1. apartheid- laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas 1b.

separating whites and blacks in South Africa 2. blockbusting- a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood. 2b. they then sold the property at high prices to blacks 3. centripetal/centrifugal force- attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state centrifugal is opposite 3b. nationality 4. ethnic cleansing- process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. 4b. forcing Jews out and into concentration camps 5. ethnonationalism- particular strain of nationalism that is marked by the desire of an ethnic community to have absolute authority over its own political, economic, and social affairs 5b. in Rwanda 6. ethnicity- Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. 6b. African American 7. multiethnic state- state that contains more than one ethnicity 7b. United States of America 8. multinational state- state that contains two ore more ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities 8b. United Kingdom 9. nationalism- loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality 9b. pledge of allegiance 10. nationality- identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there 10b. South Koreans

11. nation-state- a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality 11b. Japan 12. race- identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor 12b. white 13. racism- belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. 13b. making blacks sit in the back 14. racist- a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism 14b. someone who wont give someone a job because that person is black 15. self-determination- concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves 15b. a lot of people believed in this concept 16. sharecropper- a person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops 16b. black people had to become sharecroppers after they were freed from slavery 17. triangular slave trade- a practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa. 17b. sometimes made rectangular 18. irredentism- the doctrine that irredenta should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related. 18b. switzerland 19. provence- A former province of southeastern France, on the Mediterranean coast. 19b. located in France 20. shatterible- can be shattered 20b. glass

1. Where are Ethnicities distributed? a. Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States -ethnicity may be clustered in specific areas within a country, or the area it inhabits may match closely the boundaries of a country. -two numerous ethnicities in the United States are Hispanics: 15% of population, and African Americans: 13% -also, Asian American: 4% and American Indian: 1% 1. Clustering of Ethnicities -can occur on two scales: groups may live in particular regions of the country, or particular neighborhoods within cities -US has both scales a. Regional concentrations of ethnicities Figure 7-1: Hispanic americans are mainly distributed in Southwest, esp. near the border between Texas and Mexico. Figure 7-2: African Americans are mainly distributed in the southeast on the Atlantic coast. 1. Hispanics/Latinos -clustered in the Southwest -exceed 1/3 of population of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas -exceed of population of California -some Hispanics of Latin American descent prefer to be called Latino/a -most identify with a more specific ethnic or national origin -ex: ones who come from Mexico call themselves Chicanos/Chicanas

2. African Americans Figure 7-3: Asian Americans are mainly -clustered in the southeast distributed in Hawaii and -comprise at least of the population in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, California Maryland, and South Carolina Figure 7-4: American -1/3 in Mississippi Indians are concentrated mainly in Alaska and 3. Asian American Plains states -clustered in the West -comprise more than 40% of the population of Hawaii

-1/2 live in California Figure 7-5: Distributions of ethnicities in Chicago. Figure 7-6: Distributions of ethnicities in Los Angeles- very mixed. 4. American Indians and Alaska Natives -most numerous in the Southwest and Plains states b. concentration of ethnicities in cities -African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban areas -90% live in metropolitan areas -in states with large Hispanic populations, distribution is mixed

Figure 7-7: African -in states that dont have much, huge concentrations in cities slave ship- slaves -ethnic identity is more likely to be retained through religion, food, and other were packed with cultural traditions rather than location very high densities 2. African American Migration Patterns -three major migration flows shaped this: -forced migration from Africa to American colonies in eighteenth century -Immigration from US South to northern cities during first half of 20th century -immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during the second half of 20th and first decade of 21st centuries Figure 7-8: The triangular slave pattern (left) the sources for slaves (right) a. Forced Migration from Africa -most African americans are descended from African slaves -first brought to the Americas at Jamestown in 1619 -in 18th century, British brought in more than 400,000 slaves to the colonies -slavery was replaced in Europe by a feudal system -Europeans were responsible for diffusing the practice of slavery to the Western Hemisphere -at least 10 million Africans were sent on European ships to the western hemisphere -forced migration began when people along the east/west coasts of Africa captured members of other groups and sold them to Europeans, who then shipped them to the Americas.

