PIGGING Aame B 31.8 Gas Transportation 841.43 Functional Testing of E uipment an! "#stems.

As a part of commissioning, all pipeline and compressor station monitor and control equipment and systems shall be fully function-tested, especially including safety systems such as pig trap interlocks, pressure and flowmonitoring systems, and emergency pipeline shut-down systems. Consideration should also be given to performing a final test of pipeline valves before the gas is introduced to ensure that each valve is operating correctly.

8$3 INTE%NA& '(%%("I(N '(NT%(&

8$3.) Ne* Installations
When designing a new or replacement pipeline system, or additions or modifications to existing systems, measures shall be considered to prevent and or inhibit internal corrosion. !o preserve the integrity and efficiency of a pipeline in which it is known or anticipated that corrosive gas will be transported, the following factors should be included in the design and construction, either separately or in combination. (a) When internal coating is to be used to protect a piping system (1) !he coating shall meet the quality specifications, and the minimum dry film thickness shall be established to protect the facility from the corrosive media involved, based on the type of coating and methods of application. (2) Applied coatings shall be inspected in accordance with established specifications or accepted practice. (3) "rovision shall be made to prevent #oint corrosion, such as cleaning and recoating or the continuing use of a suitable inhibitor when coated pipe or other components are #oined by welding or other methods that leave the parent metal exposed. (4) !he types of coating and pitting tools used should be evaluated and chosen to prevent damage to the internal coating if pigs or spheres are to be used. (b) When a corrosion inhibitor is to be used as an additive to the gas streams (1) !he equipment for the holding, transfer, and in#ection of the inhibitor into the stream shall be included in the design. (2) !he operation of the in#ection program should be a part of the planning. (3) $ufficient test coupon holders or other monitoring equipment shall be provided to allow for continued program evaluations. (4) !he corrosion inhibitor selected shall be of a type that will not cause deterioration of any components of the piping system. (c) When a pipeline pigging system is planned (1) $craper traps for the insertion and removal of pigs and or spheres shall be provided. (2) $ections of pipeline to be traversed by pigs or spheres shall be designed to prevent damage to pigs, spheres, pipes, or fittings during operations. (3) "iping for pigs or spheres shall be designed to guide the tool and the materials they propel effectively and safely. (4) "rovisions shall be made for effective accumulation and handling of liquid and solid materials removed from the pipeline by pigs or spheres. (d) When corrosion coupons, corrosion probes, and or test spools are to be used (1) Corrosion coupons, probes, or test spools shall be installed where practical at locations where the greatest potential for internal corrosion exists. (2) Corrosion coupons, probes, and test spools must be designed to permit passage of pigs or spheres when installed in sections traversed thereby.

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(e) When gas is to be treated to reduce its corrosivity (1) $eparators and or dehydration equipment may be installed. (2) %quipment for the removal of other deleterious material from the gas should be considered. (f) !he material of the pipe and other equipment exposed to the gas stream must resist internal corrosion& therefore, (1) 'aterials selected for pipe and fittings shall be compatible with the components of the gas, the liquids carried by the gas, and with each other. A source of information on materials performance in corrosive environments is The Corrosion Data Survey, published by (AC%. (2) Where plastic, nonferrous, or alloy steel pipe and components are used to prevent or control internal corrosion, such materials shall have been determined to be effective under the conditions encountered. )$ee paras. *+,.-../b0 and *+1.-../b0 for limitations on copper.2 (3) %rosion3corrosion effects from high-velocity particles at probable points of turbulence and impingement should be minimi4ed by use of erosion-resistant materials, added wall thickness, design or flow configuration, and si4e or dimensions of the pipe and fittings.

