Simplified estimation of effective length of columns in sway frames

B.J. Gupta, Civil and structural consultant, Shaw Rolta Ltd., Mumbai

It is difficult to calculate effective length of each and every column while preparing input data for frame analysis .In this article it is proposed that if frames are analyzed by P- method, effective length of columns can be taken same as their actual length. Strength of columns in steel frames is highly sensitive to following. 1. Geometric imperfections within column, 2. Geometric imperfection of frame. 3. Horizontal sway of frame due to horizontal and vertical loads acting upon it. Normally effect of geometric imperfection within columns and sway of frame is taken care of by incorporating effective length parameters in design calculations. Effect of geometric imperfection of frames is taken care of by designing frames for notional loads prescribed by codes. Clause 4.3.6 of IS 800-2007 Indian standard for general construction in steel code of practice specifies notional load as 5% of factored vertical loads. Second order analysis of frames In second order analysis, design loads are gradually applied in increments. Before an incremental load is applied on the structure, displacements due to previously applied loads are calculated. Incremental loads are applied at locations worked out after adding displacements due to previously applied loads. Thus effect of all displacements, including horizontal sway, due to previously applied loads on member forces is considered in second order analysis. If geometrical imperfections are also modeled, member forces given by second order analysis, can be directly used for member design, without any reduction in allowable loads due to effective length of columns. Second order analysis is called P- analysis if both geometric imperfections of frame as well as of column are modeled. It is called P- analysis if only geometrical imperfections are modeled.

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Proposed method of analysis Since it is difficult to model geometrical imperfections of columns, P- analysis , instead of P- analysis is proposed. Effect of geometrical imperfection of column is taken care of by reducing allowable strength by specifying effective length of column. Since effect of sway on internal forces of columns is taken into account in P- analysis, effective lengths as applicable to nonsway frames can be specified. For non-sway frames, maximum effective length of columns is same as their actual length. Since it is difficult to model geometrical imperfection of frames, notional loads as specified by codes are proposed to applied, instead of modeling geometrical imperfection of frames. Validation of proposed method In order to validate proposed method a sample frame is analyzed by P- as well as P- method and results are compared. In both analyses, geometrical imperfection of frame is considered by applying notional loads. P- analysis, A frame shown in Fig 1 is analyzed by this method. Geometric imperfections of column are modeled by keeping middle nodes off center by 6mm , which is maximum fabrication error permitted by code for 3000mm long columns. Since geometrical imperfections have been modeled, effective length of columns is considered as 0. Results of analysis are included annexure I. P- analysis, Same frame as shown in Fig 1 but without modeling geometrical imperfection of column is analyzed by this proposed method. Since geometrical imperfections of column have not been modeled, effective length of column is considered as 3m i.e. same as actual length. Results of analysis are included in annexure II. Observation and conclusion Utilization ratio worked out by P- and P- method for most critical column are 1.040 and 1.106 viz.. Since utilization ratio worked out by both methods is comparable, P- method as proposed can be followed.

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Page 3

Annexure 1. Frame analysis by P- method

**************************************************** * * * STAAD.Pro * * Version 2007 Build 02 * * Proprietary Program of * * Research Engineers, Intl. * * Date= JUN 9, 2010 * * Time= 15:18:46 * * * * USER ID: The Shaw Group Inc. * ****************************************************

1. STAAD SPACE INPUT FILE: Frame.MB-300.STD 2. START JOB INFORMATION 3. ENGINEER DATE 02-JUN-10 4. END JOB INFORMATION 5. INPUT WIDTH 79 6. UNIT METER MTON 7. JOINT COORDINATES 8. 1 0 0 0; 2 0 3.00001 0; 3 3.00001 3.00001 0; 4 3.00001 0 0 9. 5 -0.00600001 1.5 0; 6 2.99401 1.5 0 10. MEMBER INCIDENCES 11. 1 1 5; 2 2 3; 3 3 6; 4 5 2; 5 6 4 12. DEFINE MATERIAL START 13. ISOTROPIC STEEL 14. E 2.03889E+007 15. POISSON 0.3 16. DENSITY 7.83337 17. ALPHA 6.5E-006 18. DAMP 0.03 19. END DEFINE MATERIAL 20. MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN 21. 1 2 4 TABLE ST ISMB100 22. 3 5 TABLE ST ISMB300 23. CONSTANTS 24. MATERIAL STEEL ALL 25. SUPPORTS 26. 1 PINNED 27. 4 FIXED 28. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1 29. JOINT LOAD 30. 2 3 FX 0.8 FY -16 31. PDELTA ANALYSIS STAAD SPACE

