Nobel Prizes Awarded for Research in Microbiology or Immunology

Year 1901 1902 Winners Emil Adolph Von Behring Sir Ronald Ross Research in Microbiology Research in Immunology Developed serum treatment, especially in diptheria

1905

Robert Koch

1907 1908 1912 1913 1919 1927 1928 1930 1939 1945

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Paul Ehrlich Alexis Carrel Charles Robert Richet Jules Bordet Julius WagnerJauregg C. J. H. Nicolle Karl Landsteiner Gerhard Domagk Sir Alexander Fleming Sir E. B. Chain Lord H. W. Florey Max Theiler Selman A. Waksman John F. Enders T.H. Weller F.C. Robbins Daniel Bovet George W. Beadle E.L. Tatum Joshua Lederberg Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg F. M. Burnet Peter B. Medawar F. H. C. Crick J. D. Watson H. F. Wilkins Francois Jacob Andre Lwoff Jacques Monod Charles B. Huggins Francis Peyton Rous

Discovered the life cycle of the malaria parasites in humans and mosquitoes Developed scientific methods in bacteriology and proved the cause of tuberculosis Showed that protozoa cause some infectious diseases Studied immune reactions and phagocytic cells Developed organ and blood vessel transplantation Discovered and treated anaphylactic shock Made fundamental discoveries in immunity Used malaria to treat late-stage syphilis Made fundamental discoveries on typhus Discovered the ABO human blood groups Discovered sulfa drugs Discovered and developed penicillin Developed vaccine for yellow fever Discovered streptomycin First to grow poliovirus in cell cultures, making polio vaccine possible Developed antihistamines and synthetic curare Discovered genetic recombination in Escherichia coli and proved the relationship of genes to enzymes Made fundamental discoveries on the synthesis of DNA and RNA Discovered the basis of acquired immunological tolerance Elucidated the molecular structure of DNA Made fundamental discoveries on gene regulation in bacteria Studied the role of hormones in causing cancer; demonstrated that

1951 1952 1954

1957 1958

1959 1960 1962

1965

1966

Year

Winners

Research in Microbiology

Research in Immunology viruses can cause cancer in animals

1969

1971 1972 1975

M. Delbruck A. D. Hershey S. E. Luria E. W. Sutherland, Jr. Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter David Baltimore Howard Temin Renato Dulbecco B. S. Blumberg D. C. Gajdusek Rosalyn S. Yalow R. C. I. Guillemin A. V. Schally Daniel Nathans H. O. Smith Werner Arber Baruj Benacerraf George Snell Jean Dausse Paul Berg

Discovered genetic structure and replication of bacteriophage Made biochemical discoveries pertinent to pathogenesis Determined the structure of immunoglobulins Discovered reverse transcriptase and made fundamental discoveries on the interaction between tumor viruses and the host nucleic acid Discovered antigen important in diagnosing serum hepatitis Demonstrated that the neurodegenerative disease kuru is caused by an unconventional virus now called a prion Used restriction enzymes to map viral genomes

1976 1977

Developed radioimmunossay (RIA) techniques; used RIA to analyze peptide hormones in the brain

1978

1980

Studied genetically determined structures in the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions Made fundamental contributions to the biochemistry of recombinant DNA Made fundamental contributions on the sequencing of DNA Discovered mobile genetic elements (transposons) Developed the polymerase chain reaction Developed a method to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies Discovered the genetic basis of antibody diversity Described the structure of photosynthetic reaction center in bacteria Discovered the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes, the protooncogenes Advanced understanding of organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease Developed a technique for generating site-specific mutants Discovered how the immune

1983

Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger Barbara McClintock

Kary Mullis 1984 Cesar Milstein Georges J. F. Koehler Niels Jerne Susumu Tonegawa J. Deisenhofer R. Huber H. Michel J. M. Bishop H. E. Varmus Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas Michael Smith Peter C. Doherty

1987 1988

1989

1990

1993 1996

Year

Winners Rolf M. Zinkernagel Stanley B. Prusiner

Research in Microbiology

Research in Immunology system recognizes virus-infected cells

1997

2001

2011

Leland Hartwell Paul Nurse Tim Hunt Bruce A. Beutler Jules A. Hoffmann Ralph M. Steinman

Discovered and characterized prions as a new biological infectious agent containing only protein and no nucleic acid Identified key molecular steps in the cell cycle using yeast as a model organism Discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity Discovered the role of dendritic cell in adaptive immunity