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4/15/2013
Presentation Outline
1. Physical Properties of Grit 2. Traditional Assumptions vs. Recent Suggested Grit Understanding 3. Sand Equivalent Size (SES) Parameter 4. Settling Principles 5. Grit Characterization
Grit Book Eutek Systems, Inc. 2007
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Particles larger than 210 microns (m) Particles range in size from 50 to (65 mesh) 1000 m Perfect spheres Clean sand in clean water Quiescent basin for discrete particle settling Variety of shapes Fats, oils, greases, soap & scum in collection system Basins not quiescent Grit Happens - INWEA 2010
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SES Definition
Clean sand particle size with the same settling velocity as the more buoyant grit particle Determined by using a wet sieve analysis
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Others argue that blackened grit particles contain a thin iron oxide or iron sulfide coating that does not radically alter SG
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Settling Principles
Discrete particle settling theory
Newtons Law
vp(t) = [(4g/3Cd)((p w)/w)dp]0.5 or vp(t) [(4g/3Cd)(sgp 1)dp]0.5
Where: vp(t) = terminal velocity of particle (m/s) g = gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2) p = density of particle (kg/m3) w = density of water (kg/m3) Cd = drag coefficient (unitless) sgp = specific gravity of particle dp = diameter of particle (m)
Wastewater Engr. - Trt. & Reuse, 4th Edition
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Cd As a Function of NR
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Induced Vortex
Wall velocity is greater than at the center Increasing performance as flows decrease (lower SLR) Headloss typically 6-12 for hydraulic induced vortex
Because of high centrifugal forces near the discharge port, grit particles are retained while organic particles are discharged Large organic particles typically have a higher drag forces than smaller grit particles and tend to move with the fluid and are transported out of the separator
Organic particles that may settle usually consist of oil and grease attached to grit particles
Wastewater Engr. - Trt. & Reuse, 4th Edition
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Grit Characterization
Methods of grit sampling and analysis
Sand Equivalent Size (SES) determination of collected influent grit sample Dry sieve analysis of collected influent grit sample Sampling and characterization of primary sludge Sampling and characterization of grit that has accumulated in aeration tanks
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Measure the settling velocity distribution of each sieve size fraction in a modified Imhoff cone Calculate grit SES values Plot the SES distribution for each size fraction
Most of the entering grit will have settling velocities < 225 m sand
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Drysieving grit samples entails burning samples in a muffle furnace to remove organic material particles prior to sieving
Historically practiced method Avoids capillary action between wet fine screens
2008 Smith & Loveless, Bulletin 9503-14
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Analyzed sample represents a wide range of influent flow and weather conditions Provides information on desirable design particle size to avoid grit deposition
Grit settling is based on discrete particle settling theory or gravity separation in an accelerated flow field
Avoid turbulent region for discrete particle settling
Confidence in short term grit characterization studies should be tempered (need to sample during high flows)
May want to sample grit where it accumulates in a WWTP
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Agenda
Introduction Strategy For Analyzing Aerated Grit Tanks Using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) Case Studies and Results
Greater Augusta Utilities District (GAUD), Augusta, Maine Onondaga County, Metropolitan Syracuse Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Syracuse, New York Water Pollution Control Facility (WPCF), City of Gloucester, Massachusetts
Introduction
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) CFD predicts hydraulic performance inside a structure using principles of fluid flow known
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations Conservation of mass, momentum and energy
Model represents the real-scale geometry Analysis can include simulations of different flow conditions Results can be extracted from anywhere within the fluid domain
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2. Compare facility to MOP-8 parameters 3. Identify boundaries of model 4. Establish potential modifications up front
7. Run baseline conditions 8. Run simulations of modifications 9. Review output results (graphics) identify flow patterns and potential disruptions in roll pattern to make recommendations
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Grit Tanks
Secondary Clarifiers
2009 Google
Grit Chambers
2 aerated grit chambers Significant, problematic grit carryover
Noticed when flow reaches 5-6 mgd per grit chamber Peaks reach 22 mgd per grit chamber Collection system improvements to result in peak flow of 18 mgd per grit chamber
2 Grit Tanks Large baffle at end of each tank
Grit collector
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Width:Depth Ratio Length:Width Ratio Aeration Rate HRT at peak flow Side Water Depth Floor slope
1.25:1 1.7:1 2.5 to 6.5 cfm/ft 1.5 to 4 cfm/1000 cf 3 min (@43 mgd) 12.75 ft 25 percent
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CFD Scenarios
1. Existing grit chamber 2. Existing baffle removed 3. New lateral baffles 4. New longitudinal baffle 5. Re-sloped floor 3 flows: 6 (low), 12 (avg), 22 (peak) mgd
(1) Proposed new lateral baffles Proposed floor resloping
Aeration
Discrete phase model (DPM) DPM injects air particles to affect primary flow pattern
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Existing baffle causes upward velocity in area where grit has been collected and conveyed.
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Existing baffle
Core less pronounced, Similar to no-baffle results
Existing baffle
Core varies but exists throughout tank length
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Recommended Improvements
(1) Remove existing baffle
Flows
Peak Flow: 240 MGD Design Flow: 84 MGD Average Flow: 65 MGD (2010) Tertiary Treatment: <126 MGD
ESG
PS
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NS&G
Evenly divide grit between grit chambers 1 and 2
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ES&G Baseline
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Future Work
ES&G: evaluate longitudinal baffle possibly NS&G 1: evaluate design of baffles to straighten influent flow NS&G 2: likely similar modifications as NSG 1, other than how flow is straightened
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WPCF has two identical aeration grit tanks operating in parallel only one tank was modeled Two flow conditions were simulated:
Case 1: 15 mgd with one tank in service Case 2: 15 mgd with two tanks in service (assume equal flow split between the two tanks)
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Closing
Acknowledgements
GAUD
Dan Bisson (CDM), Bill McConnell (CDM), Brian Tarbuck (GAUD)
Augusta County
Dan Jean (GAUD), Jim Renk (GAUD), Nancy Vigneault (CDM)
Gloucester
Mike Kostur (CDM)
Questions?
