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OUTLINES
o Introduction and Importance of Highway Drainage System o Causes of Moisture Variation in Sub-grade Soil o Surface Drainage System Different types of Road Side Drain Cross drainage structures (Culverts and others) Different Types of Energy Dissipating Structures o Subsurface Drainage System Drainage of Infiltrated Water Control of Seepage Flow Lowering of Water Table Control of Capillary Rise
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INTRODUCTION
o All highways are constructed on soil which is composed of different layers. Pavement rests on sub grade. o Serviceability of highway depends upon the moisture and measures for controlling the moisture. o Road are constructed either by cutting or embankment depending upon vertical profile of designed alignment with respect to original ground level which are exposed to the action of rain and sun. o Hence stability of road depends upon water content in soil.
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Ch 4 Highway Drainage
Er.Sunil Khyaju
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Ch 4 Highway Drainage
Er.Sunil Khyaju
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Ch 4 Highway Drainage
Er.Sunil Khyaju
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Ch 4 Highway Drainage
Er.Sunil Khyaju
Sustained contact of water with bituminous pavement causes failure due to stripping of bitumen lead to formation of pot holes. The prime cause of failure in rigid pavement by mud pumping is due to presence of water in fine sub grade soil. In places of freezing temperature, presence of water in sub grade soil causes damage due to frost action. Erosion of soil from top of unsurfaced road and slope of embankment, cut and hillside is due to the surface water.
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Surface drainage system Removal and diversion of surface water is surface drainage. The water is first collected in longitudinal drains and then the water is disposed off at the nearest stream, valley or water course. It consist of two operations: 1. Collection of surface water 2. Disposal of collected surface water 1. Collection of surface water Water from pavement surface is removed by providing the camber to the pavement. May by a) Drainage in rural highway b) Drainage in urban streets c) Drainage in hill roads
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a)
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b)
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c)
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Hydrologic analysis
The main objective of hydrologic analysis is to estimate the maximum quantity of water expected to reach the element of drainage system under consideration. A portion of rain water gets infiltrated into ground as groundwater and a small portion gets evaporated.
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Remaining water which flow over the surface is surface runoff. Runoff depends upon
Intensity of rainfall Type of soil and moisture condition Topography of area Type of ground water like vegetation
Rational formula is widely used to estimate peak runoff water for highway drainage for the catchment area of 2-3 km2. Q=CiA/360
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where, Q = Surface runoff, m3/s C= runoff coefficient, ratio of runoff to rate of rainfall i= intensity of rainfall, mm/hr A= Drainage area in Hectares
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Hydraulic Analysis:
Once the design runoff Q is determined, the side drains and partially filled culvert are designed based on the principles of flow through open channel. Assuming the allowable velocity of flow, crosssectional area of drain is found from the relation,
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Example 1: A culvert is to be designed to carry the runoff from a 40 hectare area. Some 24 hectare of catchment area is used for farming and remaining 16 hectare are on flood plain area. Determine the amount of water which the culvert must be capable of handling if intensity of rainfall is 24.50 mm/hr. Take C for farming area 0.4 and C for flood plain area 0.3
Example 2: The maximum quantity of water expected in one of the open longitudinal drain on clayey soil is 0.9m3/s. Design the cross-section and longitudinal slope of trapezoidal drain assuming the bottom width of trapezoidal section to be 1.0 m and crossslope to be 1.0 vertical to 1.5 horizontal. The allowable velocity of flow in drain is 1.2 m/s and mannings roughness coefficient is 0.02. Example 3: A side drain is to be designed to carry the runoff from a 4 hectare area. Design the cross-section and longitudinal slope of drain if intensity of rainfall is 106.9 mm/hr. Take C = 0.5.
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Subsurface drainage
Stability and strength of road surface depends upon strength of sub-grade which is the foundation layer of road whose strength depends upon its moisture content. Variations of moisture content of sub-grade are caused by: Penetration of moisture through the pavement surface. Percolation of water from shoulder, pavement edges and formation slopes. Rise or fall of underground water table. Capillary rise of moisture in soil. Transfer of moisture vapour through soil
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1.
If the ground water table is more than 1.5 meter below the sub-grade of road, it does not require any sub-surface drainage. In the places where the water table is high, the best remedy is to take the formation of embankment of height not less than 1.2 m. For relatively permeable, longitudinal drainage trenches with drain pipes and filter sand For relatively less permeable, longitudinal along with transverse drains
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2.
