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a1 x1 + a2 x2 +
+ a n xn = b
3 x1 x2 + 15 x3 + x4 = 2
x + 3y z = 0
2x + 7 y = 1
3x = 2
+ 3x = 1
y + 2z = 0
+ a n xn = b
se a1k1 + a2 k2 +
+ an k n = b
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amn xn = bm
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amn xn = bm
se
a11k1 + a12k2 + + a1n kn = b1
a k + a k + + a k = b
21 1 22 2
2n n
2
x + 2 y 4 z = 4
3x 2 y + 3z = 11
5
1
11
2
21
4
22
4
1 1
L1 L 2
x + 2 y 4 z = 4
5 x + 11 y 21z = 22
3x 2 y + 3z = 11
x + 2 y 4 z = 4
y z = 2
3x 2 y + 3z = 11
1
5
3
L2
11
2
21
3
1
0
2
1
2
4
22
1 1
5 L1 + L 2
4
1
3
4
2
1 1
y z = 2
3x 2 y + 3z = 11
2
4
1
0
1
1
3
3 2
L 3 3 L1 +
x + 2 y 4 z = 4
y z = 2
8 y + 15z = 23
1
0
0
L1
2z = 0
x
y z = 2
8 y + 15z = 23
1
0
2
1
4
1
1
8
4
2
1 1
L3
4
2
8 1 5 2 3
2 L 2 + L1
15
0
2
2 3
y z = 2
8 y + 15z = 23
2z = 0
y z = 2
7z = 7
2
0
0
1
0
1
2
1
8
15
2 3
0
L3 8 L2 + L3
1
0
0
1
0
L3
2z = 0
y z = 2
z = 1
1
0
2
1
0
2
7
1
7
1
0
1
1
L3
0
2
2z = 0
y z = 2
z = 1
= 2
y z = 2
z = 1
= 2
= 1
z = 1
1
0
0
L1
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
2 L 3 + L1
0
0
2
1
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
0
L2 L3 + L2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
Sistemas Equivalentes
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x2 + + a mn xn = bm
a11
a
A = 21
a m1
a12
a 22
am 2
a1n
a2 n
a mn
x1
x
X = 2 matriz das incgnitas
xn
b1
b
B = 2 matriz dos termos independentes
bm
a m1 x1 + a m 2 x2 + + a mn xn = bm
a11
a
21
M =
a m1
a12
a1n
a 22
a2 n
am 2
a mn
b1
b2
bm
matriz ampliada
Equao matricial
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amn xn = bm
a11
a
21
a m1
a12
a22
am 2
a1n x1 b1
a2 n x2 b2
=
amn xn bm
AX = B
Exemplos
5 11
1 2
3 2
21 22
1 2
L1 L2
5 11
4
4
3
11
3 2
1 2
5 11
3 2
4
4
3 6
L1 3 L1
21 22
5 11
3
11
3 2
3 6
5 11
3 2
4
21 22
3
11
12
12
21 22
3
11
12
12
3 6 12 12
L2 L2 + 2 L1
21 22
1 1 3 2
3
11
3 2 3 11
Exemplo
3 1 0
0
2 3
3
1 1 0 1 1
2 0 0
0
1 2
2
3
1
1
0
2
1
0
3
2
3
1 2
L1 L3
L2 L2 3 L1
1 1
1 1
3
2
3
2
2 3
2
2
2
1 2
L2 17 L2
L3 L3 2 L1
7 7
1 1
0
3
3
3
2 3
2
2
0
2
1 2
1 0
L3 L3 L2
L1 L1 + 2 L2
1 1
0
0 1 1
1 1
1 1
0
0
0
0
0 0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
1
1
2
7
3
Exemplo
0 2 3
3
1 3
1 1
0 1 2
2
0
2
1 2
L3 L3 + L2
L1 L1 2 L2
0
1
1 1
0
0
0
0
2
2
1 2
L3 L3 + 2 L1
L2 7 L2
0
1
1 1
1
3
2 3
2
2
3
1 2
2 3
L1 L3
L2 L2 + 3 L1
3
3
7
1 1
1 1
3
3
2
2 3
1 2
Sistemas equivalentes
Anlise de um sistema
Anlise de um sistema
Teorema: Considere um sistema de m equaes
lineares e n incgnitas. Temos que:
1. Esse sistema admite soluo se, e somente
se, a matriz ampliada e a matriz dos
coeficientes tm o mesmo posto p (pc = pa =p).