-different European countries sent slaves to different destinations -european countries developed a triangular slave trade, an effective trading pattern -ships left Europe for Africa with cloth and other goods to buy slaves -then transported slaves and gold from Africa to the Western Hemisphere, to the Caribbean -then the ships carried sugar and molasses from the Caribbean to Europe -this large scale forced migration caused Africans unimaginable hardship, as it separated families and destroyed villages -the ships the Africans were packed onto were very cramped, died on the journey -Africans shipped to the US ended up in the southeast- needed labor on plantations. Attitudes toward slavery dominated US politics, especially when new states were made -when African Americans were freed as slaves, they worked as sharecroppers -however this burdened poor African Americans with high interest rates and heavy debts b. Immigration to the north -when sharecropping became less common as farm machinery was introduced, sharecroppers were pulled by the prospect of jobs in the industrial cities of the North -African Americans migrated out of the South among clearly defined channels: -East coast: Carolinas to Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York -East central: Alabama and eastern Tennessee to Detroit or Cleveland -west central- from Mississippi and western Tennessee to st. Louis and Chicago -southwest- from texas west to California -the southern African americans migrated north and west in two main waves, first before and after world war one and before and after world war two -because during the war, they had a shortage of factory workers and after, civilian society demanded goods.

c. expansion of the ghetto -African Americans clustered in one or two neighborhoods where small numbers whod arrived in the nineteenth century were already living: ghettos -in 1950, most of the African American population lived in a cramped neighborhood northwest of downtown. -the ghettos had high densities -many dwellings lacked bathrooms, kitchens, hot water, and heat. -later expanded from the ghettos in ~1970 b. Differentiating Ethnicity and race -three prominent ethnic groups in the US: Asian Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans -Asian: recognized as a distinct race, but Asian American lumps together people with ties to many countries in Asia -African American/Black: black Americans are descended from African immigrants and belong to African American ethnicity. Some blacks though, trace their heritage to regions other than Africa. -Hispanic/Latino: not considered a race -traits that characterize race can be transmitted genetically from parents to children. Ex: lactose intolerance -racism: belief that race is primary determinant of human traits and capacities, racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race -racist: a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism 1. race in the United States -in 2000, 75% of Americans said they were white, 12% black, 4% Asian, 1% Indian, 0.1% Hawaiian, 6% other. -there are also people who check more than one race in the census, ex: president Obama a. separate but equal doctrine -segregation laws are constitutional because it provides separate but equal treatment of blacks and whites

-equality did not mean that whites had to mix socially with blacks -Jim Crow laws- laws that segregated blacks from whites as much as possible -Blacks had to sit in back of buses, some shops only served whites, separate schools for blacks and whites b. white flight -segregation laws eliminated during 1950-60s. -said that separate schools for blacks and whites was unconstitutional because racial separation branded minority children as inferior and therefore unequal. -whites fled instead of integrating -expansion of black ghettos made possible by white flight -blockbusting: when real estate agents convinced whites to sell low by saying property values would decline due to black movement, and then sell high to blacks. 2. division by race in South Africa -cornerstone of South African policy was the creation of a legal system called apartheid -the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas -each race has a different legal status in South Africa -determine where different races could live, attend school, work, shop, own land -however in 1991, the apartheid laws were repealed 2. Why have ethnicities been transformed into Nationalities? -nationality: identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country A. Rise of Nationalities -nationality: identifies citizens of the USA including those born in the country and those who became citizens -ethnicity: identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions -race: distinguishes blacks and other persons of color from whites

-Americans became a nationality through sharing the values expressed in the Declaration, Constitution, Bill of Rights 1. nation states -a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality -self determination- the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves a. Denmark: there are no perfect nation-states -nearly all Danes speak the same language and live in the same area -however, 10% of the population is ethnic minorities, Turks and Yugoslavian refugees b. Nation-states in Europe -ethnicities transformed into nationalities in Europe during nineteenth century -most of western Europe is made up of nation states -before Germany emerged as a nation state, it was a patchwork of small states that fought for power 2. Nationalism -nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a nationality. -states foster nationalism by promoting symbols of the nation- aka flags, songs -nationalism has negative effect sometimes: sense of unity sometimes gotten with creation of negative images of other nation states -centripetal force: attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for state, aka nationalism b. multinational states -multiethnic state: a state that contains more than one ethnicity -multinational state: a state that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of selfdetermination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities -United Kingdom is an example of a multinational state containing four main nationalities

