
Timei 0 (TMOD.3).
MODE 1
Mode 1 is the same as Mode 0, except that the Timei
iegistei is being iun with aII 16 bits.
(MSB) (LSB)
GATE CT M1 M0 GATE CT M1 M0
X YX Y
Timer 1 Timer 0
GATE Gating control when set TimerCounter x is enabled
only while INTx pin is high and TRx control pin is
set When cleared Timer x is enabled whenever
TRx control bit is set
CT Timer or Counter Selector cleared for Timer operation
(input from internal system clock) Set for Counter
operation (input from Tx input pin)
M1 M0 Operating Mode
0 0 8-bit TimerCounter THx with TLx as 5-bit
prescaler
0 1 16-bit TimerCounter THx and TLx are
cascaded there is no prescaler
1 0 8-bit auto-reload TimerCounter THx holds a
value which is to be reloaded into TLx each
time it overflows
1 1 (Timer 0) TL0 is an 8-bit TimerCounter
controlled by the standard Timer 0 control bits
TH0 is an 8-bit timer only controlled by Timer 1
control bits
1 1 (Timer 1) TimerCounter 1 stopped
Figure 6 TMOD TimerCounter Mode Control Register
8
2702529
Figure 7 TimerCounter 1 Mode 0 13-Bit Counter
(MSB) (LSB)
TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0
TF1 TCON7 Timer 1 overflow Flag Set by
hardware on TimerCounter overflow
Cleared by hardware when processor
vectors to interrupt routine
TR1 TCON6 Timer 1 Run control bit Setcleared
by software to turn TimerCounter on
off
TF0 TCON5 Timer 0 overflow Flag Set by
hardware on TimerCounter overflow
Cleared by hardware when processor
vectors to interrupt routine
TR0 TCON4 Timer 0 Run control bit Setcleared
by software to turn TimerCounter on
off
IE1 TCON3 Interrupt 1 Edge flag Set by hardware
when external interrupt edge
detected Cleared when interrupt
processed
IT1 TCON2 Interrupt 1 Type control bit Set
cleared by software to specify falling
edgelow level triggered external
interrupts
IE0 TCON1 Interrupt 0 Edge flag Set by hardware
when external interrupt edge
detected Cleared when interrupt
processed
IT0 TCON0 Interrupt 0 Type control bit Set
cleared by software to specify falling
edgelow level triggered external
interrupts
Figure 8TCON TimerCounter Control Register
MODE 2
Mode 2 configuies the Timei iegistei as an 8-bit Coun-
tei (TL1) with automatic ieIoad, as shown in Figuie 9.
OveifIow fiom TL1 not onIy sets TF1, but aIso ieIoads
TL1 with the contents of TH1, which is pieset by soft-
waie. The ieIoad Ieaves TH1 unchanged.
Mode 2 opeiation is the same foi Timei/Countei 0.
MODE 3
Timei 1 in Mode 3 simpIy hoIds its count. The effect is
the same as setting TR1
e
0.
Timei 0 in Mode 3 estabIishes TL0 and TH0 as two
sepaiate counteis. The Iogic foi Mode 3 on Timei 0 is
shown in Figuie 10. TL0 uses the Timei 0 contioI bits:
C/T, OATF, TR0, INT0, and TF0. TH0 is Iocked into
a timei function (counting machine cycIes) and takes
ovei the use of TR1 and TF1 fiom Timei 1. Thus, TH0
now contioIs the Timei 1 inteiiupt.
Mode 3 is piovided foi appIications iequiiing an extia
8-bit timei oi countei. With Timei 0 in Mode 3, an
8051 can Iook Iike it has thiee Timei/Counteis, and an
8052, Iike it has foui. When Timei 0 is in Mode 3,
Timei 1 can be tuined on and off by switching it out of
and into its own Mode 3, oi can stiII be used by the
seiiaI poit as a baud iate geneiatoi, oi in fact, in any
appIication not iequiiing an inteiiupt.
9
27025210
Figure 9 TimerCounter 1 Mode 2 8-Bit Auto-Reload
27025211
Figure 10 TimerCounter 0 Mode 3 Two 8-Bit Counters
Timer 2
Timei 2 is a 16-bit Timei/Countei which is piesent
onIy in the 8052. Like Timeis 0 and 1, it can opeiate
eithei as a timei oi as an event countei. This is seIected
by bit C/T2 in the SpeciaI Function Registei T2CON
(Figuie 11). It has thiee opeiating modes: captuie,
auto-Ioad and baud iate geneiatoi, which aie se-
Iected by bits in T2CON as shown in TabIe 2.
Table 2 Timer 2 Operating Modes
RCLK
a
TCLK CPRL2 TR2 Mode
0 0 1 16-bit Auto-Reload
0 1 1 16-bit Capture
1 X 1 Baud Rate Generator
X X 0 (off)
10
(MSB) (LSB)
TF2 EXF2 RCLK TCLK EXEN2 TR2 CT2 CPRL2
TF2 T2CON7 Timer 2 overflow flag set by a Timer 2 overflow and must be cleared by software
TF2 will not be set when either RCLK e 1 or TCLK e 1
EXF2 T2CON6 Timer 2 external flag set when either a capture or reload is caused by a negative
transition on T2EX and EXEN2 e 1 When Timer 2 interrupt is enabled EXF2 e 1
will cause the CPU to vector to the Timer 2 interrupt routine EXF2 must be
cleared by software
RCLK T2CON5 Receive clock flag When set causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow
pulses for its receive clock in Modes 1 and 3 RCLK e 0 causes Timer 1 overflow
to be used for the receive clock
TCLK T2CON4 Transmit clock flag When set causes the serial port to use Timer 2 overflow
pulses for its transmit clock in modes 1 and 3 TCLK e 0 causes Timer 1
overflows to be used for the transmit clock
EXEN2 T2CON3 Timer 2 external enable flag When set allows a capture or reload to occur as a
result of a negative transition on T2EX if Timer 2 is not being used to clock the
serial port EXEN2 e 0 causes Timer 2 to ignore events at T2EX
TR2 T2CON2 Startstop control for Timer 2 A logic 1 starts the timer
CT2 T2CON1 Timer or counter select (Timer 2)
0 e Internal timer (OSC12)
1 e External event counter (falling edge triggered)
CPRL2 T2CON0 CaptureReload flag When set captures will occur on negative transitions at
T2EX if EXEN2 e 1 When cleared auto-reloads will occur either with Timer 2
overflows or negative transitions at T2EX when EXEN2 e 1 When either RCLK
e 1 or TCLK e 1 this bit is ignored and the timer is forced to auto-reload on
Timer 2 overflow
Figure 11 T2CON TimerCounter 2 Control Register
In the Captuie Mode theie aie two options which aie
seIected by bit FXFN2 in T2CON. If FXFN2
e
0,
then Timei 2 is a 16-bit timei oi countei which upon
oveifIowing sets bit TF2, the Timei 2 oveifIow bit,
which can be used to geneiate an inteiiupt. If FXFN2
e
1, then Timei 2 stiII does the above, but with the
added featuie that a 1-to-0 tiansition at exteinaI input
T2FX causes the cuiient vaIue in the Timei 2 iegisteis,
TL2 and TH2, to be captuied into iegisteis RCAP2L
and RCAP2H, iespectiveIy. (RCAP2L and RCAP2H
aie new SpeciaI Function Registeis in the 8052.) In
addition, the tiansition at T2FX causes bit FXF2 in
T2CON to be set, and FXF2, Iike TF2, can geneiate an
inteiiupt.
The Captuie Mode is iIIustiated in Figuie 12.
In the auto-ieIoad mode theie aie again two options,
which aie seIected by bit FXFN2 in T2CON. If
FXFN2
e
0, then when Timei 2 ioIIs ovei it not onIy
sets TF2 but aIso causes the Timei 2 iegisteis to be
ieIoaded with the 16-bit vaIue in iegisteis RCAP2L
and RCAP2H, which aie pieset by softwaie. If FXFN2
e
1, then Timei 2 stiII does the above, but with the
added featuie that a 1-to-0 tiansition at exteinaI input
T2FX wiII aIso tiiggei the 16-bit ieIoad and set FXF2.
The auto-ieIoad mode is iIIustiated in Figuie 13.
The baud iate geneiatoi mode is seIected by RCLK
e
1 and/oi TCLK
e
1. It wiII be desciibed in conjunc-
tion with the seiiaI poit.
