Chapter 2

Chemistry

Matter
Solid Liquid Gas

Elements
Unchangeable chemicals

Main Chemicals for Life

C HOPKNS Ca Fe Na Cl Mg

Trace Elements
CoMn CuZn Moly B V Al F Cr I Sn Se Si

Carbon C: 18.5%

Oxygen O: 65.0% Calcium Ca: 1.5% Phosphorus P: 1.0% Potassium K: 0.4% Sulfur S: 0.3% Sodium Na: 0.2% Chlorine Cl: 0.2% Magnesium Mg: 0.1% Trace elements: less than 0.01% Manganese Mn Boron B Chromium Cr Molybdenum Mo Cobalt Co Selenium Se Silicon Si Copper Cu Tin Sn Fluorine F Vanadium V Iodine I Zinc Zn Iron Fe
Figure 2.2

Hydrogen H: 9.5% Nitrogen N: 3.3%

Atoms
Proton Electron Neutron

2 2 2

Protons

Nucleus
Neutrons Electrons

Nucleus
Cloud of negative charge 2 electrons

Figure 2.4

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass
Number of protons + number of neutrons Calculate number of neutrons --- (atomic mass) (number of protons)

Atomic Mass Number

Subatomic Units In Relation to Atomic Number

Protons no change (unless radioactive) Electrons change (+/- charge) Neutrons somewhat variable

Isotopes

Moles
6.023 x 1023

Atomic Mass = weight in grams of 1 mole of an atom

Question: Why is the atomic mass not a whole number?

Electron arrangements
Octet rule

First electron shell can hold 2 electrons Electron

Outer electron shell can hold 8 electrons

Hydrogen H Atomic number = 1

Carbon C Atomic number = 6

Nitrogen N Atomic number = 7

Oxygen O Atomic number = 8

Figure 2.5

Chemical Bonds
Ionic Covalent Hydrogen

Ionic Bond

Outer shell has 1 electron

The outer electron is stripped from sodium and completes the chlorine atoms outer shell Outer shell has 7 electrons

Na Sodium atom

Cl Chlorine atom

Figure 2.6-1

Outer shell has 1 electron

The outer electron is stripped from sodium and completes the chlorine atoms outer shell Outer shell has 7 electrons

Complete outer shells

Na Sodium atom

Cl Chlorine atom

Na Sodium ion

Cl Chlorine ion

The attraction between the ionsan ionic bondholds them together

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Figure 2.6-2

Covalent Bond

Electron sharing

Atoms joined into a molecule via covalent bonds

Figure UN2-7

Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen bond

Figure 2.8

Chemical Reactions
A + B AB AB A + B

Properties of Water
Cohesion Adhesion Surface tension

Heat
Molecule movement

temperature

Evaporative Cooling
Transformation of Liquid to gas cools down remaining liquid

Solvent Properties of Water

Solute Solution Aqueous solution

Acids, Bases, pH H20

+ H

OH

1/10,000,000 water molecules dissociates [H+] = 1/10,000,000 Or 0.0000001 Or 1.0 x 10-7

pH

= -log[H+]
=7.0

More Hydrogens = Acid

[H+] = 1/100,000 Or 0.00001 Or 1.0 x 10-5
pH = 5.0

Less Hydrogens = Base

[H+] = 1/100,000,000 Or 0.000000001 Or 1.0 x 10-9
pH = 9.0

pH Scale
7.0 = neutral <7.0 = Acid >7.0 = Base In this case, the larger the number, the smaller the amount of Hydrogen and visa versa.

14 Basic Lower H+ concentration

[H+] = [OH]

Neutral

H+ concentration equal to OH concentration

Acidic

Greater H+ concentration 0 pH scale

Figure UN2-9