College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 390
Fluid Mechanics
Spring 2008 Number: 11971
Instructor: Larry Caretto
February 26 Homework Solutions
3.23 A differential pressure gage attached to a Pitot-static tube (See ideo 3.!" is calibrated to
gi#e speed rather than the difference bet$een stagnation and static pressures. %he
calibration is done so that the speed indicated on the gage is the actual fluid speed if the
fluid flo$ing past the Pitot-static tube is air at standard sea le#el conditions. Assume the
same de#ice is used in $ater and the gage indicates a speed of 2&& 'nots. Determine the
$ater speed.
A Pitot-static tube measures te !i""erence bet#een te static pressure$ ps$ #ere te "%ui! as a
&e%ocity$ '$ an! te stagnation pressure$ p0 ( ps ) '
2
*2$ #ic occurs #en te origina% &e%ocity$
'$ is re!uce! to +ero,, -See te !iscussion o" te Pitot-static tube in te te.t an! %ecture
presentations "or more in"ormation,/ 0e can obtain te &e%ocity$ '$ "rom te !i""erence in static
an! stagnation pressures by so%&ing te e1uation p0 ( ps ) '
2
*2 "or ',
In te prob%em gi&en ere$ te gage as been ca%ibrate! to trans%ate te pressure !i""erence
!irect%y into spee! #en te "%ui! is air, 0en #e a&e a spee! rea!ing o" 200 2nots in any "%ui!
te Pitot-static tube tin2s tat it is in air so te pressure !i""erence measure! by te Pitot-static
tube can be "oun! "rom te "o%%o#ing "ormu%a:
( )
2
200
2
2 2
0
knots V
p p
air air air
s


0en #e put te Pitot-static tube in anoter "%ui! an! measure tis &e%ocity #e are actua%%y
measuring te pressure !i"erence tat te Pitot-static tube #ou%! so# in air at tat &e%ocity, 3e
oter "%ui!$ #ater in tis prob%em$ #it a !i""erent !ensity$ #i%% gi&e te same Pitot-static tube
pressure !i""erence i" it as te "o%%o#ing &e%ocity re%ationsip,
( )
2
200
2
2 2
0
knots V
p p
air water water
s

So te &e%ocity o" #ater is gi&en by te "o%%o#ing "ormu%a #ere #e use te tabu%ate! &a%ues "or
te stan!ar! !ensities o" air an! #ater,
( )
( ) ( )
3
3 2
2
94 . 1
00238 . 0
200 200
200
ft slugs
ft slugs
knots knots V
knots
V
water
air
water
water
air
water

Vwater = 7.01 knots

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3.2! (hen an airplane is fl)ing 2&& mph at *&&&-ft altitude in a standard atmosphere+ the air
#elocit) at a certain point on the $ing is
2,3 mph relati#e to the airplane. (hat
suction pressure is de#eloped on the $ing
at that point- (hat is the pressure at the
leading edge (a stagnation point" of the
$ing-
3e !iagram abo&e -ta2en "rom te so%utions
manua% "or te te.t/ so#s te "%o# a%ong t#o
stream%ines$ bot o" #ic start "ar "rom te airp%ane #ere te &e%ocity$ re%ati&e to te airp%ane is
200 mp an! te gage pressure can be ta2en as +ero, At an e%e&ation o" <000 "t te !ensity in
te stan!ar! atmospere -see 3ab%e C-1 in Appen!i. C on page 789/ is 0,002098 s%ugs*"t
6
, 3e
=ernou%%i e1uation can be #ritten in te "o%%o#ing "orm
streamline a along Constant C
2
V
2
+ +

