INTRODUCTION TO MAPS

Xia Jin Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Florida International University (305)3 !"#!#5 (tele) (305) 3 !"#!0# (fa$) $%in&'fi()ed(

Outline
*ap F(n+tions Display ,+ales Data -esol(tions *ap .++(ra+y ,ym/ols and *ap 0ayo(ts

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Map Functions in GIS

User Interfa+e 1is(ali2ation ,patial analysis -eporting

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Key Concepts in Use of Maps

Map scales (display and data resolution) Map legend and symbology Map projections Map coordinates

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Map Scale
*ap areas are smaller t3an t3e a+t(al gro(nd areas t3ey depi+t -eality needs to /e 4s+aled do5n6 to fit t3e 4paper6 or s+reen

7e 5ant to 8no5 3o5 m(+3 s+aling do5n is done 9r 53at t3e s+ale is
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Expressing Map Scale

,+ale is e$pressed as a -atio Fra+tion or -epresentative Fra+tion (-F)
-elates a (nit of meas(re on a map to some n(m/er of t3e same (nits of meas(re on t3e eart3:s s(rfa+e *ay /e e$pressed as &;#5<000 or &=#5<000 > one (nit meas(re on map is #5<000 (same) (nits on t3e eart3 s(rfa+e

RF

1:25,000
Map Distance (MD)
-F is (nit"less

Ground Distance (GD)

?3e denominator of -F is referred to representative fra+tion denominator (-FD)

,+ale &=#5<000< -FD @ #5<000
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Calculations Using RFD

RFD fraction denominator MD map distance, must be in same units as GD GD ground distance, must be in same units as MD

Aeneral form(la
MD GD 1 = RFD

Aiven map distan+e< +al+(late ground distance

GD = MD RFD
Aiven ground distance< +al+(late map distan+e

GD MD = RFD
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Example
*ap distan+e of & in+3 represents & mile on gro(nd) 73at is t3e -FDB 73at is t3e map s+aleB
MD 1 inch 1 inch 1 inch 1 1 = = = = = GD 1 mile 1 5,280 feet/mile 12 inch/foot 63,360 inch 63,360 RFD

-FD @ C3<3C0 ,+ale 1:63,360

Map Distance (MD) Ground Distance (GD)
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Example
Ground Distance = 100 miles Scale is 1:25,000 What is the map distance in inches? Answer: RFD = 25,000

GD MD = RFD

Note: MD and GD Must be in same units

100 miles 5,280 feet/mile 12 inches/foot = 25,000 = 253.44 inches

Is the scale (RF) small enough to fit this map on paper of 5 x 3?
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Proper Units to Use

A: How far is Orlando from Miami? B: Lets see. It is about 3 inches on the map and the scale says 1:5,000,000. So 3 times 5,000,000 is 15,000,000 inches.

Keep the convenience of the users in mind

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Proper Units to Use

When describing ground distances in a LARGE area, use miles or kilometers; When describing ground distances in a SMALL area (e.g., a city block), use meters, yards, or feet; When describing map distances, use inches or centimeters. Examples of improper units:
The ground distance between Miami and Orlando is approximately 14,572,800 inches. The distance between Miami and Orlando on a map of 1:25,000 is approximately 0.0092 mile. Given the above information, tell me how long it will take to drive from Miami to Orlando if speed limit is 60 mph.
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Exercises
1.

2.

3.

A rectangular shaped airport is measured on the map 3 inches by 4 inches on each side. The map scale is 1:25,000. What is the area of the airport on the ground in square miles? A lake is approximately 2 inches in diameter on the map. If the scale is 1:25,000, what is its actual diameter in kilometers? In miles? A park measures 2,000 feet by 4,000 feet on the ground. Map scale is 1:25,000. What is the size of the park on the map in inches?