SERIAL INTERFACE
The seiiaI poit is fuII dupIex, meaning it can tiansmit
and ieceive simuItaneousIy. It is aIso ieceive-buffeied,
meaning it can commence ieception of a second byte
befoie a pieviousIy ieceived byte has been iead fiom
the ieceive iegistei. (Howevei, if the fiist byte stiII
hasnt been iead by the time ieception of the second
byte is compIete, one of the bytes wiII be Iost). The
seiiaI poit ieceive and tiansmit iegisteis aie both ac-
cessed at SpeciaI Function Registei SBUF. Wiiting to
SBUF Ioads the tiansmit iegistei, and ieading SBUF
accesses a physicaIIy sepaiate ieceive iegistei.
11
27025212
Figure 12 Timer 2 in Capture Mode
The seiiaI poit can opeiate in 4 modes:
Mode 0 SeiiaI data enteis and exits thiough RXD.
TXD outputs the shift cIock. 8 bits aie tiansmitted/ie-
ceived: 8 data bits (LSB fiist). The baud iate is fixed at
1/12 the osciIIatoi fiequency.
Mode 1 10 bits aie tiansmitted (thiough TXD) oi ie-
ceived (thiough RXD): a stait bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB
fiist), and a stop bit (1). On ieceive, the stop bit goes
into RB8 in SpeciaI Function Registei SCON. The
baud iate is vaiiabIe.
fiist), a piogiammabIe 9th data bit, and a stop bit (1).
On Tiansmit, the 9th data bit (TB8 in SCON) can be
assigned the vaIue of 0 oi 1. Oi, foi exampIe, the paiity
bit (P, in the PSW) couId be moved into TB8. On ie-
ceive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in SpeciaI Functon
Registei SCON, whiIe the stop bit is ignoied. The baud
iate is piogiammabIe to eithei oi the osciIIatoi
fiequency.
fiist), a piogiammabIe 9th data bit and a stop bit (1). In
fact, Mode 3 is the same as Mode 2 in aII iespects
except the baud iate. The baud iate in Mode 3 is vaii-
abIe.
In aII foui modes, tiansmission is initiated by any in-
stiuction that uses SBUF as a destination iegistei. Re-
ception is initiated in Mode 0 by the condition RI
e
0
and RFN
e
1. Reception is initiated in the othei
modes by the incoming stait bit if RFN
e
1.
Multiprocessor Communications
Modes 2 and 3 have a speciaI piovision foi muItipio-
cessoi communications. In these modes, 9 data bits aie
ieceived. The 9th one goes into RB8. Then comes a
stop bit. The poit can be piogiammed such that when
the stop bit is ieceived, the seiiaI poit inteiiupt wiII be
activated onIy if RB8
e
1. This featuie is enabIed by
setting bit SM2 in SCON. A way to use this featuie in
muItipiocessoi systems is as foIIows.
When the mastei piocessoi wants to tiansmit a bIock of
data to one of seveiaI sIaves, it fiist sends out an ad-
diess byte which identifies the taiget sIave. An addiess
byte diffeis fiom a data byte in that the 9th bit is 1 in an
addiess byte and 0 in a data byte. With SM2
e
1, no
sIave wiII be inteiiupted by a data byte. An addiess
byte, howevei, wiII inteiiupt aII sIaves, so that each
sIave can examine the ieceived byte and see if it is being
addiessed. The addiessed sIave wiII cIeai its SM2 bit
and piepaie to ieceive the data bytes that wiII be com-
ing. The sIaves that weient being addiessed Ieave theii
SM2s set and go on about theii business, ignoiing the
coming data bytes.
SM2 has no effect in Mode 0, and in Mode 1 can be
used to check the vaIidity of the stop bit. In a Mode 1
ieception, if SM2
e
1, the ieceive inteiiupt wiII not be
activated unIess a vaIid stop bit is ieceived.
Serial Port Control Register
The seiiaI poit contioI and status iegistei is the SpeciaI
Function Registei SCON, shown in Figuie 14. This
iegistei contains not onIy the mode seIection bits, but
aIso the 9th data bit foi tiansmit and ieceive (TB8 and
RB8), and the seiiaI poit inteiiupt bits (TI and RI).
12
27025213
Figure 13 Timer 2 in Auto-Reload Mode
(MSB) (LSB)
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
Where SM0 SM1 specify the serial port mode as follows
SM0 SM1 Mode Description Baud Rate
0 0 0 shift register f
osc
12
0 1 1 8-bit UART variable
1 0 2 9-bit UART f
osc
64
or
f
osc
32
1 1 3 9-bit UART variable
SM2 enables the multiprocessor
communication feature in Modes 2
and 3 In Mode 2 or 3 if SM2 is set to
1 then RI will not be activated if the
received 9th data bit (RB8) is 0 In
Mode 1 if SM2 e 1 then RI will not
be activated if a valid stop bit was not
received In Mode 0 SM2 should be
0
REN enables serial reception Set by
software to enable reception Clear
by software to disable reception
TB8 is the 9th data bit that will be
transmitted in Modes 2 and 3 Set or
clear by software as desired
RB8 in Modes 2 and 3 is the 9th data bit
that was received In Mode 1 if SM2
e 0 RB8 is the stop bit that was
received In Mode 0 RB8 is not used
TI is transmit interrupt flag Set by
hardware at the end of the 8th bit time
in Mode 0 or at the beginning of the
stop bit in the other modes in any
serial transmission Must be cleared
by software
RI is receive interrupt flag Set by
hardware at the end of the 8th bit time
in Mode 0 or halfway through the stop
bit time in the other modes in any
serial reception (except see SM2)
Must be cleared by software
Figure 14 SCON Serial Port Control Register
Baud Rates
The baud iate in Mode 0 is fixed:
Mode 0 Baud Rate
e
OsciIIatoi Fiequency
12
The baud iate in Mode 2 depends on the vaIue of bit
SMOD in SpeciaI Function Registei PCON. If SMOD
e
0 (which is the vaIue on ieset), the baud iate the
osciIIatoi fiequency. If SMOD
e
1, the baud iate is
the osciIIatoi fiequency.
Mode 2 Baud Rate
e
2
SMOD
64
c
(OsciIIatoi Fiequency)
In the 8051, the baud iates in Modes 1 and 3 aie detei-
mined by the Timei 1 oveifIow iate. In the 8052, these
baud iates can be deteimined by Timei 1, oi by Timei
2, oi by both (one foi tiansmit and the othei foi ie-
ceive).
13
Using Timer 1 to Generate Baud Rates
When Timei 1 is used as the baud iate geneiatoi, the
baud iates in Modes 1 and 3 aie deteimined by the
Timei 1 oveifIow iate and the vaIue of SMOD as foI-
Iows:
Modes 1, 3
Baud Rate
e
2
SMOD
32
c
(Timei 1 OveifIow Rate)
The Timei 1 inteiiupt shouId be disabIed in this appIi-
cation. The Timei itseIf can be configuied foi eithei
timei oi countei opeiation, and in any of its 3
iunning modes. In the most typicaI appIications, it is
configuied foi timei opeiation, in the auto-ieIoad
mode (high nibbIe of TMOD
e
0010B). In that case,
the baud iate is given by the foimuIa
Modes 1, 3
Baud Rate
e
2
SMOD
32
c
12x 256
b
(TH1)
One can achieve veiy Iow baud iates with Timei 1 by
Ieaving the Timei 1 inteiiupt enabIed, and configuiing
the Timei to iun as a 16-bit timei (high nibbIe of
TMOD
e
0001B), and using the Timei 1 inteiiupt to
do a 16-bit softwaie ieIoad.
Figuie 15 Iists vaiious commonIy used baud iates and
how they can be obtained fiom Timei 1.
Timer 1
Baud Rate f
OSC
SMOD
CT Mode
Reload
Value
Mode 0 Max 1 MHZ 12 MHZ X X X X
Mode 2 Max 375K 12 MHZ 1 X X X
Modes 1 3 625K 12 MHZ 1 0 2 FFH
192K 11059 MHZ 1 0 2 FDH
96K 11059 MHZ 0 0 2 FDH
48K 11059 MHZ 0 0 2 FAH
24K 11059 MHZ 0 0 2 F4H
12K 11059 MHZ 0 0 2 E8H
1375 11986 MHZ 0 0 2 1DH
110 6 MHZ 0 0 2 72H
110 12 MHZ 0 0 1 FEEBH
Figure 15 Timer 1 Generated Commonly Used Baud Rates
Using Timer 2 to Generate Baud Rates
In the 8052, Timei 2 is seIected as the baud iate geneia-
toi by setting TCLK and/oi RCLK in T2CON (Figuie
11). Note then the baud iates foi tiansmit and ieceive
can be simuItaneousIy diffeient. Setting RCLK and/oi
TCLK puts Timei 2 into its baud iate geneiatoi mode,
as shown in Figuie 16.
