Admission Control (AC), Load Control (LC) & Packet Scheduling (PS) (PS)

Kari Heiska 21.3.2002

Radio Resource Management (RRM)

RRM

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Contents
Air Interface Load Admission Control (AC) Packet Scheduling (PC) Load Control (LC) Resource Management (RM)

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Air Interface Load

The air interface load has to be under the planning targets in order to keep the guaranteed network performance Different definitions for load:

Wideband power based uplink load: Uplink load factor: UL = Uplink noise rise:
NR =

PrxTotal = I own + I oth + PN

I own + I oth PrxTotal

PrxTotal 1 = PN 1 UL

Throughput-based uplink loading: Wideband power-based DL loading:

UL =
k

k (1 + i ) W 1+ k Rk
PtxTotal Ptxmax

UL =

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Air Interface Load

PtxTotal Wideband power-based DL loading: UL = Ptxmax
N

Throughput-based downlink loading: UL =

k =1

Rk

Rmax

Downlink loading can be also defined as:

DL = i i Ri (1 i + iDL ,i ) W i =1
k

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Admission Control

The Admission Control (AC) decides whether a new RAB is admitted or a current RAB can be modified AC derives from the bearer parameters the transmission bit rate, the processing gain, as well as the radio link quality requirements (BER, BLER, SIR target) AC determines the L1 transmission parameters for the RAB to be used during the call: the transport format (TF) or the set of transport formats (TFS) of the transport channel (in multibearer case AC determines the L1 parameters for TrCH multiplexing) For RT traffic (conversational and streaming) the AC decides whether a mobile station is allowed to enter the network. The AC algorithm estimates the load increase caused by RAB establishment or RAB modification. If the RAB would cause too high interference access is denied. For NRT traffic (interactive and background) the optimum scheduling of packets (time and bitrate) must be determined after the RAB has been admitted. This will be done in close co-operation of AC and PS UL and DL load will be determined separately. Both UL and DL admission criterias have to be fulfilled before RAB admission/modification The load estimation will be performed for all cells which belong to the active set. Therefore the AC algorithms are located in the Radio Network Controller (RNC) For the admission/modification decisions the AC uses thresholds produced by RNP

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Admission Control (WB power based, UL)

In the uplink the RT RAB will be admitted to the network if 1) for the non-controllable load PrxNC : and 2) for the total wideband interference: PrxTotal PrxTarget + PrxOffset Prxtarget is a threshold and PrxOffset is an offset parameter both set by the RNP. Condition 1 is for the RT users only and condition 2 is both for RT and NRT users.

PrxNC + I PrxTarget ,

where the non-controllable load means the RT load or close-to RT load + other cell load + noise

I is the increase of wideband interference power caused by the new RAB. I can be estimated as follows:

PrxTotal I L 1
1 L = W 1+ R

Interference level

threshold

Estimated increase of interference I I total_o ld L

Max planned noise rise

load h

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Admission Control (WB power based, UL)

In the downlink the RT RAB will be admitted to the network if 1) for the non-controllable load PrxNC :

PrxNC + P PrxTarget ,

where the non-controllable load means the RT load 2) for the total wideband interference: PtxTotal PtxTarget + PtxOffset Ptxtarget is a threshold and PtxOffset is an offset parameter both set by the RNP. Condition 1 is for the RT users only and condition 2 is both for RT and NRT users

P is the increase of wideband interference power caused by the new RAB. I can be estimated as follows:

PrxTotal L 1

Ptx power

P threshold Estimated increase of I Ptx power P total_o ld L load h

1 L = W 1+ R

Max planned DL noise rise

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Admission Control (throughput based, UL)

In the throughput based Admission control a new RAB is admitted only if the total load after admittance stays below the thresholds: In uplink: oldUL + L thresholdUL

In downlink: oldDL + L thresholdDL

where oldUL and oldDL are the network load before the bearer request and L is the load increase.