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Pro lem !
1. A rectangular shaped airport is measured on the map as 3 inches by 4 inches on each of the sides. The map scale is 1:25,000. What is the area of the airport on the ground in square miles?
GD = MD RFD = 3 4 25000 = 300,000 inches 1 foot 1 mile = 300,000 inches = 43.10 sq miles 12 inches 5,280 foot

4 in 3 in

Or
4 in 25,000 d1 = = 1578 . miles 12 5280 3 in 25,000 = 1184 d2 = . miles 12 5280

Area = d 1 d 2 = 1578 . 1184 . = 1868 . sq miles

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Pro lem "

2. A lake is approximately 2 inches in diameter on the map. If the scale is 1:25,000, what is its diameter measure on ground in miles? In kilometers? 2 in
1 ft 1mile GD = MD RFD = 2 25,000 = 50,000 in = 50,000 = 0.789 mile 12 in 5280 ft 161 . km GD = 0.789 mile = 1263 . km 1 mile

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Pro lem #
3.

A park measures 2,000 feet by 4,000 feet on the ground. Map scale is 1:25,000. What is the size of the park on the map in inches? 4,000 ft 2,000 ft

2000 ft: MD = GD/RFD = 4,000 ft/25,000 = 0.08 ft = 0.08 12 = 0.96 in 4000 ft: MD = 0.96 2 = 1.92 in Answer: The size of the park on the map is 0.96 in by 1.92 inch 8/29/2011

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$ypes of Map Scales

?3ree 5ays to state a map s+ale ratio s+ales ver/al s+ales grap3i+ s+ales

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Ratio an% &er al Scales

ratio s+ales
&=D<C00 &=# <000 &=50<000

ver/al s+ales
& in+3 represents !00 feet & in+3 represents #<000 feet & +entimeter represents 500 meters

4represents6 sometimes is repla+ed /y 4eE(als6 (more +ommon in C.D dra5ings) &6 @ !00 ft &6 @ #<000 ft & +m @ 500 m
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Grap'ic Scales
0 5 Kilometers 0 500 1 1/2 0 miles 500 miles 1 2 10 15

feet

1 km 1 mile

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Di(ision of Map Scale )ar

0 3 6 9 12 15 Kilometers 0 5 10 15 20 25 Kilometers

0 8

16 24 32 40 Kilometers

0 10

20 30 40 50 Kilometers

.r/itrary dividing val(es diffi+(lt to (se to +al+(late distan+e Cal+(late t3e gro(nd distan+e< 53i+3 is meas(red on map as 5)5 /ars *a8e t3e dividing val(es to /e m(ltiples of & and 5 for small area maps< and &0< 50< &00< et+) for large area maps
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Disa%(antage of Ratio Scale

73en maps 5it3 a ratio s+ale is red(+ed or enlarged< t3e map meas(rements +3ange res(lting in signifi+ant errors in distan+e interpretation) Before enlargement Circle ground size = 0.02 m 100000 = 2,000 m = 2 km After enlargement Circle ground size = 0.04 m 100000 = 4,000 m = 4 km

2 cm Scale 1:100,000

4 cm

Scale 1:100,000
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*%(antage of Grap'ic Scale

*aps 5it3 a grap3i+ s+ale may /e red(+ed or enlarged 5it3o(t introd(+ing signifi+ant errors)

2 km 0 4 km 8 km 2 km 0 4 km 8 km

Before enlargement After enlargement

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Effects of Map Scale

GD MD = RFD
For t3e same gro(nd distan+e (AD)< t3e larger t3e -FD< t3e smaller t3e s+ale (&;-FD) ?3e smaller t3e s+ale< t3e smaller an o/%e+t appears on t3e map For t3e entire U),) to fit into paper of # $ & feet< t3e -FD m(st /e m(+3 larger (i)e)< t3e s+ale m(st /e m(+3 smaller) t3an t3at for *iami to /e fitted into t3e same & $ # feet paper
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+arge an% Small Map Scales

,mall or large refers to t3e magnitude of 1/RFD< not RFD itself

Larger scale Smaller RFD

Smaller scale Larger RFD

Original Size

Scale: 1:2 RFD = 2 1/RED = 0.5 Lager scale than RED = 4

Scale: 1:4 RFD = 4 1/RFD = 0.25 Smaller scale than RFD 23 =2 8/29/2011

+arge an% Small Map Scales

0arge s+ale
s+ales of &=# <000 or larger (e)g)< -FD F@ # <000< or s+ales /et5een &=& to &=# <000) depi+ting a smaller area 5it3 more details

,mall s+ale
s+ales of &=50<000 or smaller (e)g) -FD G 50<000 < or s+ales /et5een &=50<000< &=&<000<000< et+)) depi+ting a larger area 5it3 fe5er details

0arge and small s+ales may /e relative depending on appli+ations and (sers (e$amples)
3ttp=;;geograp3y)a/o(t)+om;+s;maps;a;maps+ale)3tm
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,'y Do ,e -a(e to ,orry a out Map Scale.