27025214
Figure 16 Timer 2 in Baud Rate Generator Mode
14
The baud iate geneiatoi mode is simiIai to the auto-ie-
Ioad mode, in that a ioIIovei in TH2 causes the Timei 2
iegisteis to be ieIoaded with the 16-bit vaIue in iegisteis
RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which aie pieset by softwaie.
Now, the baud iates in Modes 1 and 3 aie deteimined
by Timei 2s oveifIow iate as foIIows:
Modes 1, 3 Baud Rate
e
Timei 2 OveifIow Rate
16
The Timei can be configuied foi eithei timei oi
countei opeiation. In the most typicaI appIications, it
is configuied foi timei opeiation (C/T2
e
0). Tim-
ei opeiation is a IittIe diffeient foi Timei 2 when its
being used as a baud iate geneiatoi. NoimaIIy, as a
timei it wouId inciement eveiy machine cycIe (thus at
the osciIIatoi fiequency). As a baud iate geneiatoi,
howevei, it inciements eveiy state time (thus at the
osciIIatoi fiequency). In that case the baud iate is given
by the foimuIa
Modes 1, 3
Baud Rate
e
32x 65536
b
(RCAP2H, RCAP2L)
wheie (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of
RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit unsigned in-
tegei.
Timei 2 as a baud iate geneiatoi is shown in Figuie 16.
This Figuie is vaIid onIy if RCLK
a
TCLK
e
1 in
T2CON. Note that a ioIIovei in TH2 does not set TF2,
and wiII not geneiate an inteiiupt. Theiefoie, the Timei
2 inteiiupt does not have to be disabIed when Timei 2
is in the baud iate geneiatoi mode. Note too, that if
FXFN2 is set, a 1-to-0 tiansition in T2FX wiII set
FXF2 but wiII not cause a ieIoad fiom (RCAP2H,
RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus when Timei 2 is in use
as a baud iate geneiatoi, T2FX can be used as an extia
exteinaI inteiiupt, if desiied.
It shouId be noted that when Timei 2 is iunning (TR2
e
1) in timei function in the baud iate geneiatoi
mode, one shouId not tiy to iead oi wiite TH2 oi TL2.
Undei these conditions the Timei is being inciemented
eveiy state time, and the iesuIts of a iead oi wiite may
not be accuiate. The RCAP iegisteis may be iead, but
shouIdnt be wiitten to, because a wiite might oveiIap a
ieIoad and cause wiite and/oi ieIoad eiiois. Tuin the
Timei off (cIeai TR2) befoie accessing the Timei 2 oi
RCAP iegisteis, in this case.
More About Mode 0
SeiiaI data enteis and exits thiough RXD. TXD out-
puts the shift cIock. 8 bits aie tiansmitted/ieceived: 8
data bits (LSB fiist). The baud iate is fixed at the
osciIIatoi fiequency.
Figuie 17 shows a simpIified functionaI diagiam of the
seiiaI poit in Mode 0, and associated timing.
Tiansmission is initiated by any instiuction that uses
SBUF as a destination iegistei. The wiite to SBUF
signaI at S6P2 aIso Ioads a 1 into the 9th position of the
tiansmit shift iegistei and teIIs the TX ContioI bIock to
commence a tiansmission. The inteinaI timing is such
that one fuII machine cycIe wiII eIapse between wiite
to SBUF, and activation of SFND.
SFND enabIes the output of the shift iegistei to the
aIteinate output function Iine of P3.0, and aIso enabIes
SHIFT CLOCK to the aIteinate output function Iine of
P3.1. SHIFT CLOCK is Iow duiing S3, S4, and S5 of
eveiy machine cycIe, and high duiing S6, S1 and S2. At
S6P2 of eveiy machine cycIe in which SFND is active,
the contents of the tiansmit shift iegistei aie shifted to
the iight one position.
As data bits shift out to the iight, zeioes come in fiom
the Ieft. When the MSB of the data byte is at the output
position of the shift iegistei, then the 1 that was initiaI-
Iy Ioaded into the 9th position, is just to the Ieft of the
MSB, and aII positions to the Ieft of that contain zeioes.
This condition fIags the TX ContioI bIock to do one
Iast shift and then deactivate SFND and set TI. Both of
these actions occui at S1P1 of the 10th machine cycIe
aftei wiite to SBUF.
Reception is initiated by the condition RFN
e
1 and
R1
e
0. At S6P2 of the next machine cycIe, the RX
ContioI unit wiites the bits 11111110 to the ieceive
shift iegistei, and in the next cIock phase activates RF-
CFIVF.
RFCFIVF enabIes SHIFT CLOCK to the aIteinate
output function Iine of P3.1. SHIFT CLOCK makes
tiansitions at S3P1 and S6P1 of eveiy machine cycIe.
At S6P2 of eveiy machine cycIe in which RFCFIVF is
active, the contents of the ieceive shift iegistei aie shift-
ed to the Ieft one position. The vaIue that comes in
fiom the iight is the vaIue that was sampIed at the P3.0
pin at S5P2 of the same machine cycIe.
As data bits come in fiom the iight, 1s shift out to the
Ieft. When the 0 that was initiaIIy Ioaded into the iight-
most position aiiives at the Ieftmost position in the shift
iegistei, it fIags the RX ContioI bIock to do one Iast
shift and Ioad SBUF. At S1P1 of the 10th machine
cycIe aftei the wiite to SCON that cIeaied RI, RF-
CFIVF is cIeaied and RI is set.
More About Mode 1
Ten bits aie tiansmitted (thiough TXD), oi ieceived
(thiough RXD): a stait bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB fiist),
and a stop bit (1). On ieceive, the stop bit goes into
RB8 in SCON. In the 8051 the baud iate is deteimined
by the Timei 1 oveifIow iate. In the 8052 it is detei-
mined eithei by the Timei 1 oveifIow iate, oi the Timei
2 oveifIow iate, oi both (one foi tiansmit and the othei
foi ieceive).
Figuie 18 shows a simpIified functionaI diagiam of the
seiiaI poit in Mode 1, and associated timings foi tians-
mit ieceive.
15
27025215
Figure 17 Serial Port Mode 0
16
27025216
Figure 18 Serial Port Mode 1 TCLK RCLK and Timer 2 are Present in the 80528032 Only
signaI aIso Ioads a 1 into the 9th bit position of the
tiansmit shift iegistei and fIags the TX ContioI unit
that a tiansmission is iequested. Tiansmission actuaIIy
commences at S1P1 of the machine cycIe foIIowing the
next ioIIovei in the divide-by-16 countei. (Thus, the bit
times aie synchionized to the divide-by-16 countei, not
to the wiite to SBUF signaI).
The tiansmission begins with activation of SFND,
which puts the stait bit at TXD. One bit time Iatei,
DATA is activated, which enabIes the output bit of the
tiansmit shift iegistei to TXD. The fiist shift puIse oc-
cuis one bit time aftei that.
17
As data bits shift out to the iight, zeioes aie cIocked in
fiom the Ieft. When the MSB of the data byte is at the
output position of the shift iegistei, then the 1 that was
initiaIIy Ioaded into the 9th position is just to the Ieft of
the MSB, and aII positions to the Ieft of that contain
zeioes. This condition fIags the TX ContioI unit to do
one Iast shift and then deactivate SFND and set TI.
This occuis at the 10th divide-by-16 ioIIovei aftei
wiite to SBUF.
Reception is initiated by a detected 1-to-0 tiansition at
RXD. Foi this puipose RXD is sampIed at a iate of 16
times whatevei baud iate has been estabIished. When a
tiansition is detected, the divide-by-16 countei is imme-
diateIy ieset, and 1FFH is wiitten into the input shift
iegistei. Resetting the divide-by-16 countei aIigns its
ioIIoveis with the boundaiies of the incoming bit times.
The 16 states of the countei divide each bit time into
16ths. At the 7th, 8th, and 9th countei states of each bit
time, the bit detectoi sampIes the vaIue of RXD. The
vaIue accepted is the vaIue that was seen in at Ieast 2 of
the 3 sampIes. This is done foi noise iejection. If the
vaIue accepted duiing the fiist bit time is not 0, the
ieceive ciicuits aie ieset and the unit goes back to Iook-
ing foi anothei 1-to-0 tiansition. This is to piovide ie-
jection of faIse stait bits. If the stait bit pioves vaIid, it
is shifted into the input shift iegistei, and ieception of
the iest of the fiame wiII pioceed.
