Form of Present Perfect

Positive Negative Question

I / you / we / they

I have spoken.

I have not spoken.

Have I spoken?

he / she / it

He has spoken.

He has not spoken.

Has he spoken?

For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see list of irregular verbs, 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d

love loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled

admit admitted travel travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i

hurry hurried

Use of Present Perfect

puts emphasis on the result Example: She has written five letters. action that is still going on Example: School has not started yet. action that stopped recently Example: She has cooked dinner. finished action that has an influence on the present

Example: I have lost my key. action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Example: I have never been to Australia. The following people have just completed an action. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Bob / visit / his grandma Jimmy / play / on the computer Sue and Walter / wash / their car Andrew / repair / his bike Phil / help / Anne with maths Brad and Louise / watch / a film Tamara / talk to / her best friend Bridgette / draw / a picture Carol / read / a computer magazine

10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant The following people have just completed an action. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Bob has visited his grandma. Jimmy has played on the computer. Sue and Walter have washed their car. Andrew has repaired his bike. Phil has helped Anne with maths. Brad and Louise have watched a film. Tamara has talked to her best friend. Bridgette has drawn a picture. Carol has read a computer magazine.

10. Tom and Alice have been to a restaurant.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sarah / not / wash the dishes Anita / not / clean the kitchen Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants Joey / not / make his bed David / not / buy milk Lisa / not / be to the baker's Aran and Jack / not / do their homework Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms Alex / not / feed the hamster

10. Hazel / not / empty the bin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Sarah has not washed the dishes. Anita has not cleaned the kitchen. Maureen and Gavin have not watered the plants. Joey has not made his bed. David has not bought milk. Lisa has not been to the baker's. Aran and Jack have not done their homework. Jane and Ben have not tidied up their rooms. Alex has not fed the hamster.

10. Hazel has not emptied the bin.

Questions in Present Perfect Simple

Write questions in present perfect simple.

1. 2. 3. 4.

you / answer / the question Jenny / lock / the door Walter / call / us you / see / the picture

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

your parents / get / the letter it / rain / a lot how often / we / sing / the song Maureen / watch / the film how many books / Bob / read

10. ever / you / be / to London 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Have you answered the question? Has Jenny locked the door? Has Walter called us? Have you seen the picture? Have your parents got the letter? Has it rained a lot? How often have we sung the song? Has Maureen watched the film? How many books has Bob read?

10. Have you ever been to London?

For and Since

- You use FOR if you don't have to calculate the period of time, because you have it in the sentence : I have lived here FOR two months ( you don't have to calculate, you know the period is "two months" ) - You use SINCE if you have to calculate the period of time, because you only have the starting point : I have lived here SINCE 1975 ( you have to calculate now: if you

came in 1975 - the starting point - and now it is 2009, then 20091975 = 24 years )

FOR

---------

SINCE

FOR

and SINCE

are used to express time

FOR denotes the whole period of time ( duration) : for one year - for two weeks - for a long time for three months SINCE only shows the moment when the action started ( a specific time) since last Monday since I was born -

Jack (be) has been my friend for over 20 years. We (know) have known each other since we were children. Recently, he and his family (move) have moved to a house on the same street as me, and now our children play together almost every day. For the last ten years, Jack and I (play) have played for the same hockey team every Saturday. Jack is a better player than I am, but in the last few months he (have) has had some trouble with his left knee, and he (find) has found it hard to play a full game. He (see) has seen the doctor several times about his knee, but the doctor doesn't know what is causing his pain. Jack (decide) has decided to take a break from hockey for a while, so that his knee can recover. It's going to be lonely on the team without him!