Ho5 does it 5or8 in .(toC.DB
7orld *odel > o/%e+ts are +reated in t3eir a+t(al dimensions Iaper *odel > dra5ing is s+aled do5n to prod(+e plots

Ho5 does it 5or8 in AI,B

Data are e$pressed in real 5orld +oordinates ,+ale of a map is determined 53en map is prod(+ed
,+ale determines 53at portion of t3e Eart3 +an /e s3o5n ,+ale limits types of information t3at +an /e portrayed and t3e si2e of feat(res ,+ale determines 3o5 many 8inds of feat(res +an /e s3o5n 5it3o(t +l(tter

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!//0 Sout' Flori%a +an% Use SF,MD

Data are too detailed to /e s3o5n +learly on a small map For t3e si2e of t3e map< different land (ses need to /e +om/ined to red(+e t3e n(m/er of different land (ses Iro/lems 5it3 legend and s+ale
Note: More recent land use map is available for Miami-Dade County
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Scale1 *rea Si2e1 an% Details

larger scale smaller area more details smaller scale larger area fewer details

8/29/2011 http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/modules/tools/tools_scale.html

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Examples of Maps of Different Scales

http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/chooserightmap/
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Scale of GIS Data

,ometimes yo( see statements a/o(t AI, data prod(+ed at a +ertain s+ale 73at does s+ale mean 5it3o(t a referen+e to a parti+(lar map si2eB AI, data are often des+ri/ed as prod(+ed or +reated at a +ertain s+ale s(+3 as &=# <000 or &=&<000<000 ,in+e AI, data are +oded in real 5orld +oordinates (si2e) and do not 3ave to /e plotted on paper< 53y is s+ale mentioned at allB
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Scale may come from its source paper map ase% on 3'ic' GIS %ata are create%

GIS data likely created by digitizing a paper map with a scale of 1:24,000
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$3o Scales in GIS

In AI,< s+ales may mean t5o t3ings
*ap s+ale > t3e ratio of t3e distan+e on t3e map to t3at on t3e Eart3 s(rfa+e Data resol(tion and a++(ra+y asso+iated 5it3 a map s+ale

In old times 53en paper maps 5ere main prod(+ts< s+ales 5ere +aref(lly sele+ted 5it3 paper maps in mind
degree of detail for presentation a++(ra+y t3at may /e derived from maps prod(+tion time prod(+tion +ost n(m/er of map s3eets involved for a large area

7it3 AI,< 5e are more +on+erned a/o(t t3e resol(tion and a++(ra+y of data

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-o3 is Scale Relate% to Resolution.

On paper, minimum line widt is about !"# mm (or !"#!$) If map s+ale is &=#0<000< t3e line 5idt3 on gro(nd 5ill /e= 0.5 mm 0)5 mm J #0<000 @ &0<000 mm @ &0 m ?3is means anyt3ing smaller t3an &0 m +annot /e s3o5n on paper 53en t3e map s+ale is &=#0<000) If t3e s+ale is #50<000< t3e resol(tion 5ill /e &#5 m > a 3o(se str(+t(re +annot /e represented on t3e map so t3ere is no point in +olle+ting t3is information Us(ally< it is desira/le to spe+ify t3e resol(tion of a dataset as a minim(m feat(re si2e) For e$ample< 4no la8es of less t3an 5 3e+tares s(rfa+e area s3o(ld /e +apt(red6) ,+ale is (sed as a 5ay to state data resol(tion http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/gis/gisscale.html
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Data Resolution
-esol(tion is t3e degree to 53i+3 +losely related entities +an /e dis+riminated
E)g)< many more details +an /e s3o5n on a pi+t(re of #)0 *AI +ompared to one of &)0 *AI (ass(ming t3e pi+t(re is s3o5ing t3e same o/%e+ts)