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P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S ----------------------------------NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 6/ 5/ 2

SOLVER USED IS THE OUT-OF-CORE BASIC SOLVER ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 4/ 4/ 21 DOF 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS 12.0/ 10890.9 MB

27

++ Adjusting Displacements

15:18:46

32. PARAMETER 4 33. CODE IS800 LSD 34. LY 0 MEMB 1 3 TO 5 35. UNL 3 ALL 36. LZ 0 MEMB 1 3 TO 5 37. CHECK CODE MEMB 1 3 TO 5 STAAD SPACE

--

STAAD.Pro CODE CHECKING - (ILSD) ***********************

ALL UNITS ARE - MTON METE (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED) MEMBER RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/ LOADING/ FX MY MZ LOCATION ======================================================================= TABLE

1 ST

ISMB100 PASS 15.84 C

3 ST

ISMB300 PASS 16.16 C

4 ST

ISMB100 FAIL 15.84 C

5 ST

ISMB300 PASS 16.17 C

(INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00 (INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00 (INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00 (INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00

SECTIONS) 0.728 0.01 SECTIONS) 0.503 2.24 SECTIONS) 1.040 -0.19 SECTIONS) 0.828 -4.55

1 1.50 1 1.50 1 1.50 1 1.50

************** END OF TABULATED RESULT OF DESIGN **************

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38. PRINT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS LIST 2 3 STAAD SPACE -JOINT DISPLACEMENT (CM RADIANS) STRUCTURE TYPE = SPACE -----------------JOINT LOAD X-TRANS Y-TRANS Z-TRANS X-ROTAN Y-ROTAN Z-ROTAN

2 3

1 1

0.8019 0.7941

-0.1590 -0.0434

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

-0.0003 -0.0037

************** END OF LATEST ANALYSIS RESULT **************

39. FINISH

*********** END OF THE STAAD.Pro RUN *********** **** DATE= JUN STAAD SPACE 5 ************************************************************ * For questions on STAAD.Pro, please contact * * Research Engineers Offices at the following locations * * * * Telephone Email * * USA: +1 (714)974-2500 support@bentley.com * * CANADA +1 (905)632-4771 detech@odandetech.com * * UK +44(1454)207-000 support@reel.co.uk * * FRANCE +33(0)1 64551084 support@reel.co.uk * * GERMANY +49/931/40468-71 info@reig.de * * NORWAY +47 67 57 21 30 staad@edr.no * * SINGAPORE +65 6225-6158 support@bentley.com * * INDIA +91(033)4006-2021 support@bentley.com * * JAPAN +81(03)5952-6500 eng-eye@crc.co.jp * * CHINA +86(411)363-1983 support@bentley.com * * THAILAND +66(0)2645-1018/19 support@bentley.com * * * * North America support@bentley.com * * Europe support@bentley.com * * Asia support@bentley.com * ************************************************************ 9,2010 TIME= 15:18:46 **** -- PAGE NO.

