BBCDABB

8)(a) as (cat)ion becomes more positive / Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ / size/radius decreases / charge density increases; Do not allow increasing number of protons or increasing nuclear charge. attraction for mobile/valence/delocalized/sea of electrons increases; Do not accept cloud of electrons. (b) larger molecule / higher Mr/ M / greater number of electrons; Do not accept larger/higher/greater mass. greater van der Waals/dispersion/London forces; (c) Si: giant/network/macromolecular/3-D covalent bonding; No mark for strong bonding without reference to covalent and network. No mark for molecular. Ar: (simple) atomic / (only weak) van der Waals/dispersion/London forces; No mark for (simple) molecular. 9)(i) atomic number / Z; Accept nuclear charge / number of protons. (ii) Across period 3: increasing number of protons / atomic number / Z / nuclear charge; (atomic) radius/size decreases / same shell/energy level / similar shielding/screening (from inner electrons); No mark for shielding/screening or shielding/screening increases. Noble gases: do not form bonds (easily) / have a full/stable octet/shell/energy level / cannot attract more electrons; Do not accept inert or unreactive without reference to limited ability/ inability to form bonds or attract electrons. 2
[6]

3
[4]

10)(i) MgCl2(weakly) acidic and MgO alkaline; (ii) MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2; Ignore state symbols.

1 1
[2]

11) (a)

incomplete combustion / air/fuel ratio is low;

(b)

2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 Award [1] for correct reactants and products and [1] for balancing. Do not apply ECF. greenhouse gas/effect; thermal exhaust reactor and lean burn engines; Do not accept catalytic converter.

(c) (d)

1 1
[5]

12) (i) Acid 1: (HNO2/HNO3) high temperature in internal combustion/jet engine; reaction between N2 and O2 at high temperature/lightning; Accept either of the above for first mark. 2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2 / 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3; Acid 2: (H2SO3/H2SO4) from burning of coal / smelting plants / sulfuric acid plants / volcanic activity; Do not accept combustion of fossil fuels. SO2 + H2O H2SO3 / SO3 + H2O H2SO4; Allow H2SO3/H2SO4 to be Acid 1 and HNO2/HNO3 to be Acid 2. (ii) CaCO3+ 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O; Accept equation with H2SO3 or H2SO4 or ionic equations. Do not accept equations with H2CO3. 1 4 max

[5]

b) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 / CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3; Do not penalize absence of reversible sign. Do not accept CO2 + H2O 2H+ + CO32.

[1]

c) NO/NOx/NO2 act as catalysts; NO + O3 NO2 + O2; NO2 + O NO + O2;

3
[3]

13) mixing/combining/merging of (atomic) orbitals to form new orbitals (for bonding); Allow molecular or hybrid instead of new. Do not allow answers such as changing shape/symmetries of atomic orbitals. Carbon dioxide: sp; Diamond: sp3; Graphite: sp2; Carbonate ion: sp2;

[5]

14) (i)

Accept any combination of dots/crosses and lines to represent electron pairs. (trigonal/triangular) pyramid; Allow 3D representation using wedges and dotted bonds of trigonal pyramidal molecule. 107; Accept any angle between 105 and 108.5. No ECF for shape based on incorrect Lewis structure. (ii)

Charge needed for mark. tetrahedral; Allow a 3D representation using wedges and dotted bonds of tetrahedral molecule. 109.5/109/109 28'; No ECF for shape based on incorrect Lewis structure. 3
[5]

15)(i) sodium chloride crystals consist of ions in a (rigid) lattice / ions cannot move (to electrodes) / OWTTE; when melted ions free to move / ions move when potential difference/ voltage applied; (ii) positive sodium ions/Na+ move to negative electrode/cathode and negative chloride ions/Cl move to positive electrode/anode; electrons released to positive electrode/anode by negative ions and accepted from negative electrode/cathode by positive ions / reduction occurs at the negative electrode/cathode and oxidation occurs at the positive electrode/ anode / Na+ ions are reduced and Cl ions are oxidized;

(Positive electrode/anode):1 2Cl Cl2 + 2e / Cl 2 Cl2 + e; (Negative electrode/cathode): 2Na+ + 2e 2Na / Na+ + e Na; Award [1 max] if equations not labelled or labelled wrong way round. Allow e instead of e. Penalize equilibrium sign or reversible arrows once only.

[5)

16) (i) Group: number of valence/outer energy level electrons same;

Period: electrons are in same valence/outer energy level; Accept number of energy levels containing electrons occupied. Accept shell for energy level. (ii) 4; Allow the mark if the correct individual orbitals (e.g. 2s etc.) are listed. 2 1
[3]

17)Structure: network/giant lattice / macromolecular / repeating tetrahedral units; Bonding: (single) covalent (bonds); It is not necessary to identify which part refers to structure and bonding specifically.

2
[2]

18) (a)

(i) (ii)

amount =

3.99 = 0.0250 (mol); 159.61

26.1 (C); Accept answers between 26.0 and 26.2 (C). temperature rise = 26.1 19.1 = 7.0 (C); Accept answers between 6.9 C and (7.1 C). Award [2] for the correct final answer. 2

No ECF if both initial and final temperatures incorrect.

(iii)

50.0 4.18 7.0 / 50.0 4.18 7.0; 1000 Accept 53.99 instead of 50.0 for mass.
heat change = = 1.5 (kJ); Allow 1.6 (kJ) if mass of 53.99 is used. Ignore sign. 2

(iv)

1.5 = 60 (kJ mol1); 0.0250 Value must be negative to award mark. Accept answers in range 58.0 to 60.0. Allow 63 (kJ mol1) if 53.99 g is used in (iii).
H1 = (i)

(b)

6.24 =) 0.0250 (mol); 249.71 (amount of H2O in 0.0250 mol of CuSO45H2O = 5 0.0250 =) 0.125 (mol).
(amount of CuSO45H2O = (50.0 4.18 1.10 =) 230 (J); 229.9 (1000 0.0250 = + 9.20 (kJ); Accept mass of 47.75 or 53.99 instead of 50.00 giving answers of +8.78 or +9.9.

(ii)

Do not penalize missing + sign but penalize sign unless charge already penalized in (a) (iv). (iii) (c) (i) ( Hx = H1 H2 = 58.4 (+9.20) =) 67.6 (kJ mol1); 1 1

[78.0 (67.6)] 100 = 13.3 %; 78.0 If 70.0 kJ mol1 is used accept 10.3 %.
the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate had already absorbed some water from the air / OWTTE; the value would be less exothermic/less negative than expected as the temperature increase would be lower / less heat will be evolved when the anhydrous salt is dissolved in water / OWTTE; Do not accept less without a reason.

(ii)

2
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