Ieft. When the stait bit aiiives at the Ieftmost position
in the shift iegistei, (which in mode 1 is a 9-bit iegis-
tei), it fIags the RX ContioI bIock to do one Iast shift,
Ioad SBUF and RB8, and set RI. The signaI to Ioad
SBUF and RB8, and to set RI, wiII be geneiated if, and
onIy if, the foIIowing conditions aie met at the time the
finaI shift puIse is geneiated.
1) RI e 0 and
2) Either SM2 e 0 or the received stop bit e 1
If eithei of these two conditions is not met, the ieceived
fiame is iiietiievabIy Iost. If both conditions aie met,
the stop bit goes into RB8, the 8 data bits go into
SBUF, and RI is activated. At this time, whethei the
above conditions aie met oi not, the unit goes back to
Iooking foi a 1-to-0 tiansition in RXD.
More About Modes 2 and 3
FIeven bits aie tiansmitted (thiough TXD), oi ieceived
(thiough RXD): a stait bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB fiist), a
piogiammabIe 9th data bit, and a stop bit (1). On tians-
mit, the 9th data bit (TB8) can be assigned the vaIue of
0 oi 1. On ieceive, the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in
SCON. The baud iate is piogiammabIe to eithei oi
the osciIIatoi fiequency in Mode 2. Mode 3 may
have a vaiiabIe baud iate geneiated fiom eithei Timei 1
oi 2 depending on the state of TCLK and RCLK.
Figuies 19 and 20 show a functionaI diagiam of the
seiiaI poit in Modes 2 and 3. The ieceive poition is
exactIy the same as in Mode 1. The tiansmit poition
diffeis fiom Mode 1 onIy in the 9th bit of the tiansmit
shift iegistei.
signaI aIso Ioads TB8 into the 9th bit position of the
tiansmit shift iegistei and fIags the TX ContioI unit
that a tiansmission is iequested. Tiansmission com-
mences at S1P1 of the machine cycIe foIIowing the next
ioIIovei in the divide-by-16 countei. (Thus, the bit
times aie synchionized to the divide-by-16 countei, not
to the wiite to SBUF signaI.)
The tiansmission begins with activation of SFND,
which puts the stait bit at TXD. One bit time Iatei,
DATA is activated, which enabIes the output bit of the
tiansmit shift iegistei to TXD. The fiist shift puIse oc-
cuis one bit time aftei that. The fiist shift cIocks a 1
(the stop bit) into the 9th bit position of the shift iegis-
tei. Theieaftei, onIy zeioes aie cIocked in. Thus, as
data bits shift out to the iight, zeioes aie cIocked in
fiom the Ieft. When TB8 is at the output position of the
shift iegistei, then the stop bit is just to the Ieft of TB8,
and aII positions to the Ieft of that contain zeioes. This
condition fIags the TX ContioI unit to do one Iast shift
and then deactivate SFND and set TI. This occuis at
the 11th divide-by-16 ioIIovei aftei wiite to SBUF.
Reception is initiated by a detected 1-to-0 tiansition at
RXD. Foi this puipose RXD is sampIed at a iate of 16
times whatevei baud iate has been estabIished. When a
tiansition is detected, the divide-by-16 countei is imme-
diateIy ieset, and 1FFH is wiitten to the input shift
iegistei.
At the 7th, 8th and 9th countei states of each bit time,
the bit detectoi sampIes the vaIue of RXD. The vaIue
accepted is the vaIue that was seen in at Ieast 2 of the 3
sampIes. If the vaIue accepted duiing the fiist bit time
is not 0, the ieceive ciicuits aie ieset and the unit goes
back to Iooking foi anothei 1-to-0 tiansition. If the
stait bit pioves vaIid, it is shifted into the input shift
iegistei, and ieception of the iest of the fiame wiII pio-
ceed.
18
27025217
Figure 19 Serial Port Mode 2
19
27025218
Figure 20 Serial Port Mode 3 TCLK RCLK and Timer 2 are Present in the 80528032 Only
20
Ieft. When the stait bit aiiives at the Ieftmost position
in the shift iegistei (which in Modes 2 and 3 is a 9-bit
iegistei), it fIags the RX ContioI bIock to do one Iast
shift, Ioad SBUF and RB8, and set RI. The signaI to
Ioad SBUF and RB8, and to set RI, wiII be geneiated if,
and onIy if, the foIIowing conditions aie met at the time
the finaI shift puIse is geneiated:
1) RI e 0 and
2) Either SM2 e 0 or the received 9th data bit e 1
If eithei of these conditions is not met, the ieceived
fiame is iiietiievabIy Iost, and RI is not set. If both
conditions aie met, the ieceived 9th data bit goes into
RB8, and the fiist 8 data bits go into SBUF. One bit
time Iatei, whethei the above conditions weie met oi
not, the unit goes back to Iooking foi a 1-to-0 tiansition
at the RXD input.
Note that the vaIue of the ieceived stop bit is iiieIevant
to SBUF, RB8, oi RI.
INTERRUPTS
The 8051 piovides 5 inteiiupt souices. The 8052 pio-
vides 6. These aie shown in Figuie 21.
The FxteinaI Inteiiupts INT0 and INT1 can each be
eithei IeveI-activated oi tiansition-activated, depending
on bits IT0 and IT1 in Registei TCON. The fIags that
actuaIIy geneiate these inteiiupts aie bits IF0 and IF1
in TCON. When an exteinaI inteiiupt is geneiated, the
fIag that geneiated it is cIeaied by the haidwaie when
the seivice ioutine is vectoied to onIy if the inteiiupt
27025219
Figure 21 MCS-51 Interrupt Sources
was tiansition-activated. If the inteiiupt was IeveI-acti-
vated, then the exteinaI iequesting souice is what con-
tioIs the iequest fIag, iathei than the on-chip haidwaie.
The Timei 0 and Timei 1 Inteiiupts aie geneiated by
TF0 and TF1, which aie set by a ioIIovei in theii ie-
spective Timei/Countei iegisteis (except see Timei 0 in
Mode 3). When a timei inteiiupt is geneiated, the fIag
that geneiated it is cIeaied by the on-chip haidwaie
when the seivice ioutine is vectoied to.
The SeiiaI Poit Inteiiupt is geneiated by the IogicaI OR
of RI and TI. Neithei of these fIags is cIeaied by haid-
waie when the seivice ioutine is vectoied to. In fact,
the seivice ioutine wiII noimaIIy have to deteimine
whethei it was RI oi TI that geneiated the inteiiupt,
and the bit wiII have to be cIeaied in softwaie.
In the 8052, the Timei 2 Inteiiupt is geneiated by the
IogicaI OR of TF2 and FXF2. Neithei of these fIags is
cIeaied by haidwaie when the seivice ioutine is vec-
toied to. In fact, the seivice ioutine may have to detei-
mine whethei it was TF2 oi FXF2 that geneiated the
inteiiupt, and the bit wiII have to be cIeaied in soft-
waie.
AII of the bits that geneiate inteiiupts can be set oi
cIeaied by softwaie, with the same iesuIt as though it
had been set oi cIeaied by haidwaie. That is, inteiiupts
can be geneiated oi pending inteiiupts can be canceIed
in softwaie.
(MSB) (LSB)
EA ET2 ES ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0
Enable Bit e 1 enables the interrupt
Enable Bit e 0 disables it
Symbol Position Function
EA IE7 disables all interrupts If EA e 0 no
interrupt will be acknowledged If EA
e 1 each interrupt source is
individually enabled or disabled by
setting or clearing its enable bit
IE6 reserved
ET2 IE5 Timer 2 interrupt enable bit
ES IE4 Serial Port interrupt enable bit
EX1 IE2 External interrupt 1 enable bit
EX0 IE0 External interrupt 0 enable bit
User software should never write 1s to unimplemented bits since
they may be used in future MCS-51 products
Figure 22 IE Interrupt Enable Register
21
Fach of these inteiiupt souices can be individuaIIy en-
abIed oi disabIed by setting oi cIeaiing a bit in SpeciaI
Function Registei IF (Figuie 22). IF contains aIso a
gIobaI disabIe bit, FA, which disabIes aII inteiiupts at
once.
Note in Figuie 22 that bit position IF.6 is unimpIe-
mented. In the 8051s, bit position IF.5 is aIso unimpIe-
mented. Usei softwaie shouId not wiite 1s to these bit
positions, since they may be used in futuie MCS-51
pioducts.