-esol(tion limits t3e minim(m si2e of feat(re t3at need to /e stored

9n a &=#0<000 s+ale paper map< t3e minim(m distan+e 53i+3 +an /e represented (resol(tion) is a/o(t &0 m) 9n a &=#50<000 s+ale paper map< t3e resol(tion is &#5 m)

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Data Resolution an% *ccuracy

.lt3o(g3 it is +(stom to say +ertain data are +apt(red at five different scales< it 5o(ld /e more meaningf(l to say t3at 5e 3ave t3e same data of five different resolutions) *ap resol(tion affe+t map a++(ra+y > a+3ieva/le a++(ra+y level depends on resol(tion
Hig3er resol(tion means 3ig3er a++(ra+y level is a+3ieva/le 0o5er resol(tion means a++(ra+y 5ill also /e lo5er

. definition of resol(tion ass(res +onsisten+y in levels of details and a++(ra+y a+ross spa+e
(,o(r+e= 3ttp=;;srm555)gov)/+)+a;gis;giss+ale)3tml)

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Relati(e *ccuracy an% * solute *ccuracy

-elative .++(ra+y > meas(re of ma$im(m deviation /et5een t3e interval (distan+e) /et5een t5o o/%e+ts and a+t(al interval /et5een t3e t5o o/%e+ts ./sol(te .++(ra+y > meas(re of ma$im(m deviation /et5een t3e lo+ation of o/%e+t and its tr(e lo+ation

Original location

Bad absolute accuracy Good relative accuracy

Good absolute accuracy Bad relative accuracy

Inaccurate

Legend

Features on Earth

Features captured in GIS

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Map *ccuracy +e(els

E$pressed in K;" in+3es or feet -elative .++(ra+y
a++(ra+y of K;" C6 to K;" &0L typi+al for AI,

./sol(te .++(ra+y
a++(ra+y of K;" &L to K;" &00L typi+al for AI,

. 3ig3er relative a++(ra+y level is easier to a+3ieve . 3ig3 a/sol(te a++(ra+y level is more diffi+(lt to a+3ieve
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4ational Map *ccuracy Stan%ar%s for * solute *ccuracy

Ier+ent of tested points in error on a map m(st /e 5it3in a spe+ified range
,+ale larger t3an &=#0<000 (e)g)< &=&0<000) > no more t3an &0M of t3e tested points may /e in error /y more t3an &;306 (0)! C mm) on map ,+ale smaller t3an &=#0<000 (e)g)< &=# <000 or &=&00<000) > no more t3an &0M of tested points may /e in error /y more t3an &;506 (0)50! mm) on map

.++(ra+y dire+tly dependent on map s+ale

Scale 1:20,000 Scale 1:'0,000 1!"0# $ap error % 1!"0 & 20,000 % ''(')* 1!'0# $ap error % 1!'0 & 100,000 % +"(""*
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http://rockyweb.cr.usgs.gov/nmpstds/nmas647.html
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Representati(e Distances for Map Scales

Scale 1:2,,000 1:'0,000 1:)",")0 1:100,000 1:2'0,000 1:'00,000 1:1,000,000 1# on $ap represents 2,000 -eet ,,1)) -eet 1 $ile 1() $iles , $iles + $iles 1) $iles 1 c$ on $ap represents 2,0 $ '00 $ )""() $ 1 .$ 2(' .$ ' .$ 10 .$

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Representati(e Distances for Map Scales

/ap Scale 1:1,2'0 1:2,'00 1:',000 1:10,000 1:2,,000 1:'0,000 1:100,000 1:2'0,000 1:1,000,000 1:10,000,000 0ccuracy, or resolution 1corresponding to 0(' $$ $ap distance2 0()2' $ 1(2' $ 2(' $ '$ 12 $ 2' $ '0 $ 12' $ '00 $ ' .$
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Example of *ccuracy for Different Map Scales