Comparison between Wideband based and throughput based AC:

WB power

i=0.5 i=0.3

Throughput based AC: constant throughput but variable coverage

WB power based AC: constant coverage, variable throughput

load
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Packet Scheduling
In UMTS Quality of Service Concept RAB services are divided into four class: Conversational class
circuit or packet switched core network very delay sensitive real-time applications: voice over IP, video Streaming class circuit or packet switched core network services: streaming video, music Interactive class non real-time services with packet core network services: web-browsing Background class delay insensitive services: e-mail, advertisements no guaranteed bit-rate Packet data traffic consists of packet sessions which consists of one or several packet calls During one packet call several packets will be generated which causes bursty nature of the packet data traffic. Also the interference is bursty. Packet scheduling takes care of allocating the radio resources (time and power) for the packets of interactive and background type of traffic

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Packet Scheduling

Packet call (web browsing)

User A Primary PDP context CN ( TCP) Session duration User A connect to IP User A places a request to server
User A

Call duration = Query response time User A places next request

TCP ACK

Outgoing channel : UMTS UL Return Channel : UMTS DL

Server

Call setup delay (queue time)

1/ = mean SDU interarrival time SDU (or IP packet)

When user A places next call depends on the completion of current call

Transfer time

Reading period

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Packet Scheduling

Functions of the packet scheduler

determines the available radio interface resources for the NRT services sharing of radio interface resources between NRT services to monitor the allocations for NRT services switching between transport channels: common (FACH,RACH), dedicated (DCH), shared
(DSCH)

monitoring of system loading load control for the NRT RABs

Work sharing between AC and PS:
Bitrate NRT RAB allocated / packet service session RACH/FACH, DCH/DSCH allocation / packet call time PS handles
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AC handles

Packet Scheduling

PS allocates capacity for both uplink and downlink separately due to asymmetric traffic When reserving capacity for one direction the PS has to reserve low data rate channel for the other direction as well carrying higher layer acknowledgements (TCP), data link layer acknowledgements, data link layer control and the power control (=return channel) RT load can not be controlled efficiently. Thus RT load + other cell interference + background noise is called non-controllable load The maximum load (Prxtarget/Ptxtarget) subtr. by the non-controllable load can be allocated for NRT traffic which is called controllable load
PrxTarget / PtxTarget are set by radio network planning (RNP) so that those will be the optimal operating points of the system load and the current used system radio resource. Instantaneously these targets can be exceeded due to changes of interference and propagation conditions
Power
PrxOffset / PtxOffset

The controllable power (load target subtracted by the non-controllable power) is used for NRT users on best effort basis by the packet scheduler

PrxTarget / PtxTarget PrxTotal / PtxTotal PrxNrt / PtxNrt PrxNc / PtxNc

controllable load
non-controllable load

PrxTotal and PtxTotal are values measured by base station, which are planned to be below the target values

time
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Packet Scheduling
Measurements associated to PS BS performs total received power and total/link specific transmitted power measurements and reports them to RNC over Iub RNC makes throughput measurements UE measures uplink transport channel throughput and reports to RNC The UE selects the uplink NRT transport channel based on RNP parameters (from RNC) and the system load Downlink PS channels are DCH, FACH and DSCH
Dedicated Dedicated channel channel DCH DCH Uplink Uplink/ /downlink downlink Code Codeusage usage Power Powercontrol control Soft Softhandover handover Suited Suitedfor for Both Both According Accordingto to max.bit max.bitrate rate Fast Fastclosed closedloop loop Yes Yes Medium Medium/ /large large data dataamounts amounts Common Commonchannels channels FACH FACH Downlink Downlink Fixed Fixedcodes codes per percell cell Open Openloop loop No No Small Smalldata data amounts amounts RACH RACH Uplink Uplink Fixed Fixedcodes codes per percell cell Open Openloop loop No No Small Smalldata data amounts amounts Shared Shared channel channel DSCH DSCH Downlink Downlink Code Codeshared shared between betweenusers users Fast Fastclosed closedloop loop No No Medium Medium/ /large large data dataamounts amounts