Priority Level Structure
Fach inteiiupt souice can aIso be individuaIIy pio-
giammed to one of two piioiity IeveIs by setting oi
cIeaiing a bit in SpeciaI Function Registei IP (Figuie
23). A Iow-piioiity inteiiupt can itseIf be inteiiupted
by a high-piioiity inteiiupt, but not by anothei Iow-pii-
oiity inteiiupt. A high-piioiity inteiiupt cant be intei-
iupted by any othei inteiiupt souice.
(MSB) (LSB)
PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0
Priority bit e 1 assigns high priority
Priority bit e 0 assigns low priority
Symbol Position Function
IP7 reserved
IP6 reserved
PT2 IP5 Timer 2 interrupt priority bit
PS IP4 Serial Port interrupt priority bit
PX1 IP2 External interrupt 1 priority bit
PX0 IP0 External interrupt 0 priority bit
Figure 23 IP Interrupt Priority Register
If two iequests of diffeient piioiity IeveIs aie ieceived
simuItaneousIy, the iequest of highei piioiity IeveI is
seiviced. If iequests of the same piioiity IeveI aie ie-
ceived simuItaneousIy, an inteinaI poIIing sequence de-
teimines which iequest is seiviced. Thus within each
piioiity IeveI theie is a second piioiity stiuctuie detei-
mined by the poIIing sequence, as foIIows:
Source Priority Within Level
1 IE0 (highest)
2 TF0
3 IE1
4 TF1
5 RI
a
TI
6 TF2
a
EXF2 (lowest)
Note that the piioiity within IeveI stiuctuie is onIy
used to iesoIve simultaneous requests of the same priori-
ty level
The IP iegistei contains a numbei of unimpIemented
bits. IP.7 and IP.6 aie vacant in the 8052s, and in the
8051s these and IP.5 aie vacant. Usei softwaie shouId
not wiite 1s to these bit positions, since they may be
used in futuie MCS-51 pioducts.
How Interrupts Are Handled
The inteiiupt fIags aie sampIed at S5P2 of eveiy ma-
chine cycIe. The sampIes aie poIIed duiing the foIIow-
ing machine cycIe. The 8052s Timei 2 inteiiupt cycIe
is diffeient, as desciibed in the Response Time Section.
If one of the fIags was in a set condition at S5P2 of the
pieceding cycIe, the poIIing cycIe wiII find it and the
inteiiupt system wiII geneiate an LCALL to the appio-
piiate seivice ioutine, piovided this haidwaie-geneiat-
ed LCALL is not bIocked by any of the foIIowing con-
ditions:
1. An inteiiupt of equaI oi highei piioiity IeveI is aI-
ieady in piogiess.
2. The cuiient (poIIing) cycIe is not the finaI cycIe in
the execution of the instiuction in piogiess.
3. The instiuction in piogiess is RFTI oi any wiite to
the IF oi IP iegisteis.
Any of these thiee conditions wiII bIock the geneiation
of the LCALL to the inteiiupt seivice ioutine. Condi-
tion 2 ensuies that the instiuction in piogiess wiII be
27025220
This is the fastest possible response when C2 is the final cycle of an instruction other than RETI or an access to IE or IP
Figure 24 Interrupt Response Timing Diagram
22
compIeted befoie vectoiing to any seivice ioutine. Con-
dition 3 ensuies that if the instiuction in piogiess is
RFTI oi any access to IF oi IP, then at Ieast one more
instiuction wiII be executed befoie any inteiiupt is vec-
toied to.
The poIIing cycIe is iepeated with each machine cycIe,
and the vaIues poIIed aie the vaIues that weie piesent at
S5P2 of the pievious machine cycIe. Note then that if
an inteiiupt fIag is active but not being iesponded to foi
one of the above conditions, and is not still active when
the bIocking condition is iemoved, the denied inteiiupt
wiII not be seiviced. In othei woids, the fact that the
inteiiupt fIag was once active but not seiviced is not
iemembeied. Fveiy poIIing cycIe is new.
The poIIing cycIe/LCALL sequence is iIIustiated in
Figuie 24.
Note that if an inteiiupt of highei piioiity IeveI goes
active piioi to S5P2 of the machine cycIe IabeIed C3 in
Figuie 24, then in accoidance with the above iuIes it
wiII be vectoied to duiing C5 and C6, without any in-
stiuction of the Iowei piioiity ioutine having been exe-
cuted.
Thus the piocessoi acknowIedges an inteiiupt iequest
by executing a haidwaie-geneiated LCALL to the ap-
piopiiate seivicing ioutine. In some cases it aIso cIeais
the fIag that geneiated the inteiiupt, and in othei cases
it doesnt. It nevei cIeais the SeiiaI Poit oi Timei 2
fIags. This has to be done in the useis softwaie. It
cIeais an exteinaI inteiiupt fIag (IF0 oi IF1) onIy if it
was tiansition-activated. The haidwaie-geneiated
LCALL pushes the contents of the Piogiam Countei
onto the stack (but it does not save the PSW) and ie-
Ioads the PC with an addiess that depends on the
souice of the inteiiupt being vectoied to, as shown be-
Iow.
Source
Vector
Address
IE0 0003H
TF0 000BH
IE1 0013H
TF1 001BH
RI
a
TI 0023H
TF2
a
EXF2 002BH
Fxecution pioceeds fiom that Iocation untiI the RFTI
instiuction is encounteied. The RFTI instiuction in-
foims the piocessoi that this inteiiupt ioutine is no
Iongei in piogiess, then pops the top two bytes fiom the
stack and ieIoads the Piogiam Countei. Fxecution of
the inteiiupted piogiam continues fiom wheie it Ieft
off.
Note that a simpIe RFT instiuction wouId aIso have
ietuined execution to the inteiiupted piogiam, but it
wouId have Ieft the inteiiupt contioI system thinking
an inteiiupt was stiII in piogiess.
External Interrupts
The exteinaI souices can be piogiammed to be IeveI-ac-
tivated oi tiansition-activated by setting oi cIeaiing bit
IT1 oi IT0 in Registei TCON. If ITx
e
0, exteinaI
inteiiupt x is tiiggeied by a detected Iow at the INTx
pin. If ITx
e
1, exteinaI inteiiupt x is edge-tiiggeied.
In this mode if successive sampIes of the INTx pin
show a high in one cycIe and a Iow in the next cycIe,
inteiiupt iequest fIag IFx in TCON is set. FIag bit IFx
then iequests the inteiiupt.
Since the exteinaI inteiiupt pins aie sampIed once each
machine cycIe, an input high oi Iow shouId hoId foi at
Ieast 12 osciIIatoi peiiods to ensuie sampIing. If the
exteinaI inteiiupt is tiansition-activated, the exteinaI
souice has to hoId the iequest pin high foi at Ieast one
machine cycIe, and then hoId it Iow foi at Ieast one
machine cycIe to ensuie that the tiansition is seen so
that inteiiupt iequest fIag IFx wiII be set. IFx wiII be
automaticaIIy cIeaied by the CPU when the seivice
ioutine is caIIed.
If the exteinaI inteiiupt is IeveI-activated, the exteinaI
souice has to hoId the iequest active untiI the iequested
inteiiupt is actuaIIy geneiated. Then it has to deacti-
vate the iequest befoie the inteiiupt seivice ioutine is
compIeted, oi eIse anothei inteiiupt wiII be geneiated.
Response Time
The INT0 and INT1 IeveIs aie inveited and Iatched
into the inteiiupt fIags IF0 and IF1 at S5P2 of eveiy
machine cycIe. SimiIaiIy, the Timei 2 fIag FXF2 and
the SeiiaI Poit fIags RI and TI aie set at S5P2. The
vaIues aie not actuaIIy poIIed by the ciicuitiy untiI the
next machine cycIe.
The Timei 0 and Timei 1 fIags, TF0 and TF1, aie set at
S5P2 of the cycIe in which the timeis oveifIow. The
vaIues aie then poIIed by the ciicuitiy in the next cycIe.
Howevei, the Timei 2 fIag TF2 is set at S2P2 and is
poIIed in the same cycIe in which the timei oveifIows.
If a iequest is active and conditions aie iight foi it to be
acknowIedged, a haidwaie subioutine caII to the ie-
quested seivice ioutine wiII be the next instiuction to be
executed. The caII itseIf takes two cycIes. Thus, a mini-
mum of thiee compIete machine cycIes eIapse between
activation of an exteinaI inteiiupt iequest and the be-
ginning of execution of the fiist instiuction of the seiv-
ice ioutine. Figuie 24 shows inteiiupt iesponse timings.