Map Scale 1 = 50 1 = 100 1 = 200 1 = 400 1: 24,000 1: 100,000 Accuracy +/- 1.67 +/- 3.33 +/- 6.67 +/- 13.33 +/- 40.00 +/- 166.67

1/30 or 0.846 mm error

1/50 or 0.508 mm error

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Map Sym ology an% +ayout

Composition of a map
*ap area Compass rose or nort3 arro5 ,+ale 0egend Norder *ap title 9t3er notes

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Components an% Differences

s3apes +olors sym/ols s+ales meanings
1 2 3
1. 2. 3. Schematic map of London USGS topographic map of Miami USGS topographic map with shaded relief

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Map Sym ols in USGS $opograp'ic Maps

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Questions to consider before symbolizing d t on m !

7ill t3e map stand alone< or 5ill it /e part of a series of maps t3at s3are a similar designB > If part of a series< +reate a template) 73at si2e 5ill t3e printed version of t3e map /eB > ,et (p t3e paper si2e Ho5 5ill t3e page /e orientedB > Iage set(p Ho5 many data frames 5ill t3e map 3aveB 7ill t3e map 3ave ot3er map elements s(+3 as a title< a Oort3 arro5< and a legendB > 7ill it /e inserted as a grap3 in a report or as a stand"alone mapB 7ill t3e map +ontain grap3s or reports to +omplement t3e geograp3i+ vie5 of t3e dataB Ho5 5ill s+ale /e indi+ated on t3e mapB Ho5 5ill t3e map elements /e organi2ed on t3e pageB
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,'at are t'e pro lems.

?3e U),) map is too small O(m/ers in legend diffi+(lt to read and +ompre3end ,+ale ma8es no sense 4I9I&DDD6 is not Englis3 Oort3 arro5 too large

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Impro(e% Map

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,'at 3ere t'e impro(ements.

C3ange map sym/ols > 0ayer properties;,ym/ology C3ange layer name (e)g)< ,?.?E, to ,tate) > +3ange layer name in data vie5 /y +li+8ing on t3e layer name C3ange attri/(te name (e)g)< I9I&DDD to &DDD Iop(lation in previo(s slide) > +3ange attri/(te name in data vie5 /y +li+8ing on t3e attri/(te name
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,'at5s ,rong.
*issing legend ,+ale > division needs to /e +onvenient to read) E$amples 0< 5< &0< &5< P &< &0< #0< 30<P &< #< 3< <P Colors need to +onvey meanings
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,'at5s ,rong.
*ap may /e larger *ap does not 3ave +orre+t aspe+t ratio *ap +apt(red as grap3i+s and s+aled ar/itrarily 73en s+aling a map< lo+8 t3e aspe+t ratio

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,'at5s ,rong.
,3o(ld s3o5 roads /y f(n+tion +lass s(+3 as free5ays and e$press5ays< ma%or arterials< +olle+tors< lo+al roads< et+) ,3o(ld la/el a fe5 ma%or roads to orient readers)

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,'at5s ,rong.
0egend +olors do not 3elp (nderstand flood ris8 levels Arap3i+ s+ale s3o(ld 3ave divisions t3at are m(ltiples of &< 5< &0< 50< &00< et+) 0egend over map ma8ing it diffi+(lt to read

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,'at5s ,rong.

*issing s+ale

3se co$$as to $a.e nu$bers easier to read 8/29/2011

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,'at5s ,rong.

,+ale a585ard< s3o(ld /e in miles 0egend in+omplete (53at are t3ose lines in ot3er +olorsB)
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,'at5s ,rong.

,+ale a585ard Nl(e /a+8gro(nd and /l(e lines need to /e in+l(ded in legend
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Printing an% Sa(ing

,aving different t3emes /ased on t3e same data sets (53i+3 involves t3e (se of different map sym/ols) > save t3em ea+3 as a separate map do+(ment (Q)m$d) Use t3e File;E$port *ap +ommand to e$port t3e map to a grap3i+ file s(+3 as %peg< giff< or tiff > map s+ale +annot /e maintained Ilot t3e map dire+tly > map s+ale is maintained

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Rea%ings
?e$t/oo8 C3apter &0

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