8$3.3 E+isting Installations

A pipeline internal corrosion control program shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following5 (a) !he establishment and evaluation of a program for the detection, prevention, or mitigation of detrimental internal corrosion should include the following5 (1) "ipeline leak and repair records should be reviewed for indication of the effects of internal corrosion. (2) When any part of a pipeline is removed and the internal surface is accessible for inspection, it should be visually examined and evaluated for internal corrosion. (3) 6f evidence of internal corrosion is discovered, the gas shall be analy4ed to determine the types and concentrations of any corrosive agents. (4) 7iquids or solids removed from the pipeline by pigging, draining, or cleanup should be analy4ed as necessary to determine the presence of corrosive materials and evidence of corrosion products. (b) Where it is determined that internal corrosion taking place could affect public or employee safety, one or more of the following protective or corrective measures shall be used to control detrimental internal corrosion5 (1) An effective corrosion inhibitor shall be applied in a manner and quantity to protect all affected portions of the piping systems. (2) Corrosive agents shall be removed by recogni4ed methods, such as acid gas or dehydration treating plants. (3) 8ittings shall be added for removal of water from low spots, or piping shall be positioned to reduce sump capacities. (4) 9nder some circumstances, application of a suitable internal coating may be effective. (c) 6nternal corrosion control measures shall be evaluated by an inspection and monitoring program, including, but not limited to, the following5 (1) !he inhibitor and the inhibitor in#ection system should be periodically checked. (2) Corrosion coupons and test spools shall be removed and evaluated at periodic intervals. (3) Corrosion probes should be checked manually at intervals, or continuously or intermittently monitored and or recorded to evaluate control of pipeline internal corrosion. (4) A record of the internal condition of the pipe, of leaks and repairs from corrosion, and of gas, liquids, or solids quantities and corrosivity should be kept and used as a basis for changes in the pigging schedule, inhibitor program, or gas treatment facility. (5) When pipe is uncovered, or on exposed piping where internal corrosion may be anticipated, pipe wall thickness measurement or monitoring will help evaluate internal corrosion.

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(6) Where inspections, observation, or record analysis indicates internal corrosion is taking place to an extent that may be detrimental to public or employee safety, that portion of the system shall be repaired or reconditioned, and appropriate steps shall be taken to mitigate the internal corrosion.

A84,., Testing for Buc-les

!esting for buckles, dents, and other diameter restrictions shall be performed after installation. !esting shall be accomplished by passing a deformation detection device through the pipeline section, or by other methods capable of detecting a change in pipe diameter. "ipe having excessive deformation which affects the serviceability of the pipeline facilities shall be repaired or replaced. Consideration should also be given to repairing excessive ovality which may interfere with pigging operation or internal inspection. Interpretation. 14/$ $ub#ect5 A$'% :;..*-.111 %dition, "aras. A*;+ and A*+,.,< =ate 6ssued5 >une ,1, ,??+ 8ile5 ?;-.<1, @uestion /.05 A portion of the topsides between the riser hangar flange and the launcher receiver is specified as per :;..* in lieu of :;..; in order to maintain the constant inside diameter of the pipe for pigging. =oes the pipe support attachment require a full encircling member in accordance with para. A*;+ since the portion of piping referenced above is not construed as a riser or a pipelineA Beply5 /.0 Ces. We agree that the portion of piping you are considering is not a riser or a pipeline, but it is platform piping. $ince para. A*;+ also covers platform piping, it does indeed require a full encircling member in order to be in accordance with A$'% :;..*.

PIG TRAPS/LAUNCHERS/RECEIVERS
Pig traps are used for inserting pigs into a pipeline then launching, receiving, and finally removing them without flow interruption. Pig traps are not generally proprietary products and are usually made to a specification drawn up by the user. However, pig trap closures are proprietary products and form a critically important part of a pigging system. Safety is a major consideration in the selection of a closure. All closures must have a built-in safety lock which prevents them being opened while the trap is pressurised.

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Hydraulically activated pipeline pigging

Hydraulically activated pipeline pigging !HAPP" is a pigging technology applied for pipeline cleaning. #he basic principle is that a pressure drop is created over a by-passable pig held back against a pipeline$s fluid flow. #he pipeline fluid passing through the pigs cleaning head is accelerated by this pressure drop forming strong cleaning jets. #hese jets are directed onto the inner wall in front of the pig removing all kinds of deposits. %enerally this technology transforms kinetic energy of the pipeline fluid into a locally available differential pressure which in this case is used to create cleaning jets but can also be used otherwise.

Contents Introduction to Pipeline Pigging

Pipeline pigs are devices that are inserted into and travel throughout the length of a pipeline driven by the product flow. #hey were originally developed to remove deposits which could obstruct or retard flow through a pipeline !&ig. '". #oday pigs are used during all phases in the life of a pipeline for many different reasons.

Fig. 1 Cleaning pig in a pipeline

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Fig. 2 Classification of pipeline pigs

Pigs used today can be divided into three categories !&ig. (")
Utility Pigs, are used to perform functions such as cleaning, separating, or dewatering. In Line Inspection (ILI) Tools , provide information on the condition of the line, as well as the extent and location of any problems. Gel Pigs, are used in conjunction with conventional pigs to optimi e pipeline dewatering, cleaning, and drying tas!s.