p
gz
A%toug tere may be s%igt e%e&ation !i""erences in te #ing$ tey #i%% a&e a neg%igib%e impact
on te "orce-momentum ba%ance because o" te %o# speci"ic #eigt o" air, Conse1uent%y #e can
#rite tat P* ) '
2
*2 ( C a%ong a stream%ine, =e"ore starting te ca%cu%ations #e can con&ert te
&e%ocities gi&en in te prob%em "rom mp to "t*s using te con&ersion "actor tat 60 mp ( 99 "t*s,
3is gi&es te &e%ocity "ar "rom te airp%ane as 296 "t*s an! te &e%ocity o&er te airp%ane #ing as
900 "t*s,
0e "irst consi!er te stream%ine tat starts "ar "rom te airp%ane an! passes o&er te #ing at a
point #ere te &e%ocity is 276 mp ( 900 "t*s, 3e =ernou%%i e1uation #it no e""ect o" e%e&ation
gi&es us
2
V V
2
V
2
V
2
3
2
1
1 3
2
3 3
2
1 1

+ + +

p p
p p
Substituting !ata "or te &e%ocities an! te !e"inition o" te re"erence gage pressure as p1 ( 0
gi&es
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
2 2
3
2
3
2
1
1 3
400 293 002048 . 0
2
1
0
2 s
ft
s
ft
ft
slugs V V
p p
p3 = 70.6 l!"!t
#
App%ying te =ernou%%i e1uation a%ong a stagnation stream%ine to point 2$ #ere '2( 0 gi&es
2
3
2
1
1 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
293 002048 . 0
2
1
0
2
0
2 2

,
_

+ +

+
s
ft
ft
slugs V
p p
V p V p
p# = $$.0 l!"!t
#
=ot p6 an! p2 are gage pressures re%ati&e to a pressure "ar "rom te airp%ane at te same
e%e&ation as te airp%ane,
3.2* (ater flo$s steadil) do$n$ard through the pipe sho$n in the
figure at the right. iscous effects are negligible+ and the
pressure gage indicates the pressure is .ero at point (/".
Determine the pressure and flo$ rate at point (2".
3o so%&e tis prob%em #e a&e to app%y te =ernou%%i e1uation -an! te
continuity e1uation/ t#o times, ;irst #e app%y it to points one an! te
e.it$ #ic #e #i%% %abe% as point 6, Since te e.it is a "ree >et #e 2no#
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-6/
tat it as +ero gage pressure, 0e a%so 2no# te gage pressure at point 1 is +ero, 3us$ #e can
use tese pressure !ata to "in! te "%o# rate in te pipe, ?nce$ #e 2no# te "%o# rate$ #e can
app%y te =ernou%%i e1uation an! te continuity e1uation bet#een points -1/ an! -2/ to get te
!esire! pressure at point -2/, App%ying te =ernou%%i e1uation bet#een point -1/ an! te e.it -6/
gi&es,
2 2
2
3 3
3
2
1 1
1
V p
gz
V p
gz +

+ +

+
3e t#o &e%ocities are re%ate! by te continuity e1uation: '1A1 ( '6A6, 3is e1uation can be use!
to e%iminate '1, @oing tis an! substituting +2 A +6( 6 "t as so#n in te !iagram$ p6 ( 0 because
it is open to te atmospere$ an! p1 ( 0 as gi&en in te prob%em statement gi&es te "o%%o#ing
resu%t,
( ) ( ) 0
2
/ 0 0
3
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
1 3 1
3 1

+
V A A V
ft g
V V p p
z z g
0e can so%&e te resu%ting e1uation "or '6$ using te "act tat te area ratio is te !iameter ratio
s1uare! in te interme!iate step be%o#,
( ) ( )
( )
s
ft
ft
ft
ft
s
ft
D D
ft g
A A
ft g
V
3 . 19
12 . 0
1 . 0
1
3
174 . 32
2
/ 1
3 2
/ 1
3 2
4
2
4
1
4
3
2
1
2
3
3

,
_

0e can no# compute te "%o# rate as B ( '6A6 ;rom te continuity e1uation #e 2no# tat is
"%o# rate #i%% be te same trougout te pipe an! gi&es te !esire! resu%t "or B2,
( )

