Transport in Human: Immunity/Immunology

Objective: Describe the defensive functions possessed by mammalian blood.

Defence mechanisms %. Non-specific ) *hite blood cell + ,hagocyte. ,hagocytosis. ame response for any pathogen. -. pecific) *hite blood cell + T $ymphotcytes . # $ymphotcytes. $ong lasting, ac/uired, immunity.

Introduction
Our body is defended against pathogens by _________________ blood cells. There are two types of white blood cells _________________ and _________________. Non-specific defence mechanisms respond to all pathogens in the _________________ way. This is either a physical barrier to entry, e.g. _________________ or by engulfing and _________________ the pathogen in phagocytosis. pecific defence mechanisms are slower to response put provide _________________ immunity. T lymphocytes are involved in _________________ responses !immunity involving body cells" whereas # lymphocytes are involved in _________________ responses !immunity involving body fluids". $ymphocytes are complementary, i.e. specific to a particular pathogen but are not made in response to a particular infection as %& million different types _________________ e'ist in the body. ince there are so many types there are only_________________ numbers of each type but large numbers are needed to destroy pathogens. (fter a pathogen is detected large numbers of lymphocyte are built up to destroy it. This is why after you have been e'posed to a pathogen there is a time _________________ before your body brings it under control.

long-lasting humoral phagocytes white

s0in

delay already

digesting same

cell-mediated lymphocytes small

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%. Non- specific This response is the same for any _________________ . _________________ is an e'ample of a non-specifc defense meachanism. %.% ,hagocytosis

The diagram above shows the stages phagocytosis. In phagocytosis the pathogen recognised as foreign. ,athogen attached to phagocyte by antibody and surface receptors. ,athogen is _________________ by phagocyte by endocytosis 1 invagination of plasma cell membrane to form a phagosome !a membrane bound vesicle containing the pathogen". $ysosomes !containing lysins . hydrolytic _________________" fuse to phagosome. ,athogen is _________________1 harmless products removed !egested 2 e'creted" or used by phagocyte. ,hagocyte also displays antigenic components on e'ternal surface of plasma cell _________________ !antigen presentation" to start immune response.

pathogen engulfed phagocytosis

en3ymes

digested membrane

-.

pecific Page -

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_________________ + a substance recognised as foreign, a protein on the cellsurface membrane, stimulating an immune response, e.g. pathogens, cells from transplanted organs. _________________ + identifies foreign ob4ects.

_________________ + antigen and antibody bind together in loc0 and 0ey method.

-.% T $ymphocytes !T cells"

T cells are made in the _________________ gland. Immunity from T lymphocytes is cell-mediated so only responds to _________________ attached to the surface of body cells. #ody cells invaded by a virus present the viral antigens on its own cell _________________, phagocytes that have engulfed a pathogen also present the pathogen5s antibodies on its own cell surface, and _________________ cells present antigens on their cell-surface membranes. ( cell that presents antigens of other cells on its own surface are 0nown as _________________ cells.

T _________________ cells have receptors that fit onto the specific antigen. This process is the signal for other T cells to _________________ by mitosis and produce many clones. These cloned T cells become _________________ cells which circulate in the blood and body fluids. These memory cells allow a rapid response against the same pathogen in the _________________. One way T cells 0ills infected cells is with a protein that ma0es _________________ in their cell-surface membranes. This ma0es the cell freely _________________ to all substances and so die. T cells also encourage phagocytes to engulf the pathogen by phagocytosis, and encourage # cells to _________________. T cells are most effective against _________________ because viruses live inside cells. ( virus needs living cells to reproduce. *hen infected body cells are destroyed it is worth _________________ them to prevent the pathogen from multiplying. helper memory permeable divide (ntigen-antibody comple' K.Pushpam Karuppiah sacrificing future (ntibody antigens cancer IGCSE Biology presenting surface viruses thymus multiply (ntigen holes antigenPage 6

-.- # $ymphocytes !# cells"

# cells are made in bone _________________. # cells are responsible for _________________ immunity. #ody fluids are also 0nown as _________________. (ntibodies are soluble in body fluids and so are found in _________________ and tissue fluid. There are possibly %& million types of # cell, each having a different_________________ that responds to a specific antigen. (n antigen invading the blood or tissue fluid will have a _________________ # cell with an antibody on its surface that e'actly fits the shape of the foreign antigen. The # cell then divides and multiplies by mitosis to ma0e many new _________________. 7ach clone will develop in one of two types of cell8 a plasma cell or a _________________ cells. ,lasma cells ma0e antibodies and can ma0e -&&& every second in their short life of only a few _________________. The antibodies destroy pathogens and to'ins they ma0e. ,lasma cells have an immediate effect 0nown as a _________________ immune response. 9emory cells can live for _________________circulating in the blood and tissue fluid. These calls do not produce antibodies. If the same antigen is encountered in the future they divide rapidly into _________________cells and more memory cells. 9emory cells provide long-term immunity 0nown as the _________________ immune response. The secondary response is more rapid and of greater _________________ than the primary one. Draw a simple flow diagram to show the role of # cells in humoral immunity)

memory antibody clones complementary K.Pushpam Karuppiah plasma decades secondary humoral blood IGCSE Biology marrow days

primary intensity humour Page :

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