Control of seepage
When surface of ground and the impervious layer embedded below it are sloping towards the road, the seepage is likely to occur and reach road sub-grade to effect its strength characteristics. Seepage is likely to occur in hilly region or roads in cutting. If the seepage level reaches the road sub-grade, it should be intercepted to keep the seepage line at safe depth below the road sub-grade as shown in figure;
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3.
Capillary rise is the process of rising water in on sub-grade level or above which depends upon the permeability of soil (high for fine grained soil). If capillary rising is likely to the strength of sub-grade, steps should be taken to arrest the capillary rise of water which is called cutoff. Capillary cutoffs can be of following three types: a) Provision of granular layer of suitable thickness or of sand blanket. During construction of embankment it is provided between subgrade and highest level of Ground Water Table. Thickness of this granular layer should be such that capillary rise of water remains within this layer.
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b) Provision of Impermeable Layer of Bituminous layer Here bituminous material is insert to arrest the capillary rise. 50% of straight run bitumen of 80/100 grade and 50% of diesel oil at the rate of 1 kg/m2 is used for this layer. Heavy duty Tar felt, polythene envelop sheet and other measures can be adopted.
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The filter material used should have sufficient permeability offering negligible resistance to flow. It should also resist piping of the foundation material. Hence the grain size distribution of the filter material is decided based on criteria of permeability and piping. To fulfill the permeability conditions lower limit of D15 size of material is determined from relation; D15 of filler material / D15 of foundation material > 5
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to prevent piping, the upper limit of D15 size of filter material can be calculated from following relation; D15 of filter / D85 of foundation < 5
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2.Culvert:
According to Nepal Bridge Standard 2067, the drainage structures having span length up to 6 meters is called culvert. If the span is greater than 6 meters then it is bridge. A culvert is a close conduit placed under embankment to carry across the roadway. The common types of culvert are slab culvert, box culvert, arch culvert and pipe culvert. Choice of culvert on particular site depends upon cost of construction and availability of materials and labors.
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a. In slab culvert, RCC slab is placed over abutments made of masonry and span is limited to 3 meters.
b. Box Culvert is square or rectangular shape made of RCC. It is used in place of high debris and discharge.
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d.
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3. Aqueduct:
An aqueduct is a open or closed conduit, depending upon nature of water, sufficiently above the roadway provided to drain water across road. The normal position of placing of aqueduct in roadway is cutting. If a road is in cutting exceeding 5 meters and the water either of natural drainage course or irrigation canal has to be drained or taken to irrigate the land, aqueduct is best.
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4. Inverted Siphon:
A pressure pipeline crossing a depression or passing under highway is called inverted siphon.
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5. Scupper:
It is the cheapest type of culvert, used to decrease per km cost of road in low cost pavement. It is of 0.9 to 1.0 meter wide.
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Erosion control
Water emerging out of culverts and other cross drainage structures will have higher velocity than non-scouring velocity for the soil around it. Also the construction of highway bring damage in natural stream bed, existing stable hill slopes and involves the removal of top vegetation covers. So erosion control measures have to be adopted. The erosion depends upon several factors such as intensity and duration of rainfall, type and condition of soil, height and angle of slope and climatic condition. Some of the erosion control measures are:
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a) Lining of drains
If the mean velocity exceeds the permissible velocity for particular type of soil, the road drain should be protected against scouring. The slope of drain is lined with turf and bottom is covered by cobbles and gravels of desired size. Grass lining are valuable where grass can be supported. For higher velocity type of lining should be stone masonry or brick masonry throughout the perimeter and length of drain. Pre-cast concrete blocks can be used if local stone materials are not available.
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b)
Vegetation
It is the process of application of grass on top surface of exposed soil. Soil erosion control is improved by allowing vegetation to grow in fill slope or shoulder portion. Bio-Engineering is other alternative which has proved more effective with sustainable development of age.
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a) Road Rapid:
Road channels having bed slopes generally higher than the critical slope are rapids. It is provided at the end of the catch drain.
b) Ditch Check:
In case of large rapid slope, the flowing water has high energy having capacity to erode the bed and side slope of drain. The energy of flowing water can be reduced by providing falls at certain interval. This type of structure is called ditch checks.
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