PNGE 310 DRILLING ENGINEERING

Chapter 2 Drill Rig Design

H. Ilkin Bilgesu Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering College of Engineering & Mineral Resources WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 1 of 10

HISTORY OF DRILLING
Cable tool drilling Rotary drilling Downhole motors

CABLE TOOL DRILLING

Advantages of Cable Tool Drilling o Initial costs are less o Lower daily expenses (fuel, labor) o Fast mobilization o Drilling rate are comparable to rotary drilling (in shallow hard formations) o No formation damage Disadvantages of Cable Tool Drilling o No pressure control (dangerous in high pressure zones) o Frequent failure in the drill string (reduces efficiency) o Not good for consolidated and caving formations

ROTARY DRILLING
Major Systems of the Rotary Rig: 1. The drill string and the bit (Rotary system) 2. The fluid circulating system 3. The hoisting system 4. Rig power system 5. Well control system (Blow-out prevention system) 6. Well monitoring system

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 2 of 10

Rotary System: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bit Down-hole motor* Bottom Hole Assembly Drill Collars Drill pipe Kelly* a. Kelly bushing* 7. Swivel * : Depends on the drilling method.

Fluid Circulating System: 1. 2. 3. 4. Mud pits Mud tanks Mud blenders Mud pump a. Double-acting design (Duplex) b. Triple-acting (Triplex) 5. Compressors* 6. Stand pipe 7. Hose 8. Gooseneck 9. Swivel 10. Kelly* 11. Drill Pipe 12. Drill Collar 13. Downhole motor* 14. Bit

Hoisting System: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Derrick Crown block Traveling block Hook Drilling line Fast line Dead line Drawworks

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 3 of 10

9. Deadline achhor 10. Drilling line storage reel

Rig Power System: 1. Power Type a. Diesel-electric type b. Direct-drive type 2. Power-system performance characteristics: c. Output horsepower d. Torque e. Fuel consumption Shaft power: P=wT

Heating Value Density Fuel type Btu/lbm lbm.gal 19,000 7.2 Diesel 20,000 6.6 Gasoline 21,000 4.7 Butane 24,000 Methane

Well Control System: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Annular preventers Blind rams Pipe rams Diverter line Kill line Choke line Accumulators

Well Monitoring System: 1. 2. 3. 4. Depth Penetration rate Hook load Rotary speed

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 4 of 10

5. Rotary torque 6. Pump speed 7. Pump pressure 8. Mud density 9. Mud temperature 10. Mud salinity 11. Gas content of mud 12. Hazardous gas content of air 13. Mud flow rate 14. Pit level 15. Cuttings

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 5 of 10

DRILL STEM DESIGN

Methods: o Bouyancy o Pressure area Design Parameters: o Anticipated hole depth o Hole size o Expected mud weight o Length of drill collars o Desired drill pipe sizes o Desired safety factors Tension and/or margin of pull (MOP) Collapse Special considerations o Supplemental drill stem members Bottom-hole assembly (BHA) Types of BHA o Slick BHA: No stabilizers are used. o Pendulum BHA: One or more stabilizers are used with different spacing. o Packed BHA: Different number of stabilizers are used above the bit. o Tension loading o Collapse due to external pressures o Internal pressure o Torsional strength o Other Parameters Stretch of drill pipe Due to weight carried Due to its own weight Critical rotary speeds Axial or longitudinal Torsional Transverse or lateral

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 6 of 10

BIT PLANNING
Factors to evaluate: o Bit cost o Expected parameters o Formation types and properties o Mud system o Rig cost Drill bits remove rocks by: o Exceeding its shear strength o Exceeding its compressive strength Bit types: o Drag bits o Roller cone bits Two-cone bits Three-cone bits Four-cone bits o Polycrstalline Diamond Compact bits (PCD) o Diamond bits o Hammer bits Bit Design factors: o Type of formation o Hardness of formation o Size of the hole Factors considered in the design of the manufacturing: o Journal angle o Amount of offset o Teeth o Bearings o Relationship between teeth and bearings Rock bit classification: o IADC : International Association of Drilling Contractors 1 ------- 8 , 1 ---- 4 , 1 ----------- 9 Major Group Subgroup Specialty Feature 1-3 , 4-8 Mill Insert Tooth PDC bits o Design factors: Bit body material Heat treated alloy

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 7 of 10

Tungsten carbide matrix Bit profile Double cone Shallow cone Gauge protection Cutter shape Standard cylindrical Chisel (or parabolic) Convex Cutter Concentration Location Cutter exposure Cutter orientation Hydraulics

Bit Selection o Evaluation criterias: Formation hardness and abrasiveness Mud types Directional considerations Rotating system Coring Bit size o Selection criterias: Cost per foot Specific energy Bit dullness Well bit records and geological information

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 8 of 10

DRILLING COST ANALYSIS

Intangible items: o Location preparation o Drilling rig and tools o Drilling fluids o Rental equipment o Cementing o Support services o Transportation o Supervision and administration Tangible items: o Tubular equipment o Wellhead equipment o Completion equipment Time to drill and complete: o Rig-up time o Drilling time o Trip time o Casing placement time (Including the cementing) o Formation evaluation time (eg. Logging and testing) o Borehole survey time (eg. Directional and caliper surveys) o Completion time o Trouble time (eg. Fishing, stuck pipe, and well control)

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 9 of 10

DRILLING PERSONNEL
Drilling Superintendent Tool Pusher Driller Roughneck (Rotary helper) Derrickmen Mud Engineer

TYPES OF RIGS
Onshore o Standard o Portable o Conventional Offshore o Floating Rigs Drill Ships Drilling Barges Semi-Submersible Rigs o Bottom Supported Rigs Jack-up Rigs Submersible Rigs o Platform Rigs Piled Steel Platforms Gravity Structures

PNGE 310

Chapter 2a - Page 10 of 10