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Annexure II Frame analysis by proposed P- method

**************************************************** * * * STAAD.Pro * * Version 2007 Build 02 * * Proprietary Program of * * Research Engineers, Intl. * * Date= JUN 7, 2010 * * Time= 15:22: 2 * * * * USER ID: The Shaw Group Inc. * ****************************************************

1. STAAD SPACE INPUT FILE: Frame.MB 300PM.STD 2. START JOB INFORMATION 3. ENGINEER DATE 02-JUN-10 4. END JOB INFORMATION 5. INPUT WIDTH 79 6. UNIT METER MTON 7. JOINT COORDINATES 8. 1 0 0 0; 2 0 3.00001 0; 3 3.00001 3.00001 0; 4 3.00001 0 0; 5 0 1.5 0 9. 6 3.00001 1.5 0 10. MEMBER INCIDENCES 11. 1 1 5; 2 2 3; 3 3 6; 4 5 2; 5 6 4 12. DEFINE MATERIAL START 13. ISOTROPIC STEEL 14. E 2.03889E+007 15. POISSON 0.3 16. DENSITY 7.83337 17. ALPHA 6.5E-006 18. DAMP 0.03 19. END DEFINE MATERIAL 20. MEMBER PROPERTY INDIAN 21. 1 2 4 TABLE ST ISMB100 22. 3 5 TABLE ST ISMB300 23. CONSTANTS 24. MATERIAL STEEL ALL 25. SUPPORTS 26. 1 PINNED 27. 4 FIXED 28. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE LOAD CASE 1 29. JOINT LOAD 30. 2 3 FX 0.8 FY -16 31. PDELTA ANALYSIS

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P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S ----------------------------------NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 6/ 5/ 2

SOLVER USED IS THE OUT-OF-CORE BASIC SOLVER ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 4/ 4/ 21 DOF 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS 12.0/ 10862.6 MB

27

++ Adjusting Displacements

15:22: 2

32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

PARAMETER 4 CODE IS800 LSD LY 0 MEMB 1 3 TO 5 LZ 3 MEMB 1 3 TO 5 UNL 3 ALL CHECK CODE MEMB 1 3 TO 5 STEEL DESIGN STAAD.Pro CODE CHECKING - (ILSD) ***********************

ALL UNITS ARE - MTON METE (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED) MEMBER RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/ LOADING/ FX MY MZ LOCATION ======================================================================= TABLE

1 ST

ISMB100 PASS 15.86 C

3 ST

ISMB300 PASS 16.14 C

4 ST

ISMB100 FAIL 15.86 C

5 ST

ISMB300 PASS 16.14 C

(INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00 (INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00 (INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00 (INDIAN IS-7.1.2 0.00

SECTIONS) 0.896 -0.10 SECTIONS) 0.496 -2.19 SECTIONS) 1.106 -0.14 SECTIONS) 0.837 -4.62

1 1.50 1 1.50 1 1.50 1 1.50

************** END OF TABULATED RESULT OF DESIGN **************

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38. PRINT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS LIST 2 3 JOINT DISPLACE LIST STAAD SPACE

2 -- PAGE NO. 4

JOINT DISPLACEMENT (CM -----------------JOINT LOAD X-TRANS

RADIANS)

STRUCTURE TYPE = SPACE

Y-TRANS

Z-TRANS

X-ROTAN

Y-ROTAN

Z-ROTAN

2 3

1 1

0.8036 0.7956

-0.1598 -0.0422

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.0004 -0.0037

************** END OF LATEST ANALYSIS RESULT **************

39. FINISH

*********** END OF THE STAAD.Pro RUN *********** **** DATE= JUN STAAD SPACE 7,2010 TIME= 15:22: 2 ****

************************************************************ * For questions on STAAD.Pro, please contact * * Research Engineers Offices at the following locations * * * * Telephone Email * * USA: +1 (714)974-2500 support@bentley.com * * CANADA +1 (905)632-4771 detech@odandetech.com * * UK +44(1454)207-000 support@reel.co.uk * * FRANCE +33(0)1 64551084 support@reel.co.uk * * GERMANY +49/931/40468-71 info@reig.de * * NORWAY +47 67 57 21 30 staad@edr.no * * SINGAPORE +65 6225-6158 support@bentley.com * * INDIA +91(033)4006-2021 support@bentley.com * * JAPAN +81(03)5952-6500 eng-eye@crc.co.jp * * CHINA +86(411)363-1983 support@bentley.com * * THAILAND +66(0)2645-1018/19 support@bentley.com * * * * North America support@bentley.com * * Europe support@bentley.com * * Asia support@bentley.com * ************************************************************

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