2. Se a matriz ampliada e a matriz dos
coeficientes tm o mesmo posto p e p = n,
ento o sistema tem soluo nica.
3. Se a matriz ampliada e a matriz dos
coeficientes tm o mesmo posto p e p < n,
ento o sistema possui infinitas solues.
Grau de liberdade
Considere um sistema de m equaes lineares
e n incgnitas.
Se a matriz ampliada e a matriz dos
coeficientes tm o mesmo posto p e p < n,
ento o sistema possui infinitas solues.
Ento pode-se escolher n-p incgnitas
(variveis livres) de modo que as p incgnitas
restantes so dadas em funo dessas.
Neste caso diz-se que o sistema tem n-p graus
de liberdade.
As solues so obtidas atribuindo-se
valores s variveis livres.
am1 x1 + am 2 x2 + + amn xn = 0
Exemplo 2
x + 2 y 3z = 1
2 x + 5 y 8 z = 4
3x + 8 y 13z = 7
1 2
2 5
3 8
pa = pc
1 3 x + z = 3 x = z 3
3 1 1 0
8 4 0 1 2 2 y 2 z = 2 y = 2 z + 2
z = z
13 7 0 0 0 0 0 z = 0
= 2, 1 grau de liberdade
1 3
x z + 3 z 3
y = 2 z + 2 = 2 z + 2 = z 2 + 2
z z 0
1 0
z
x + 2 y 3 z = 1
3 x y 2 z = 11
5 x + 3 y 8 z = 2
1 2
3 1
5 3
pa = 3 e
3 1 1 0 1
3 1 0 1 0
2 11 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0
8 2 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 1
pc = 2.
x z = 0
y z = 0
0 z = 1
Exemplo 4
x + 2 y + z = 0
2 x + 5 y z = 0
3 x 2 y z = 0
1
1 2 1 0
1 2
L2 L2 2 L1
2
0
5 1 0
1 3
L3 L3 3 L1
3 2 1 0
0 8 4
1
1 0 7 0
1
L3 28
L3
L1 L1 7 L3
0
0 1 3 0
L2 L2 +3L3
1 0
0
0 0
x = 0
y = 0
z = 0
0
7 0
1 0
L1 L1 2 L2
0 1 3 0
0
L3 L3 +8 L2
0
0 0 28 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
Exemplo 5
x + 2 y + z = 3
2 x + 5 y z = 4
3 x 2 y z = 5
1 3
1
3
7
23
1 2
1 2
1 0
L2 L2 2 L1
L1 L1 2 L2
2
0
0 1 3 10
5 1 4
1
10
L3 L3 3 L1
L3 L3 +8 L2
3 2 1 5
0 8 4 4
0 0 28 84
23
1 0 0 2
1 0 7
1
L3 28
L3
L1 L1 7 L3
0 1 0 1
0 1 3 10
L2 L2 +3 L3
1
3
0 0 1 3
0 0
x = 2
y = 1
z = 3
x + y z = 0
2x 3y + z = 0
x 3y + 2z = 0
Soluo
x + y z = 0
2 x 3 y + z = 0
x 3y + 2z = 0
1 1 1 0
1 1 1
2 3 1 0
0 5 3
L2 L2 2 L1
L3 L3 L1
1 3 2 0
0 4 3
1 0 2 5 0
1
L3 53 L3
0 1 3 0
0
L1 L1 L2
5
L3 L3 + 4 L2
3
0 0
0
0
5
x = 0
y = 0
z = 0
0
1 1 1 0
L2 15 L2
0
0
1 3 5 0
0 4
0
3 0
0 2 5 0
1 0 0 0
L1 L1 + 52 L3
0 1 0 0
1 3 5 0
3
L2 L2 + 5 L2
0 0 1 0
0
1 0
Exerccio 2
Encontre todos os possveis valores reais
de a, b e c que tornam o sistema abaixo
compatvel.
