YUSUF ISIK History Final Exam Review Unit 1 1. Renaissance (1450-1670) Renaissance: o o o o Rebirth. Europes economic recovery.

Renewed study of ancient Greece and Rome. Mobilization of ideas which is primarily artistic, literary, and cultural.

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Renaissance man: A man who knows everything in any subject. For example, da Vinci and Erasmus, they have mastered all subjects regarding math, science, art and many more studies. Demography: More population= More resources= Reduced amount of resources= More deaths. In conclusion, population was equalized. Humanism: Man is responsible for his good or bad deeds and god does not control a mans will or morality. Print Press: Device or media used to spread Renaissance. The Medici: A big family with a lot of power. Patronage (Roman Renaissance): Center of Renaissance, Julias II and Leo X played a major role. However, collapsed under Clement VII due to his failure and never recovered again. Julias II: The fearsome pope who was also known as the ambitious pope who used papal armies to expand his state. Leo X: A Medici -> was a plump and luxurious pope, Loves food, hunting and art. His Rome was filled with sculptors, gold smiths, painters, poets, and philosophers. Clement VII: Also Medici->Bungled foreign affairs, which led to an army of Germans & Spaniards to storm Rome in 1527. Italian Renaissance & Northern Renaissance Italian Renaissance: Ancient Greek, Roman Art, Nudity, Humanism, Classicism Northern Renaissance: Oil painting, Realistic landscape art, Religious art (Christian)

YUSUF ISIK 2. Artists Brunelleschi: Created the idea of egg method and dome

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Castiglione: Diplomat and wrote the Book of the Courtier. The book studied the skills and values of a good courtier. Machiavelli: Florentine civil servant who also wrote to the prince. Medici caught him and he got exiled. He also defended despotism (rule by tyranny). Erasmus: Renaissance man who corrected many philological errors of the official Bible. He was also Europes 1st public intellectual. Thomas Moore: Wrote the book Utopia, which defines good place and no place. 3. Indulgences 4. Reformation Reformation was a spiritual/religious revolution that aimed to correct the problems of the Catholic Church. It resulted with protestant branches of Christianity such as Lutheranism, Calvinism etc. The indulgences set of the Reformation. Martin Luther posted his famous 95-theses-debating points. Luther had support from the Emperor of Germany, Charles V. Causes: Martin Luthers 95 Theses 95 o o o o Theses: It argues against the sale of indulgences. Pope no authority over church Only God can forgive Read Bible for themselves

No one could control what Martin Luther started, so it led to Protestantism Protestantism: Stripped away medieval heritage: monks, nuns, pilgrimages, indulgences, and papal governance. Lutheranism-> Germany Calvinism-> Scotland, Netherland all developed into a hierarchy of churches. 5. Luther and other Reformers Actions were taken by Catholic Church to counteract the impact of Protestant Reformation.

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3|Page Council of Trent: All medieval church law was valid and important. As well as they reemphasized the importance of good works and faith. Prohibited Books Roman Inquisition: A tribunal designed to find heretics and bring them to justice. Baroque style was developed and Catholics deployed almost all the arts such as sculpture, painting, music, etc. against the Reformation.

Pluralism: middle class or high class people having more than 1 office, which led to Absenteeism. Absenteeism: Not being able to control 1+ office. 6. Scientific Revolution Technological innovations Treaty of West Phalia: ending 30 year war in Germany between religions. 7. Galileo and other men of science Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentric universe was the idea of planets revolving around the Sun rather than the Earth. Galileo Galilei: Built a telescope and observed that the moon wasnt smooth, but rather a rough surface covered in mountains and craters. Also observed Jupiter had planets and the Sun had spots. He was up against the Catholic Church. Johannes Kepler: Planets move in elliptical orbits and all focus the sun. The closer the planet is to the sun the faster it orbits, and the further it is the slower the motion becomes. Isaac Newton: 3 points Law of Motion 1. No force on an object, it will remain still or continue with constant motion. 2. Greater mass on an object requires greater force to move. 3. For every action there is an equal reaction force in opposing direction. William Harvey: Studied human heart. His book On the Motion of the Hearth and Blood in Animals describes the hard is similar to a pump. Heart pumps out more blood than a persons mass in an hour. Heretic: Someone who is going against the church. Heresey: This is the action leading to a heretic person. 8. Scientific Method

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Scientific method: For centuries it was believed that truths were from studying the bible. However, scientific method was a period that led to a systematic skepticism, experimentation, and reasoning based on observation. Francis Bacon: Good in politics, literature, and philosophy. Knowledge= human power. Direct observation was essential to ascertain truth. Rene Descartes: Believed our sense can trick us and be false. Therefore, he was sure of one thing in the world and that was his existence. His ideas came from his interest in mathematics, which is seen a purely rational field of study. Applied mathematical methods and reasoning to philosophy. 9. Hobbes/Locke John Locke: o o o English philosopher Believed people would cooperate and join together Through a social contract, sovereignty would remain with the people.

Social contract: government would enforce laws; people would surrender freedom to live in a society. So with social contract sovereignty (power) belonged to the people. Thomas Hobbes: o o o English philosopher Wrote the book Leviathan Believed human were inherently selfish & aggressive.

10. Absolute Rulers Louis XIV-The Sun King Cardinal Richelieu: o o Created the idea of absolutism Centralized power by alienating the nobility

-Nobility was greatest threat to the monarch -Monarchs created standing armies for the first time= centralized power. -Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles as testament to his power and used it to gain control of nobility. -Nobles competed against each other to perform and favour the king. -Taxes to the poor

YUSUF ISIK -Won power over the Catholic Church -4 wars: Spanish succession, Versailles -Rich people were loyal to Louis XIV since he gave them money and bribed them. -Repel Edict Nantes: Free religion. His method in order to use absolute power Colberts Economic Reform -Financial genius, believed in mercantilism. Colonization of New France was encouraged.

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Mercantilism: System in which government regulates economic activity based on the premise. Louis XIII: Fronde: Rebellion= he thought absolutism was the solution; he believed his power was divine and it was a gift from god. He was 14 and with his mother during the Fronde. Peter the Great-Czar Peter I of Russia o o o o o Sent people to Europe, so they learn European lifestyle, technology, and skills. Wanted the rich to go to school and be educated. Modernized Russia through Westernization. Encouraged to learn many languages Had westerners, including Isaac Newton come to work in Russia

-Securing Power Similar to other monarchs, Peter had trouble raising funds to accomplish his goals. So he taxed his subjects heavily. He also killed people who were against him such as the streltsy. 12. England in 17th century- almost absolute monarchy/ Glorious revolution/ restoration -Ruled by constitutionalism Reign of James I o o Charles I o o o 1629-Suspended parliament 1640-forced to recall since wards drained money 1649- Charles I charged with treason and beheaded Constant conflict with parliament Supported absolute rule

Charles II o Learned the lessons of his predecessors- dont mess with parliament

YUSUF ISIK James II o Unpopular king because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule

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Glorious Revolution o o o o The Dutch Monarch took the thrown after being asked by the English to overthrow James II William of Orange comes after James II fled to England Parliament now reigned supreme The Bill of Rights (1689): outlined the powers and rights of Parliament

-It was named the Glorious Revolution since it was a peaceful period of time with no war or conflict.

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