%enerally for cleaning pigs, the cleaning force applied is the mechanical force between the pipe inner wall and the cleaning pig itself. #his force is determined by the pig travel speed as well as by the hardness and shape of the cleaning edge) #he faster the pig, the higher the cleaning impact on the deposits but at the same time only the surface of debris is scratched away. #herefore several, sometimes *uite many, pig runs are re*uired to clean a pipeline. Hydraulic activated pigs apply high pressure li*uid jets either supplied by high pressure hoses !depended" or made available by the kinetic energy locally available. +epended hydraulic activated pigs are limited in reach due to the hose which needs to be inserted into the pipeline and guides the cleaning head.

HAPP principle

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Fig. " Components of a hydraulically activated power pig

A hydraulic activated pig consists of three units !&ig. ,") a brake unit, a seal unit and the cleaning head. All units have openings that allow the entire fluid flow through the pipeline to bypass. #he brake unit ensures that a hydraulically activated pig is held back against the fluid flow in the pipeline. #he fluid pushes against the following seal unit, which channels it into the openings of the cleaning head. Seal unit and cleaning head pose a flow restriction resulting in a pressure difference across the pig. #hus the fluid is accelerated in the cleaning head-s no..les creating e/tremely powerful li*uid jets. #hese jets are directed onto the pipe inner wall and remove any kind of deposits. #he brake unit ensures that the travel speed of the pig is many times slower than the fluid velocity thus allowing it to entirely remove deposits from the pipe wall before it travels across the cleaned surface. #he deposits removed are immediately flushed downstream the pipeline with the main jet of the cleaning head which is directed in the middle of the pipeline. 0ith all deposits removed from the pipe wall and transported downstream by the fluid flow there remains no risk of the pig getting stuck in debris accumulated in front of it.

References
Pigging #echnlogy $eview, page "%, World Pipelines &olume ', (umber 1 ) *anuary 2++' ,#-.#/0, 1j2rn ) *et Power, World Pipelines &olume 3, (umber % ) *une 2++3 ,#-.#/0, 1j2rn ) 4 new pipeline cleaning technology5 the hydraulically)activated power pig, Global Pipeline Monthly &olume ", issue 611 ) 7ecember 2++8 ,#-.#/0, 1j2rn ) 4 new pipeline cleaning technology5 9ydraulically activated power pigging :94PP#;<, presented at the Pigging Products = ,ervices 4ssociation :PP,4< ,eminar in 4berdeen, ,cotland ) (ovember 2++8 Page 6 of 13

Pipeline Inspection and Safety >n order to ensure the efficient and safe operation of the extensive networ! of natural gas pipelines, pipeline companies routinely inspect their pipelines for corrosion and defects. #his is done through the use of sophisticated pieces of e?uipment !nown as pigs. Pigs are intelligent robotic devices that are propelled down pipelines to evaluate the interior of the pipe. Pigs can test pipe thic!ness, and roundness, chec! for signs of corrosion, detect minute lea!s, and any other defect along the interior of the pipeline that may either impede the flow of gas, or pose a potential safety ris! for the operation of the pipeline. ,ending a pig down a pipeline is fittingly !nown as @pigging@ the pipeline. Pig ( Pipeline Inspection Tool
,ource5 7u!e 0nergy Cas #ransmission Canada

>n addition to inspection with pigs, there are a number of safety precautions and procedures in place to minimi e the ris! of accidents. >n fact, the transportation of natural gas is one of the safest ways of transporting energy, mostly due to the fact that the infrastructure is fixed, and buried underground. 4ccording to the +epartment of #ransportation :7-#<, pipelines are the safest method of transporting petroleum and natural gas. Ahile there are in excess of 1++ deaths per year associated with electric transmission lines, according to the 7-#@s -ffice of Pipeline ,afety in 2++1, there were 2 deaths associated with transmission pipelines, and B deaths associated with distribution systems. #o learn more about pipeline safety, visit the +1#-s 1ffice of Pipeline Safety.

Pigging
8rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
*ump to5 navigation, search #his article may e!"i e clean"p to meet #i$ipedia%s !"ality standa ds& Please improve this article if you can. (January 2008) This article is about the industrial process of pigging, for the sport see pigging (sport)

Pigging in the maintenance of pipelines refers to the practice of using pipeline inspection gauges or -pigs- to perform various operations on a pipeline without stopping the flow of the product in the pipeline. #hese operations include but are not limited to cleaning and inspection of the pipeline. #his is accomplished by inserting the pig into a -pig launcher- - a funnel shaped 2 section in the pipeline. #he launcher is then closed and the pressure of the product in the pipeline is used to push it along down the pipe until it reaches the receiving trap - the -pig catcher-.