A Iongei iesponse time wouId iesuIt if the iequest is
bIocked by one of the 3 pieviousIy Iisted conditions. If
an inteiiupt of equaI oi highei piioiity IeveI is aIieady
in piogiess, the additionaI wait time obviousIy depends
on the natuie of the othei inteiiupts seivice ioutine. If
the instiuction in piogiess is not in its finaI cycIe, the
additionaI wait time cannot be moie than 3 cycIes, since
the Iongest instiuctions (MUL and DIV) aie onIy 4
23
cycIes Iong, and if the instiuction in piogiess is RFTI
oi an access to IF oi IP, the additionaI wait time can-
not be moie than 5 cycIes (a maximum of one moie
cycIe to compIete the instiuction in piogiess, pIus 4
cycIes to compIete the next instiuction if the instiuction
is MUL oi DIV).
Thus, in a singIe-inteiiupt system, the iesponse time is
aIways moie than 3 cycIes and Iess than 9 cycIes.
SINGLE-STEP OPERATION
The 8051 inteiiupt stiuctuie aIIows singIe-step execu-
tion with veiy IittIe softwaie oveihead. As pieviousIy
noted, an inteiiupt iequest wiII not be iesponded to
whiIe an inteiiupt of equaI piioiity IeveI is stiII in piog-
iess, noi wiII it be iesponded to aftei RFTI untiI at
Ieast one othei instiuction has been executed. Thus,
once an inteiiupt ioutine has been enteied, it cannot be
ie-enteied untiI at Ieast one instiuction of the inteiiupt-
ed piogiam is executed. One way to use this featuie foi
singIe-stop opeiation is to piogiam one of the exteinaI
inteiiupts (say, INT0) to be IeveI-activated. The seivice
ioutine foi the inteiiupt wiII teiminate with the foIIow-
ing code:
JNB P32$ Wait Here Till INT0 Goes High
JB P32$ Now Wait Here Till it Goes Low
RETI Go Back and Execute One Instruction
Now if the INT0 pin, which is aIso the P3.2 pin, is heId
noimaIIy Iow, the CPU wiII go iight into the FxteinaI
Inteiiupt 0 ioutine and stay theie untiI INT0 is puIsed
(fiom Iow to high to Iow). Then it wiII execute RFTI,
go back to the task piogiam, execute one instiuction,
and immediateIy ie-entei the FxteinaI Inteiiupt 0 iou-
tine to await the next puIsing of P3.2. One step of the
task piogiam is executed each time P3.2 is puIsed.
RESET
The ieset input is the RST pin, which is the input to a
Schmitt Tiiggei.
A ieset is accompIished by hoIding the RST pin high
foi at Ieast two machine cycIes (24 osciIIatoi peiiods),
while the oscillator is running The CPU iesponds by
geneiating an inteinaI ieset, with the timing shown in
Figuie 25.
The exteinaI ieset signaI is asynchionous to the inteinaI
cIock. The RST pin is sampIed duiing State 5 Phase 2
of eveiy machine cycIe. The poit pins wiII maintain
theii cuiient activities foi 19 osciIIatoi peiiods aftei a
Iogic 1 has been sampIed at the RST pin, that is, foi 19
to 31 osciIIatoi peiiods aftei the exteinaI ieset signaI
has been appIied to the RST pin.
WhiIe the RST pin is high, ALF and PSFN aie weakIy
puIIed high. Aftei RST is puIIed Iow, it wiII take 1 to 2
machine cycIes foi ALF and PSFN to stait cIocking.
Foi this ieason, othei devices can not be synchionized
to the inteinaI timings of the 8051.
Diiving the ALF and PSFN pins to 0 whiIe ieset is
active couId cause the device to go into an indeteimi-
nate state.
The inteinaI ieset aIgoiithm wiites 0s to aII the SFRs
except the poit Iatches, the Stack Pointei, and SBUF.
The poit Iatches aie initiaIized to FFH, the Stack
Pointei to 07H, and SBUF is indeteiminate. TabIe 3
Iists the SFRs and theii ieset vaIues.
The inteinaI RAM is not affected by ieset. On powei
up the RAM content is indeteiminate.
27025233
Figure 25 Reset Timing
24
Table 3 Reset Values of the SFRs
SFR Name Reset Value
PC 0000H
ACC 00H
B 00H
PSW 00H
SP 07H
DPTR 0000H
P0P3 FFH
IP (8051) XXX00000B
IP (8052) XX000000B
IE (8051) 0XX00000B
IE (8052) 0X000000B
TMOD 00H
TCON 00H
TH0 00H
TL0 00H
TH1 00H
TL1 00H
TH2 (8052) 00H
TL2 (8052) 00H
RCAP2H (8052) 00H
RCAP2L (8052) 00H
SCON 00H
SBUF Indeterminate
PCON (HMOS) 0XXXXXXXB
PCON (CHMOS) 0XXX0000B
27025221
Figure 26 Power on Reset Circuit
POWER-ON RESET
Foi HMOS devices when V
CC
is tuined on an automat-
ic ieset can be obtained by connecting the RST pin to
V
CC
thiough a 10 mF capacitoi and to V
SS
thiough an
8.2 KX iesistoi (Figuie 26). The CHMOS devices do
not iequiie this iesistoi aIthough its piesence does no
haim. In fact, foi CHMOS devices the exteinaI iesistoi
can be iemoved because they have an inteinaI puIIdown
on the RST pin. The capacitoi vaIue couId then be ie-
duced to 1 mF.
When powei is tuined on, the ciicuit hoIds the RST pin
high foi an amount of time that depends on the capaci-
toi vaIue and the iate at which it chaiges. To ensuie a
vaIid ieset the RST pin must be heId high Iong enough
to aIIow the osciIIatoi to stait up pIus two machine
cycIes.
On powei up, V
CC
shouId iise within appioximateIy
ten miIIiseconds. The osciIIatoi stait-up time wiII de-
pend on the osciIIatoi fiequency. Foi a 10 MHz ciystaI,
the stait-up time is typicaIIy 1 ms. Foi a 1 MHz ciystaI,
the stait-up time is typicaIIy 10 ms.
With the given ciicuit, ieducing V
CC
quickIy to 0 caus-
es the RST pin voItage to momentaiiIy faII beIow 0V.
Howevei, this voItage is inteinaIIy Iimited and wiII not
haim the device.
NOTE
The poit pins wiII be in a iandom state untiI
the osciIIatoi has staited and the inteinaI ieset
aIgoiithm has wiitten 1s to them.
Poweiing up the device without a vaIid ieset couId
cause the CPU to stait executing instiuctions fiom an
indeteiminate Iocation. This is because the SFRs, spe-
cificaIIy the Piogiam Countei, may not get piopeiIy
initiaIized.
POWER-SAVING MODES OF
OPERATION
Foi appIications wheie powei consumption is ciiticaI
the CHMOS veision piovides powei ieduced modes of
opeiation as a standaid featuie. The powei down mode
in HMOS devices is no Iongei a standaid featuie and is
being phased out.
CHMOS Power Reduction Modes
CHMOS veisions have two powei-ieducing modes,
IdIe and Powei Down. The input thiough which back-
up powei is suppIied duiing these opeiations is VCC.
Figuie 27 shows the inteinaI ciicuitiy which impIe-
ments these featuies. In the IdIe mode (IDL
e
1), the
osciIIatoi continues to iun and the Inteiiupt, SeiiaI
Poit, and Timei bIocks continue to be cIocked, but the
25
cIock signaI is gated off to the CPU. In Powei Down
(PD
e
1), the osciIIatoi is fiozen. The IdIe and Powei
Down modes aie activated by setting bits in SpeciaI
Function Registei PCON. The addiess of this iegistei
is 87H. Figuie 28 detaiIs its contents.
In the HMOS devices the PCON iegistei onIy contains
SMOD. The othei foui bits aie impIemented onIy in
the CHMOS devices. Usei softwaie shouId nevei wiite
1s to unimpIemented bits, since they may be used in
futuie MCS-51 pioducts.
IDLE MODE
An instiuction that sets PCON.0 causes that to be the
Iast instiuction executed befoie going into the IdIe
mode. In the IdIe mode, the inteinaI cIock signaI is
gated off to the CPU, but not to the Inteiiupt, Timei,
and SeiiaI Poit functions. The CPU status is pieseived
in its entiiety: the Stack Pointei, Piogiam Countei,
Piogiam Status Woid, AccumuIatoi, and aII othei ieg-
isteis maintain theii data duiing IdIe. The poit pins
hoId the IogicaI states they had at the time IdIe was
activated. ALF and PSFN hoId at Iogic high IeveIs.