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Grit Influent
Grit Unit
Grit Effluent
Final Product
%Grit Efficiency = Grit Inf Grit Eff x 100 Grit Inf Sample Location
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Vertical Sampler
Gathers a representative sample from the entire vertical water column
Slot width function of stream velocity, channel depth, pump velocity, & cross sectional area of pump suction
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Sampling begins as diurnal flows raise up and continue thru the peak of the afternoon. Continuous composite for 6 hours.
Post-Sampling Activities Decant sample from settler Rinse loose floatable organics from sample Drain off liquid Volume & Weight of total sample recorded Wet-sieve
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Wet-sieve System
Fixed Solids Determination Flow weighted calculations for quantity or grit per MGD
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Two Trays 4 ft diameter (1.22 m) Optimum Performance: Feed Rate170 gpm Cut point : 75 m @ 2.65 sg
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4 ft dia (1.22m) Optimum Performance: Feed Rate180 gpm Cut point : 106 m @ 2.65 sg
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Test Protocol
Simultaneous Parallel testing Same day testing Use native grit from plant RWI Comparable flow rates Applicable full scale flow rates Same test procedures Same analysis One laboratory
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Pilot Testing
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Testing Problems
Ultrasonic Flow Meters could not perform Feed rates determined by fill test and adjusting throttle on pump motor Rags fouled pump suctions Bar screens placed in hand Could not achieve pump rates of 300 gpm (1136 Lpm) or the full scale equivalent of 18 MGD (68 LPD) RWI channel 22 ft deep Trash pumps too small Rented pumps unable to perform
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10 MGD Results
Multiple Tray 39 ML/d (10.4 MGD) December 17, 2007
15 MGD Results
Multiple Tray 57 ML/d (15.1 MGD) December 18, 2007
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Conclusion
Foot Print Equal Price Comparable
$1.3 Million for 2 Multiple Tray Units $1.2 Million for 2 Vortex Units
Head loss greater for multiple tray unit Multiple tray unit exhibited higher removal rates at higher flows
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True Grit
Full-Scale Performance Assessment At Three Mechanical Vortex Grit Removal Treatment Plants
*Specs indicate both 30 MGD and 50 MGD **All systems reference grit at 2.65 SG Note: All removal processes refined the grit using cyclones & classifiers
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Plant Design 40 MGD with Collection system composed of both gravity and force mains
Recycle 54 vertical rise Preceded by RWI wet well Final Product Grit Refinement
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Plant History
VIP Forced Vortex 20 ft dia
Grit in primary biosolids Premature wear on centrifuges Grit volume taking up valuable incinerator space
Plant History
VIP Forced Vortex 20 ft dia
RWI flow and Incinerator feed belt totalizer during a hydraulic event.
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Concentration of Grit VIP Force Vortex 20 ft dia on May 20, 2007 Sunday
Average hourly flow during sampling was approximately 30 MGD Specification requires 65% of 100 mesh (150 m) at a maximum design flow of 26.7 MGD and 2.65 sg
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System Conclusions
VIP Forced Vortex 20 ft dia
- 70% of RWI grit was over 200 microns - > 300 micron grit shape flat, settled slowly - Current system operation does not adequately protect downstream equipment - Note: Plant was advised to use 2 vortexes if flows over 26 MGD
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Recycle Grit Refinement Force main collection system. Predominantly urban. Sample Location
Final Product
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Plant History
CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia
Prior to forced vortex units, plant used square grit chambers or Detritors. 2005 Detritors removed 24,570 ft3 grit 2007 Forced vortex & hydro-cyclones removed 2,034 ft3
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Grit Build up in the aeration tanks Lost Secondary Clarifier due to grit build up Removed grit from contact tanks Removed grit in scum concentrator
Concentration of Grit CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia RWI, Grit Influent, Grit Effluent Thursday May 17, 2007
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System Conclusions
CETP Forced Vortex 24 ft dia
- +80% of RWI grit was over 200 microns - > 300 micron grit shape flat, settled slowly - System did not protect downstream equipment
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Final Product
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Average hourly flow during sampling was approximately 20 MGD/hour At 50 MGD, manufacturer specifies 95% removal of 100-mesh with 2.65 sg *
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System Conclusions
Nansemond 24 ft Vortex
Over 80% of grit was less than 297 m System does not adequately protect down stream equipment.
1203 Metric tons removed from digester in 2008
Overall Conclusions
TECHNIQUE - The grit sampling and testing methods are repeatable and meaningful - Evaluating the overall system is necessary EQUIPMENT (for this study) - Forced vortex units had high efficiencies for large micron particles - Forced vortex units performed better at less than design flow rates OPERATIONAL ADVICE - Evaluate putting more units in service to catch slug loads (first morning flows and wet weather events) FUTURE - More testing is desired during wet weather events - CFD Modeling to examine how to improve performance
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Questions?
Brian McNamara Army Base Treatment Plant 401 Lagoon Road Norfolk, VA 23505 bmcnamara@hrsd.com 757-440-2521
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Questions?
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