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3f the pipeline contains butterfly valves, the pipeline cannot be pigged. 4all valves cause no problems because the inside diameter of the ball can be specified to be the same as that of the pipe. Pigging has been used for many years to clean larger diameter pipelines in the oil industry. #oday, however, the use of smaller diameter pigging systems is now increasing in many continuous and batch process plants as plant operators search for increased efficiencies.5'6 Pigging can be used for almost any section of the transfer process between, for e/ample, blending, storage or filling systems. Pigging systems are already installed in industries handling products as diverse as lubricating oils, paints, chemicals, toiletries, and foodstuffs. Pigs are used in lube oil or painting blending) they are used to clean the pipes to avoid crosscontamination, and to empty the pipes into the product tanks !or sometimes to send a component back to its tank". 7sually pigging is done at the beginning and at the end of each batch, but sometimes it is done in the midst of a batch, e.g. when producing a premi/ that will be used as an intermediate component. Pigs are also used in oil and gas pipelines) they are used to clean the pipes but also there are 8smart pigs8 used to measure things like pipe thickness along the pipeline. #hey usually do not interrupt production, though some product can be lost when the pig is e/tracted. #hey can also be used to separate different products in a multiproduct pipeline.

Ety ology
Pigs get their name from the s*uealing sound they make while traveling through a pipeline. 5citation needed6 !+isputed) -P3%- is an acronym derived from the initial letters of the term -Pipeline 3nspection %auge-"

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Pigging in production en!iron ents

Product and time saving

A major advantage of piggable systems is the potential resulting product savings. At the end of each product transfer, it is possible to clear out the entire line contents with the pig, either forwards towards the receipt point, or backwards to the source tank. #here is no re*uirement for e/tensive line flushing. 0ithout the need for line flushing, pigging offers the additional advantage of a much more rapid and reliable product changeover. Product sampling at the receipt point becomes faster because the interface between products is very clear, and the old method of checking at intervals, until the product is on-specification, is considerably shortened. Pigging Systems can also be operated totally by a Programmable 9ogic ontroller !P9 ".
Environmental issues

Pigging has a significant role to play in reducing the environmental impact of batch operations. #raditionally, the only way that an operator of a batch process could ensure a product was completely cleared from a line was to flush the line with a cleaning agent such as water or a solvent or even the ne/t product. #his cleaning agent then had to be subjected to effluent treatment or solvent recovery. 3f product was used to clear the line, the contaminated finished product was downgraded or dumped. All of these problems can now be eliminated due to the very precise interface produced by modern pigging systems.
Safety considerations

Pigging systems are designed so that the pig is loaded into the launcher, which is pressured up to launch the pig into the pipeline through a kicker line. #he pig is removed from the pipeline via the receiver at the end of each run. All systems must allow for the receipt of pigs at the launcher, as blockages in the pipeline may re*uire the pigs to be pushed back to the launcher. Some systems are designed to pig the pipeline in either direction. :ost pigging systems are like this as the pigs must be removed, as many pigs are rented, pigs wear and must be replaced, and cleaning pigs push contaminants from the pipeline such as wa/, foreign objects, hydrates, etc, which must be removed from the pipeline. #here are inherent risks in opening the barrel to atmosphere and
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care must be taken to ensure that the barrel is depressured prior to opening. 3f the barrel is not completely depressured, the pig can be ejected from the barrel and operators have been severely injured when standing in front of an open pig door. 0hen the product is sour, the barrel should be evacuated to a flare system where the sour gas is burnt. 1perators should be wearing a selfcontained breathing apparatus when working on sour systems. A few pigging systems utili.e a 8captive pig8, and the pipeline is only opened up very occasionally to check the condition of the Pig5(6. At all other times, the pig is shuttled up and down the pipeline at the end of each transfer, and the pipeline itself is never opened up during process operation. #hese systems are not common.
Intelligent pigging

>nserting a pig into a natural gas pipeline

:odern intelligent pigs are highly sophisticated instruments that vary in technology and comple/ity by the intended use and by manufacturer. An intelligent pig, or smart pig, is basically a computer that collects various forms of data during the trip through the pipeline. #he computer part, consisting mostly of electronics, must be sealed to prevent leakage of the pipeline product into the electronics. Sealing is a very important aspect as the products in the pipeline can range from highly basic to highly acidic and can be of e/tremely high temperature. :any pigs use specific materials according to the product in the pipeline. Power for the electronics is provided by onboard batteries which also must be sealed from the product environment. ;ecording of data may be by various means ranging from analog tape in a reel-to-reel format, digital tape or solid state memory in more modern digital units.