x + y z = a
2 x 3 y + z = b
x 3y + 2z = c
2 x + 2 y 3z + t = 0
3x + 3 y 4 z 2t = 0
1
4
0
2
1
2
2
1
0
3
3
0
4
2
3
y
+
10t
=
y
+
x
7t
=
z
+10t
x
y
y
y
=
=
7t
z
t
t
1
0
0
10t
7t
1
0
0
1
10
7
=
=
0
0
0
0
y
1 0 t
1
1 0
1
0
0
y
= y
+ t
+
0
7t
0
7
0
t
0
1
2 x + 2 y 3z + t = 3
3 x + 3 y 4 z 2t = 1
4 5
1 1 2
1 1 0 10
2 2 3
1 3 0 0 1
7
0
3 3 4 2 1
0 0 0
10 t = 9
x + y
7t = 7
z
x = y + 10 t 9
7t 7
z =
x y
y y
=
z
t
+ 10 t
7t
t
9 y
y
= +
7 0
0
10 t
0
+
7t
9
7
9
1
10
0
1
0
= y +t +
7
0
7
0
0
1
9
0
7
0
x + y 2z + 4t = 0
2x + 2y 3z + t = 0
3x + 3y 4z 2t = 0
Exerccio 5: (Soluo)
x + y 2z + 4t = 0
2x + 2 y 3z + t = 0
3x + 3y 4z 2t = 0
4
1 1 2 4 0
1 1 2
2 2 3 1 0
0 0 1 7
L2 L2 2 L1
L3 L3 3L1
3 3 4 2 0
0 0 2 14
x =
x + y 10t = 0
x = y +10t
y =
7t
z 7t = 0
z =
z =
t =
x y +10t y 10t
1 10
y y
y 0
1 0
=
= + = y +t
z
0 7
7t 0 7t
0
t
t
t
0 1
0
1 1 0 10 0
L3 L3 2 L1
0 0 1 7 0
0
L1 L1 +2 L2
0 0 0
0
0 0
y +10t
y
7t
t
x + y 2 z + 4t = 5
2 x + 2 y 3z + t = 3
3x + 3 y 4 z 2t = 1
Exerccio 6: (Soluo)
x + y 2z + 4t = 5
2x + 2y 3z + t = 3
3x + 3y 4z 2t = 1
4
5
1 1 2 4 5
1 1 2
1 1 0 10 9
L3 L3 2L1
2 2 3 1 3
0 0 1 7 7
0 0 1 7 7
L2 L2 2L1
L3 L3 3L1
L1 L1+2L2
3 3 4 2 1
0 0 2 14 14
0 0 0
0 0
x = 9 y +10t
y =
y
x + y 10t = 9
x = 9 y +10t
+7t
+7t
z 7t = 7
z = 7
z = 7
t =
t
x 9 y +10t 9 y 10t 9 1 10
y
0 y 0 0 1 0
y
=
= + + = + y +t
z 7
+7t 7 0 7t 7 0 7
t
t
0 0 t 0 0 1
x + y 2z + 3t = 0
2x + 3y + 3z t = 0
5x + 7 y + 4z + t = 0
Exerccio 7: (Soluo)
x + y 2z + 3t = 0
2x + 3y + 3z t = 0
5x + 7 y + 4z + t = 0
3 0
1 1 2 3 0
1 1 2
1 0 9 4 0
L2 L2 2L1
L1L1L2
2 3 3 1 0
0 1 7 7 0
0 1 7 7 0
L3L35L1
L3L32L2
5 7 4 1 0
0 2 14 14 0
0 0 0 0 0
x = 9z 4t
x
9z +4t = 0 x = 9z 4t y = 7z +7t
z
y +7z 7t = 0 y = 7z +7t z =
t =
t