1. Former Soviet Union: the largest multinational state -an example of a multinational state -15 republics based on 15 largest ethnicities -after breaking up, republics now different countries, five groups: -three baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania -three European: Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine -five central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan -three Caucasus: azerbajian, Armenia, georgia -russia a. New Baltic Nation-States -Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania known as Baltic states for their location on Baltic Sea b. New European Nation-States -the three groups speak similar east Slavic languages -Belarusians and Ukrainians became distinct ethnicities because they were isolated from the main body of Eastern Slavs during 13-14th centuries c. New Central Asian states -these states provide a reminder that multinational states can be more peaceful than nation-states 2. Russia: now the largest multinational state -officially 39 nationalities in Russia -many of them want independence, and are making movements for it 3. Turmoil in the Caucasus a. Azerbajian -trace their roots to Turkish invaders -after Soviet Unions breakup, became an independent country

b. Armenia - during late 19-20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Armenians were killed in massacres by Turks -Armenians and Azeris went to war because of the boundaries between them c. Georgians -population more dense than the other two states -cultural diversity a source of unrest c. Revival of Ethnic Identity -communist leaders used centripetal forces to discourage ethnicities from expressing their cultural uniqueness -socialist realism emphasized Communist economic and political values. -Use of Russian language was promoted -now ethnic identity became much more important than nationality -though the Yugoslavian breakup gave ethnicities more opportunities to become nation states, they were now minorities. -most rulers were dismantled because minorities opposed dominance of majorities 3. Why do Ethnicities Clash? -ethnicities dont always live together peacefully, sometimes competing in civil wars for dominance. a. Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality 1. Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa a. Ethiopia and Eritrea -Eritrea became an Italian colony in 1890, was awarded to Ethiopia after World War II -Ethiopia banned the use of Eritrean language and Eritrea rebelled -Two years later Eritrea became an independent state -Wars still flared up because of border disputes -Eritrea has two main ethnic groups: Tigrinya and Tigre

-Ethiopia remained a complex multiethnic state b. Sudan -wars have raged between the Arab Muslim gov. in the north and other ethnicities in the: -south: black Christian and animist ethnicities that resist government attempts to convert the country from a multiethnic society to one nationality -west: black muslim ethnic groups that fight against the government of Sudan -east: ethnicities along the Eastern Front that fight the government of Sudan because of disbursement of profits from oil c. Somalia -overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims and speak Somali -sense that Somalia is a nation-state -population divided among several ethnic groups known as clans that are divided into a large number of subclans -The US sent several thousand troops to protect delivery of food by international relief organizations to starving Somali refugees and reduce the number of weapons in the hands of the clan and subclan armies -Islamist militias took control of much of Somalia between 2004~2006 2. Ethnic Competition in Lebanon -4 million inhabitants -severely damaged by fighting among ethnicities -diversity is more religious than ethnic -religious groups tend to live in different regions of the country. b. Dividing Ethnicities among more than one state -newly independent countries are often created to separate two ethnicities 1. India and Pakistan -When British ended colonial rule of India, they divided colony to India and Pakistan -people living in Pakistan predominantly Muslim

-those in India are mainly Hindu -such great problems between the two ethnicities that they had to be separated into different states -this resulted in massive migration as Hindus moved to India and Muslims moved to Pakistan -Extremists attacked the migrants -India also conflicted by presence of Sikhs who resent that they dont have their own country 2. Sinhalese and Tamil in Sri Lanka -Sri Lanka inhabited by two main ethnicities: Sinhalese and Tamil -war between the two erupted in 1983-2009 -Tamils feel that they suffer from discrimination by the Sinhalese authorities since they dominate a lot of government powers 4. What is ethnic cleansing? -ethnic cleansing: a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region a. Ethnic Cleansing in Europe -largest forced migration came during World War II: deportation of Jews, gypsies, and other ethnic groups to concentration camps 1. Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia -Yugoslavia created to unite several Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages 2. Destruction of Multiethnic Yugoslavia -after Titos death, rivalries among ethnicities resurfaced in Yugoslavia -led to breakup of the country a. ethnic cleansing in Bosnia -Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims which ensured that areas were ethnically homogeneous and better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia

b. ethnic cleansing in Kosovo -Serbia remained a multiethnic country -launched a campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Albanian majority and forced more than 750,000 of Kosovos Albanian residents from their homes. c. Balkanization -Balkanized: widely used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. -Balkanization- the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities -world leaders regarded balkanization as a threat to peace throughout the world c. Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa -reason of ethnic conflict: boundaries of states do not match boundaries of ethnic groups