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Packet Scheduling Methods

Time division scheduling

Capacity is allocated to one or very few radio bearers at a time. The allocated bit-rate can be
very high and the time needed to transfer the data in the buffer is short

Scheduling time depends on the load of the system Downlink Shared Channel is typically scheduled with time division
+ high bit-rates, low Eb/N0, lower delay - short transmission time, higher variations in interference levels, overhead when setting up

Code division scheduling

Capacity has been shared between a large number of radio bearers, allocating low bit-rate
simultaneously for each use

Scheduled bit-rate depends on the load

+ long transmission time, no variations in interference levels, low setting up overhead - lower bit-rates (higher delay), higher Eb/N0

In practice the packet scheduler is a combination of these two methods.

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Packet Scheduling Methods (DSCH)

DSCH is time division channel In DSCH link adaptation tries to keep the DSCH transmission power constant by varying the bit rate. Thus, a terminal in the edge of a cell would be allocated a lower bit rate than one close to the base station. Link Adaptation leads to improved capacity and coverage.
BS MS1 DSCH bitrate depends on location DCH bitrate is constant DSCH
MS4 MS3 MS2

Bitrate

Associated DCH's

Power DSCH Associated DCH's DSCH power is about constant

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Load Control

LC updates the load status based on measurements and estimations provided by AC and PS In the nominal state LC takes care that the network is not overloaded and remains in a stable state

Close co-operation with AC and PS

In overload situations LC takes care of reducing the load quickly and bringing the network back into nominal state defined by RNP parameters LC functionalities locate in RNC and in BS Fast LC actions in BTS

Ignores power up TPC commands Decreases the SIR target used by the fast closed PC
LC actions located in RNC

Lower bit-rates of RT users (speech service circuit switched data) Interfrequency or intersystem handover Drop single call in a controlled manner
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Load Control

Measurements used in WB power based RRM Prxtotal in uplink and Ptxtotal in downlink Network planning parameters

Uplink/Downlink
PrxTarget/PtxTarget PrxOffset/PtxOffset

In overload situation the PS decreases the bit rate randomly taking into account the bearer class and by the priorities. The bit rate should not decreased below the minimum allowed bit rate (RNP param.)

DL: offset = PtxOffset UL: offset = PrxOffset

Admission Control Power

Load Control Packet Scheduler

Overload state Target + offset Preventive state Target

no new RAB drop RT bearers new RT bearers only if RT load below PrxTarget/PtxTarget

overload actions preventive LC actions

decrease bit rates NRT bearers to FACH drop NRT bearers no new capacity request scheduled bit rates not increased

DL: target = PtxTarget UL: target = PrxTarget

Normal state AC admits RABs normally no actions

PS schedules packet traffic normally

Load

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Resource Management

Target is to allocate physical radio resources when requested Located in RNC and in BS RM reserves a certain proportion of the available physical radio resources according to the request Input data to RM: radio network configuration, allocation parameters Main tasks

Maintains the code tree,

Allocates the DL spreading codes, UL scrambling code BTS reports the available logical HW resources in Radio Resource Indication message over the Iub interface

Manages the BTS logical resources RNC HW manager (L1/L2) Transport manager Requests for the other resources
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Interactions of AC and other RRM functions

RAB setup/modify/release request

Iu Packet Scheduler Handover Control

Active state mobility control Active set information RB information Radio resource scheduling

Admission Control
Load change estimation RAB admission decision Producing of L2 parameters Producing of TFS DL power allocation

Load information

Target BLER, SIR Power Control Load change information UL Outer loop power control

Resource information

Resource Manager
Code allocation Transport resource allocation

Load information

Load Control
Producing of load information

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