Theie aie two ways to teiminate the IdIe. Activation of
any enabIed inteiiupt wiII cause PCON.0 to be cIeaied
by haidwaie, teiminating the IdIe mode. The inteiiupt
wiII be seiviced, and foIIowing RFTI the next instiuc-
tion to be executed wiII be the one foIIowing the in-
stiuction that put the device into IdIe.
27025222
Figure 27 Idle and Power Down Hardware
(MSB) (LSB)
SMOD - - - GF1 GF0 PD IDL
Symbol Position Name and Function
SMOD PCON7 Double Baud rate bit When set to a 1
and Timer 1 is used to generate baud
rate and the Serial Port is used in
modes 1 2 or 3
PCON6 (Reserved)
PCON5 (Reserved)
PCON4 (Reserved)
GF1 PCON3 General-purpose flag bit
GF0 PCON2 General-purpose flag bit
PD PCON1 Power Down bit Setting this bit
activates power down operation
IDL PCON0 Idle mode bit Setting this bit activates
idle mode operation
If 1s are written to PD and IDL at the same time PD takes
precedence The reset value of PCON is (0XXX0000)
In the HMOS devices the PCON register only contains SMOD
The other four bits are implemented only in the CHMOS devices
Figure 28 PCON Power Control Register
The fIag bits OF0 and OF1 can be used to give an
indication if an inteiiupt occuiied duiing noimaI opei-
ation oi duiing an IdIe. Foi exampIe, an instiuction
that activates IdIe can aIso set one oi both fIag bits.
When IdIe is teiminated by an inteiiupt, the inteiiupt
seivice ioutine can examine the fIag bits.
The othei way of teiminating the IdIe mode is with a
haidwaie ieset. Since the cIock osciIIatoi is stiII iun-
ning, the haidwaie ieset needs to be heId active foi onIy
two machine cycIes (24 osciIIatoi peiiods) to compIete
the ieset.
The signaI at the RST pin cIeais the IDL bit diiectIy
and asynchionousIy. At this time the CPU iesumes
piogiam execution fiom wheie it Ieft off, that is, at the
instiuction foIIowing the one that invoked the IdIe
Mode. As shown in Figuie 25, two oi thiee machine
cycIes of piogiam execution may take pIace befoie the
inteinaI ieset aIgoiithm takes contioI. On-chip haid-
waie inhibits access to the inteinaI RAM duiing this
time, but access to the poit pins is not inhibited. To
eIiminate the possibiIity of unexpected outputs at the
poit pins, the instiuction foIIowing the one that invokes
IdIe shouId not be one that wiites to a poit pin oi to
exteinaI Data RAM.
POWER DOWN MODE
An instiuction that sets PCON.1 causes that to be the
Iast instiuction executed befoie going into the Powei
Down mode. In the Powei Down mode, the on-chip
osciIIatoi is stopped. With the cIock fiozen, aII func-
26
Table 4 EPROM Versions of the 8051 and 8052
Device EPROM EPROM Ckt
VPP
Time Required to
Name Version Bytes Type Program Entire Array
8051AH 8751H8751BH 4K HMOS 210V1275V 4 minutes
80C51BH 87C51 4K CHMOS 1275V 13 seconds
8052AH 8752BH 8K HMOS 1275V 26 seconds
tions aie stopped, but the on-chip RAM and SpeciaI
Function Registeis aie heId. The poit pins output the
vaIues heId by theii iespective SFRs. ALF and PSFN
output Iows.
The onIy exit fiom Powei Down foi the 80C51 is a
haidwaie ieset. Reset iedefines aII the SFRs, but does
not change the on-chip RAM.
In the Powei Down mode of opeiation, VCC can be
ieduced to as Iow as 2V. Caie must be taken, howevei,
to ensuie that VCC is not ieduced befoie the Powei
Down mode is invoked, and that VCC is iestoied to its
noimaI opeiating IeveI, befoie the Powei Down mode is
teiminated. The ieset that teiminates Powei Down aIso
fiees the osciIIatoi. The ieset shouId not be activated
befoie VCC is iestoied to its noimaI opeiating IeveI,
and must be heId active Iong enough to aIIow the osciI-
Iatoi to iestait and stabiIize (noimaIIy Iess than 10
msec).
EPROM VERSIONS
The FPROM veisions of these devices aie Iisted in Ta-
bIe 4. The 8751H piogiams at VPP
e
21V using one
50 msec PROO puIse pei byte piogiammed. This ie-
suIts in a totaI piogiamming time (4K bytes) of appiox-
imateIy 4 minutes.
The 8751BH, 8752BH and 87C51 use the fastei
Quick-PuIse piogiamming aIgoiithm. These devices
piogiam at VPP
e
12.75V using a seiies of
twenty-five 100 ms PROO puIses pei byte piogiammed.
This iesuIts in a totaI piogiamming time of appioxi-
mateIy 26 seconds foi the 8752BH (8 Kbytes) and
13 seconds foi the 87C51 (4 Kbytes).
DetaiIed pioceduies foi piogiamming and veiifying
each device aie given in the data sheets.
Exposure to Light
It is good piactice to covei the FPROM window with
an opaque IabeI when the device is in opeiation. This is
not so much to piotect the FPROM aiiay fiom inad-
veitent eiasuie, but to piotect the RAM and othei on-
chip Iogic. AIIowing Iight to impinge on the siIicon die
whiIe the device is opeiating can cause IogicaI maIfunc-
tion.
Program Memory Locks
In some miciocontioIIei appIications it is desiiabIe that
the Piogiam Memoiy be secuie fiom softwaie piiacy.
InteI has iesponded to this need by impIementing a
Piogiam Memoiy Iocking scheme in some of the MCS-
51 devices. WhiIe it is impossibIe foi anyone to guaian-
tee absoIute secuiity against aII IeveIs of technoIogicaI
sophistication, the Piogiam Memoiy Iocks in the MCS-
51 devices wiII piesent a substantiaI baiiiei against iIIe-
gaI ieadout of piotected softwaie.
One Lock Bit Scheme on 8751H
The 8751H contains a Iock bit which, once pio-
giammed, denies eIectiicaI access by any exteinaI
means to the on-chip Piogiam Memoiy. The effect of
this Iock bit is that whiIe it is piogiammed the inteinaI
Piogiam Memoiy can not be iead out, the device can
not be fuithei piogiammed, and it can not execute ex-
ternal Program Memory. Fiasing the FPROM aiiay
deactivates the Iock bit and iestoies the devices fuII
functionaIity. It can then be ie-piogiammed.
The pioceduie foi piogiamming the Iock bit is detaiIed
in the 8751H data sheet.
Two Program Memory Lock Schemes
The 8751BH, 8752BH and 87C51 contain two Piogiam
Memoiy Iocking schemes: Fnciypted Veiify and Lock
Bits.
Encryption Array Within the FPROM is an aiiay of
enciyption bytes that aie initiaIIy unpiogiammed (aII
1s). The usei can piogiam the aiiay to enciypt the
code bytes duiing FPROM veiification. The veiifica-
tion pioceduie sequentiaIIy XNORs each code byte
with one of the key bytes. When the Iast key byte in the
aiiay is ieached, the veiify ioutine staits ovei with the
fiist byte of the aiiay foi the next code byte. If the key
bytes aie unpiogiammed, the XNOR piocess Ieaves the
code byte unchanged. With the key bytes piogiammed,
the code bytes aie enciypted and can be iead coiiectIy
onIy if the key bytes aie known in theii piopei oidei.
TabIe 6 Iists the numbei of enciyption bytes avaiIabIe
on the vaiious pioducts.
When using the enciyption aiiay, one impoitant factoi
shouId be consideied. If a code byte has the vaIue
27
0FFH, veiifying the byte wiII pioduce the enciyption
byte vaIue. If a Iaige bIock of code is Ieft unpio-
giammed, a veiification ioutine wiII dispIay the enciyp-
tion aiiay contents. Foi this ieason aII unused code
bytes shouId be piogiammed with some vaIue othei
than 0FFH, and not aII of them the same vaIue. This
wiII ensuie maximum piogiam piotection.
Program Lock Bits AIso incIuded in the Piogiam
Lock scheme aie Lock Bits which can be enabIed to
piovide vaiying degiees of piotection. TabIe 5 Iists the
Lock Bits and theii coiiesponding effect on the micio-
contioIIei. Refei to TabIe 6 foi the Lock Bits avaiIabIe
on the vaiious pioducts.
Fiasing the FPROM aIso eiases the Fnciyption Aiiay
and the Lock Bits, ietuining the pait to fuII functionaIi-
ty.