2
3 3 3 2 1
1 . 0
4
3 . 19
ft
s
ft
A V Q Q Q Q
s
ft
3
152 . 0
3o get te pressure at point -2/ #e can app%y te =ernou%%i e1uation bet#een points -1/ an! -2/,
Since te "%o# area is te same at tese points #e must a&e '1 ( '2C #e 2no# tat p1 ( 0 an!$
"rom te !iagram$ #e see tat +1 A +2 ( A2 "t, 3is gi&es te "o%%o#ing resu%t "or te =ernou%%i
e1uation,
( ) ( ) +

+ ft p
p
ft
g
V V
g
p p
z z 2 0 0
0
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1
2 1
Dsing te speci"ic #eigt o" #ater as g ( 82,9 %b"*"t
6
gi&es te !esire! pressure: p2 ( E-82,9
%b"/*"t
6
FG--2 "t/$ so p#=1#% l!"!t
#
,
3.32 (ater flo$s through the pipe contraction sho$n in
0igure P3.32 at the right. 0or the gi#en &.2-m
difference in manometer le#el+ determine the flo$
rate as a function of the diameter of the small pipe+
D.
App%y te =ernou%%i e1uation "or incompressib%e$
in&isci! "%o#s$ so#n be%o#$ bet#een t#o points -1/
an! -2/ a%ong a stream%ine in te center o" te pipe,
( )
( )
0
2
2
1
2
2 1 2
1 2

+
g
V V
g
p p
z z
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-1/
-2/
3e !iagram so#s tat te measurement tube at point 2 is "acing te "%o#C tis means tat it #i%%
measure te stagnation pressure, 3e Pie+ometer tube at point 1 is measuring te static
pressure at tat point, 3e measure! !i""erence -( 0,2 m/ times te speci"ic #eigt o" te "%ui!
is te !i""erence bet#een te stagnation pressure at point -2/ -p2 ) '2
2
*2/ an! te static
pressure$ p1 at point -1/, 3is gi&es te "o%%o#ing interpretation o" te eigt !i""erence,
gh
V
p p p
V
p gh h

+
2 2
2
2
2 1 1
2
2
2
0e can substitute tis e.pression "or p1 into our =ernou%%i e1uation a%ong #it te "act tat at te
center o" te pipe +2 ( +1, 3is gi&es te =ernou%%i e1uation as
( )
( ) ( )
0
2
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
2 1 2
1 2

,
_

+
+

+
g
V V
g
gh
V
p p
g
V V
g
p p
z z
0e see tat te terms in p2 an! '2
2
cance% %ea&ing te "o%%o#ing resu%t,
gh V
g
V
h 2 0
2
1
2
1

3e "%o# rate is simp%y '1A1 ( '1@1
2
*9,
( ) ( )

2
2 2
1 1 1 1
81 . 9
2 . 0 2 1 . 0
4
2
4
2
s
m
m m gh D gh A V A Q
s
m
3
01556 . 0
;rom te e1uation "or B$ #e see tat the flo$ rate does not depend on the smaller
diameter D.
3.33 %he speed of an airplane through the air is obtained b) use of a Pitot-static tube that
measures the difference bet$een the stagnation and static pressures. (See ideo 3.!."
1ather than indicating this pressure difference (psi or 23m
2
" directl)+ the indicator is
calibrated in speed (mph or 'nots". %his calibration is done using the densit) of standard
sea le#el air. %hus the air speed displa)ed (termed the indicated air speed" is the actual air
speed onl) at standard sea le#el conditions. 4f the aircraft is fl)ing at an altitude of 2&+&&&
ft and the indicated air speed is 22& 'nots+ $hat is the actual air speed-
A Pitot-static tube measures te !i""erence bet#een te static pressure$ ps$ #ere te "%ui! as a
&e%ocity$ '$ an! te stagnation pressure$ p0 ( ps ) '
2
*2$ #ic occurs #en te origina% &e%ocity$
'$ is re!uce! to +ero,, -See te !iscussion o" te Pitot-static tube in te te.t an! %ecture
presentations "or more in"ormation,/ 0e can obtain te &e%ocity$ '$ "rom te !i""erence in static
an! stagnation pressures by so%&ing te e1uation p0 ( ps ) '
2
*2 "or ',
In te prob%em gi&en ere$ te Pitot-static as been ca%ibrate! to trans%ate te pressure !i""erence
!irect%y into spee! #en te "%ui! is air at stan!ar! sea-%e&e% con!itions, 0en #e a&e a spee!
rea!ing o" 220 2nots at an a%titu!e o" 20$000 "t,$ te pressure !i""erence in te Pitot-static tube is
pressure !i""erence it #ou%! see i" it #ere tra&e%%ing at tat spee! in sea %e&e% air, 3at pressure
!i""erence is gi&en by te "o%%o#ing e1uation:
( )
2
220
2
2 2
0
knots V
p p
level sea indicated level sea
s