x 9z 4t 9z 4t 9 4
y 7z +7t 7z 7t 7 7
=
= + = z +t
z z
z 0 1 0
t
t
0 t 0 1
x + y 2 z + 3t = 4
2 x + 3 y + 3z t = 3
5 x + 7 y + 4 z + t = 5
Exerccio 8: (Soluo)
x + y 2 z + 3t = 4
2 x + 3 y + 3z t = 3
5x + 7 y + 4 z + t = 5
1
2
5
1
0
0
x
1 2
3
7
0
1
0
3 4
3
4
1 1 2
L2 L2 2 L1
L1 L1 L2
0 1 7 7 5
3 1 3
L3 L3 5 L1
L3 L3 2 L2
4 1 5
0 2 14 14 15
9 4 9
7 7 5
0 0 5
9 z +4t = 9
y +7 z 7t = 5
0t = 5
x + 2 y 3z + w = 0
x 3y + z w = 0
2 x + y 3z + 5w = 0
Exerccio 9: (Soluo)
x + 2 y 3z + w = 0
x 3y + z w = 0
2 x + y 3z + 5w = 0
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
5
0
L 2 L 2 L1
0 L
3 L 3 2 L1
0
1
0
2
5
3
3
4
3
2 3
1 0
1
L3 13 L3
1 L1 2 L 2
1 1 1 0 LL
0
L3 L 2
3 L3 + 5 L 2
0 5
4 2 0
0 10 0
1 0
1
L1 L1 L 3
0 1
L
0
3 L3
L
0
6
0
L
2
2
3
0 0 1 7 0
0
x
y
z
+ 10 w
+6w
=
=
+7 w
0
x
0 y
z
0
x 10 w
10
y 6w
6
=
= w
z 7 w
7
w
w
1
ou
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
0 0 10
1
0
x
10 w
y
6w
z
=
7 w
w
x
10
y
6
= w
z
7
w
1
=
=
0
L 2 L 2 L1
0 L
3 L 3 2 L1
0
1
2
3
3
1
7
=
=
0
6 0
7 0
10 w
6w
=
=
7 w
w
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
5
3
3
4
3
1
2
3
0
0
0
x + 2 y 3z + 2s 4t = 0
2 x + 4 y 5z + s 6t = 0
5x + 10 y 13t + 4s 16t = 0
2x + 4y 5z + s 6t = 0
5x +10y 13t + 4s 16t = 0
1 2 3 2 4 0
1 2 3
2 4 5 1 6 0
0 0 1
L2 L2 2L1
L3 L3 5L1
5 10 13 4 16 0
0 0 2
1 2 3 2 4 0
1
L3 12 L3
L3 L3 L2
0
0 0 1 3 2 0
L1 L1 +3L2
0
0 0 1 3 2 0
2 4 0
3 2 0
6 4 0
2 0 7 2 0
0 1 3 2 0
0 0 0 0 0
7s +2t = 0 x = 2 y +7s 2t
x +2y
3s 2t
z 3s +2t = 0 z =
Soluo (continuao)
x
x
y
z
s
+2 y
7s +2t = 0
x = 2 y +7s 2t
z 3s +2t = 0
3s 2t
z =
= 2 y +7s 2t
y
=
=
=
=
3s 2t
s
t
2 7 2
x 2 y +7s 2t 2 y 7s 2t
1 0 0
y y
y 0 0
z =
3s 2t = 0 + 3s + 2t = y 0 + s 3 + t 2
s
0 1 0
s
0 s 0
0 0 1
t
t 0 0 t