Table 5 Program Lock Bits and their Features
Program Lock Bits
Protection Type
LB1 LB2 LB3
1 U U U No program lock features
enabled (Code verify will
still be encrypted by the
encryption array if
programmed)
2 P U U MOVC instructions
executed from external
program memory are
disabled from fetching
code bytes from internal
memory EA is sampled
and latched on reset and
further programming of
the EPROM is disabled
3 P P U Same as 2 also verify is
disabled
4 P P P Same as 3 also external
execution is disabled
P-Programmed
U-Unprogrammed
Any othei combination of the Lock Bits is not defined.
Table 6 Program Protection
Device Lock Bits Encrypt Array
8751BH LB1 LB2 32 Bytes
8752BH LB1 LB2 32 Bytes
87C51 LB1 LB2 LB3 64 Bytes
When Lock Bit 1 is piogiammed, the Iogic IeveI at the
FA pin is sampIed and Iatched duiing ieset. If the de-
vice is poweied up without a ieset, the Iatch initiaIizes
to a iandom vaIue, and hoIds that vaIue untiI ieset is
activated. It is necessaiy that the Iatched vaIue of FA
be in agieement with the cuiient Iogic IeveI at that pin
in oidei foi the device to function piopeiIy.
ROM PROTECTION
The 8051AHP and 80C51BHP aie ROM Piotected
veisions of the 8051AH and 80C51BH, iespectiveIy. To
incoipoiate this Piotection Featuie, piogiam veiifica-
tion has been disabIed and exteinaI memoiy accesses
have been Iimited to 4K. Refei to the data sheets on
these paits foi moie infoimation.
ONCE Mode
The ONCF (on-ciicuit emuIation) mode faciIitates
testing and debugging of systems using the device with-
out the device having to be iemoved fiom the ciicuit.
The ONCF mode is invoked by:
1. PuII ALF Iow whiIe the device is in ieset and PSFN
is high,
2. HoId ALF Iow as RST is deactivated.
WhiIe the device is in ONCF mode, the Poit 0 pins go
into a fIoat state, and the othei poit pins and ALF and
PSFN aie weakIy puIIed high. The osciIIatoi ciicuit
iemains active. WhiIe the device is in this mode, an
emuIatoi oi test CPU can be used to diive the ciicuit.
NoimaI opeiation is iestoied aftei a noimaI ieset is
appIied.
THE ON-CHIP OSCILLATORS
HMOS Versions
The on-chip osciIIatoi ciicuitiy foi the HMOS
(HMOS-I and HMOS-II) membeis of the MCS-51 fam-
iIy is a singIe stage Iineai inveitei (Figuie 29), intended
foi use as a ciystaI-contioIIed, positive ieactance osciI-
Iatoi (Figuie 30). In this appIication the ciystaI is opei-
ated in its fundamentaI iesponse mode as an inductive
ieactance in paiaIIeI iesonance with capacitance extei-
naI to the ciystaI.
28
27025223
Figure 29 On-Chip Oscillator Circuitry in the HMOS Versions of the MCS-51 Family
27025224
Figure 30 Using the HMOS On-Chip Oscillator
The ciystaI specifications and capacitance vaIues (C1
and C2 in Figuie 30) aie not ciiticaI. 30 pF can be used
in these positions at any fiequency with good quaIity
ciystaIs. A ceiamic iesonatoi can be used in pIace of
the ciystaI in cost-sensitive appIications. When a ce-
iamic iesonatoi is used, C1 and C2 aie noimaIIy seIect-
ed to be of somewhat highei vaIues, typicaIIy, 47 pF.
The manufactuiei of the ceiamic iesonatoi shouId be
consuIted foi iecommendations on the vaIues of these
capacitois.
In geneiaI, ciystaIs used with these devices typicaIIy
have the foIIowing specifications:
FSR (FquivaIent Seiies Resistance) see Figuie 31
C
O
(Shunt Capacitance) 7.0 pF max.
C
L
(Load Capacitance) 30 pF g3 pF
Diive LeveI 1 mW
27025234
Figure 31 ESR vs Frequency
29
Fiequency, toIeiance and tempeiatuie iange aie detei-
mined by the system iequiiements.
A moie in-depth discussion of ciystaI specifications, ce-
iamic iesonatois, and the seIection of vaIues foi C1 and
C2 can be found in AppIication Note AP-155, OsciIIa-
tois foi MiciocontioIIeis, which is incIuded in the
Embedded Applications Handbook.
To diive the HMOS paits with an exteinaI cIock
souice, appIy the exteinaI cIock signaI to XTAL2, and
giound XTAL1, as shown in Figuie 32. A puIIup iesis-
toi may be used (to inciease noise maigin), but is op-
tionaI if VOH of the diiving gate exceeds the VIH MIN
specification of XTAL2.
27025225
Figure 32 Driving the HMOS MCS-51
Parts with an External Clock Source
CHMOS Versions
The on-chip osciIIatoi ciicuitiy foi the 80C51BH,
shown in Figuie 33, consists of a singIe stage Iineai
inveitei intended foi use as a ciystaI-contioIIed, posi-
tive ieactance osciIIatoi in the same mannei as the
HMOS paits. Howevei, theie aie some impoitant dif-
feiences.
One diffeience is that the 80C51BH is abIe to tuin off
its osciIIatoi undei softwaie contioI (by wiiting a 1 to
the PD bit in PCON). Anothei diffeience is that in the
80C51BH the inteinaI cIocking ciicuitiy is diiven by
the signaI at XTAL1, wheieas in the HMOS veisions it
is by the signaI at XTAL2.
The feedback iesistoi R
f
in Figuie 33 consists of paiaI-
IeIed n- and p- channeI FFTs contioIIed by the PD bit,
such that R
f
is opened when PD
e
1. The diodes D1
and D2, which act as cIamps to VCC and VSS, aie
paiasitic to the R
f
FFTs.
The osciIIatoi can be used with the same exteinaI com-
ponents as the HMOS veisions, as shown in Figuie 34.
TypicaIIy, C1
e
C2
e
30 pF when the feedback eIe-
ment is a quaitz ciystaI, and C1
e
C2
e
47 pF when a
ceiamic iesonatoi is used.
To diive the CHMOS paits with an exteinaI cIock
souice, appIy the exteinaI cIock signaI to XTAL1, and
Ieave XTAL2 fIoat, as shown in Figuie 35.
27025226
Figure 33 On-Chip Oscillator Circuitry in the CHMOS Versions of the MCS-51 Family
30
27025227
Figure 34 Using the CHMOS On-Chip Oscillator
27025228
Figure 35 Driving the CHMOS MCS-51
Parts with an External Clock Source
The ieason foi this change fiom the way the HMOS
pait is diiven can be seen by compaiing Figuies 29 and
33. In the HMOS devices the inteinaI timing ciicuits
aie diiven by the signaI at XTAL2. In the CHMOS
devices the inteinaI timing ciicuits aie diiven by the
signaI at XTAL1.
INTERNAL TIMING
Figuies 36 thiough 39 show when the vaiious stiobe
and poit signaIs aie cIocked inteinaIIy. The figuies do
not show iise and faII times of the signaIs, noi do they
show piopagation deIays between the XTAL signaI and
events at othei pins.
Rise and faII times aie dependent on the exteinaI Ioad-
ing that each pin must diive. They aie often taken to be
something in the neighboihood of 10 nsec, measuied
between 0.8V and 2.0V.
Piopagation deIays aie diffeient foi diffeient pins. Foi
a given pin they vaiy with pin Ioading, tempeiatuie,
VCC, and manufactuiing Iot. If the XTAL wavefoim is
taken as the timing iefeience, piop deIays may vaiy
fiom 25 to 125 nsec.
The AC Timings section of the data sheets do not iefei-
ence any timing to the XTAL wavefoim. Rathei, they
ieIate the ciiticaI edges of contioI and input signaIs to
each othei. The timings pubIished in the data sheets
incIude the effects of piopagation deIays undei the
specified test conditions.
31
27025229
Figure 36 External Program Memory Fetches
27025230
Figure 37 External Data Memory Read Cycle
32
27025231
Figure 38 External Data Memory Write Cycle
27025232
Figure 39 Port Operation
33
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
The foIIowing appIication notes and aiticIes aie found in the Embedded Applications handbook.
(Oidei Numbei: 270648)
1. AP-125 Designing MiciocontioIIei Systems foi FIectiicaIIy Noisy Fnviionments.
2. AP-155 OsciIIatois foi MiciocontioIIeis.
3. AP-252 Designing with the 80C51BH.
4. AR-517 Using the 8051 MiciocontioIIei with Resonant Tiansduceis.
34

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8051 8052 and 80C51

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