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Loss of Heat is encouraged only to keep engine safe. Its a penalty on performance
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Energy Distribution
Around 35% of the total chemical energy that enters an engine is converted to useful crankshaft work. About 30% of the fuel energy is carried away from the engine in the exhaust flow in the form of enthalpy and chemical energy. About one-third of the total energy is dissipated to the surroundings by some mode of heat transfer.
Differing temperatures around cylinder bore will cause bore distortion leading to:
Increased blow-by Oil consumption Piston wear
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There is a need to keep the temperatures of two critical areas below material design limits. These areas are the piston crown and the exhaust valve.
How do we determine engine heat transfer ? The calculation of engine heat transfer is difficult, due to the periodic air and fuel flow and the complex geometry of the engine. We rely primarily on experimental results. With recent advances in computational fluid dynamics, computation of engine heat transfer is becoming more possible.
For this typical automotive engine, the total cylinder volume or displacement is typically about 300 cubic inches (0.005 m3), and the total cylinder area is about 0.2 m3. Therefore the power density is about 75 kW/ 0.005 m3 or 15 MW/m3 of displacement. The heat transfer per unit cylinder area will be 75kW/0.2 m3 or 375 kW/m3.
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Conduction
Conduction heat transfer is energy transport due to molecular motion and interaction. Conduction heat transfer through solids is due to molecular vibration. Fourier determined that Q/A, the heat transfer per unit area (W/m2) is proportional to the temperature gradient dT/dx. The constant of proportionality is called the material thermal conductivity k Fouriers equation :
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Conduction
The thermal conductivity k depends on the material, for example, the various materials used in engines have the following thermal conductivities (W/m K):
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Conduction
The thermal conductivity also depends on the temperature of the material.
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Convection
Convection heat transfer is energy transport due to bulk fluid motion. Convection heat transfer through gases and liquids from a solid boundary results from the fluid motion along the surface.
Boundary Layer
Newton determined that the heat transfer/area, Q/A, is proportional to the fluid solid temperature difference Ts-Tf. The temperature difference usually occurs across a thin layer of fluid adjacent to the solid surface. This thin fluid layer is called a boundary layer. The constant of proportionality is called the heat transfer coefficient, h. Newton's Equation:
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Convection
The heat transfer coefficient depends on the type of fluid and the fluid velocity. The heat flux, depending on the area of interest, is the local or area averaged. The various types of convective heat transfer are usually categorized into the following areas : Table II. Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients
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Convection
For a cylinder block with a forced convection h of 1000, surface temperature of 100C , and a coolant temperature of 80 C, the local heat transfer rate is :
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Convection
Nusselt No.
Reynolds No.
Prandtl No.
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Radiation
Radiation heat transfer is energy transport due to emission of electromagnetic waves or photons from a surface or volume. The radiation does not require a heat transfer medium, and can occur in a vacuum. The heat transfer by radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute material temperature. The proportionality constant s is the Stefan-Boltzman constant equal to 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4. The radiation heat transfer also depends on the material properties represented by e, the emissivity of the material.
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Radiation
For a surface with an emissivity of e = 0.8 and T = 373 K (100C), the radiation heat transfer is
For moderate (less than 100 C) temperature differences, it should be noted that the radiation and natural convection heat transfer are about the same.
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Heat Transfer
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Component Temperatures
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