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#he technology used to accomplish the service vary by the service re*uired and the design of the pig, each pigging service provider may have uni*ue and proprietary technologies to accomplish the service. Surface pitting and corrosion, as well as cracks and weld defects in steel<ferrous pipelines are often detected using :agnetic &lu/ 9eakage !:&9" pigs. 1ther 8smart8 pigs use ultrasonics to detect pipe defects. aliper pigs can measure the 8roundness8 of the pipeline to determine areas of crushing or other deformations. Some smart pigs can combine technologies such as :&9 and aliper into a single tool. +uring the pigging run the pig is unable to directly communicate with the outside world due to the distance underground or underwater and<or materials that the pipe is made of. &or e/ample, steel pipelines effectively prevent any reliable radio communications outside the pipe. 3t is therefore necessary that the pig use internal means to record its own movement during the trip. #his may be done by gyroscope-assisted tilt gauges, odometers and other technologies. #he pig will record this positional data so that the distance it moves along with any bends can be interpreted later to determine the e/act path taken. 9ocation verification is often accomplished by surface instruments that record the pig$s passage by either audible or gravinometric !or other" means. #he sensors will record when they detect passage of the pig= this is then compared to the internal record for verification or adjustment. #he e/ternal sensors may have %PS capability to assist in their location or even to transmit the pig$s passage, but the pig itself usually cannot use %PS as it re*uires being able to >see? !in satellite terminology" the satellites. After the pigging run has been completed, the positional data is combined with the pipeline evaluation data !corrosion, cracks, etc" to provide a location-specific defect map and characteri.ation. 3n other words, the combined data will tell the operator the location and type and si.e of each pipe defect. #his is used to judge the severity of the defect and help repair crews locate and repair the defect *uickly without having to dig up e/cessive amounts of pipeline. 4y evaluating the rate of change of a particular defect over several years, proactive plans can be made to repair the pipeline before any leakage or environmental damage occurs. pigging is very impotant for industrial point of view vipin sharma bhadamai hathras

Pipeline inspection g"uge

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4 pig in a cutaway pipeline

4 DPigD launcherEreceiver, belonging to the natural gas pipeline in ,wit erland.

A pipeline inspection gauge or pig in the pipeline industry is a tool that is sent down a pipeline and propelled by the pressure of the product in the pipeline itself. #here are four main uses for pigs)
1. physical separation between different li?uids being transported in pipelinesF 2. internal cleaning of pipelinesF ". inspection of the condition of pipeline walls :also !nown as an >nline >nspection :>.>< tool<F G. capturing and recording geometric information relating to pipelines :e.g. si e, position<.

#he original pigs were made from straw wrapped in wire used for cleaning. #hey made a s*uealing noise while traveling through the pipe, sounding to some like a pig s*uealing. #he term 8pipeline inspection gauge8 was later created as a backronym. 1ne kind pig is a soft, bullet shaped polyurethane foam plug that is forced through pipelines to separate products to reduce mi/ing. #here are several types of pigs for cleaning. Some have tungsten studs or abrasive wire mesh on the outside to cut rust, scale, or paraffin deposits off the inside of the pipe. 1thers are plain plastic covered polyurethane. Pigs cannot be used in pipelines that have butterfly valves. 3nline inspection pigs use various methods for inspecting a pipeline. A si.ing pig uses one !or more" notched round metal plates that are used as gauges. #he notches allow different parts of the plate to bend when a bore restriction is encountered. :ore comple/ systems e/ist for inspecting various aspects of the pipeline. 3ntelligent pigs, also called smart pigs, are used to Page 12 of 13

inspect the pipeline with sensors and record the data for later analysis. #hese pigs use technologies such as :agnetic flu/ leakage !:&9" and ultrasonics to inspect the pipeline. 3ntelligent pigs may also use calipers to measure the inside geometry of the pipeline. 3n '@A', the first intelligent pig was run by Shell +evelopment. 3t demonstrated that a self contained electronic instrument could traverse a pipe line while measuring and recording wall thickness. #he instrument used electromagnetic fields to sense wall integrity. 3n '@AB #uboscope ran the first commercial instrument. 3t used :&9 technology to inspect the bottom portion of the pipeline. #he system used a black bo/ similar to those used on aircraft to record the information. A pig has been used as a plot device in three Cames 4ond films) Diamonds Are Forever, where 4ond disabled a pig to escape from a pipeline, The Living Daylights, where a pig was modified to secretly transport a person through the 3ron urtain, and The World Is Not Enough, where a pig was used to move a nuclear weapon through a pipeline. A pig was also used as a plot device in the Tony Hillerman book The Sinister Pig where an abandoned pipeline from :e/ico to the 7nited States was to use a pig to transport illegal drugs.

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