At 20$000 "t$ tat same pressure !i""erence is generate! at a !i""erent !ensity an! spee!, 3e
pressure !i""erence can ten be #ritten "or bot te actua% an! in!icate! spee!s as "o%%o#s,
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( )
2
220
2 2
2 2 2
000 , 20
0
knots V V
p p
level sea indicated level sea actual ft
s

So te actua% &e%ocity at &e%ocity at 20$000 "t is gi&en by te "o%%o#ing "ormu%a,
ft
level sea
indicated actual
V V
000 , 20

0e can "in! te air !ensity at sea %e&e% an! an e%e&ation o" 20$000 "t "or te stan!ar! atmospere
"rom 3ab%e C-1 in Appen!i. C on page 789: sea %e&e% ( 0,00268 s%ugs*"t
6
an! 20$000 "t% ( 0,001287
s%ugs*"t
6
, So$ te actua% air spee! "or an in!icate! air spee! o" 220 2nots is "oun! as "o%%o#s,
( )
3
3
000 , 20 001267 . 0
00238 . 0
220
ft slugs
ft slugs
knots V V
ft
level sea
indicated actual

Vactual = 30# knots

3.35 (ater is siphoned from the tan' sho$n in 0igure
P3.35. %he $ater barometer indicates a reading
of 3&.2 ft. Determine the ma6imum #alue of h
allo$ed $ithout ca#itation occurring. 2ote that
the pressure of the #apor in the closed end of
the barometer e7uals the #apor pressure.
In or!er to a&oi! ca&itation te pressure at te top o"
te sipon tube must be greater tan te &apor
pressure, 0e a&e to get a re%ationsip "or te
pressure at tis point,
;or tis prob%em #e #i%% #or2 #it abso%ute
pressures because te &apor pressure is an
abso%ute pressure, 3e pressure$ p1$ is te
-abso%ute/ atmosperic pressure$ patm, 3is is a%so
te pressure at point -6/, ;rom te barometer
e1uation #e a&e te "o%%o#ing &a%ue "or te
atmosperic pressure,
( ) m h p h p
baro v baro water atm
2 . 30 +
0e can use te =ernou%%i e1uation "or incompressib%e$ in&isci! "%o#s$ app%ie! bet#een te #ater
%e&e% in te tan2$ point -1/$ an! te e.it$ point -6/$ to obtain an e1uation "or te &e%ocity in te
sipon,
( )
( )
0
2
2
3
2
1 3 1
3 1

+
V V p p
z z g
0e are not gi&en te &apor pressure or any temperature !ata "rom #ic #e can !etermine te
&apor pressure,
In app%ying te =ernou%%i e1uation bet#een te %i1ui! %e&e% at point -1/ an! te e.it at point -6/$ #e
a&e p1 ( p6 ( patm$ an! +1 A +6 ( , =ecause te tan2 is %arge #e assume tat '1
2
HH '2
2
an! can
be neg%ecte!, 3is gi&es te "o%%o# resu%ts "or te =ernou%%i e1uation,
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-6/
-2/
-1/
( )
( ) ( )
0
2
0
2
2
3
2
3
2
1 3 1
3 1

+
V p p
gh
V V p p
z z g
atm atm
3is gi&es te simp%e re%ationsip bet#een te &e%ocity '6 an! te eigt ,
gh V 2
3

3e &e%ocity at point -2/$ te top o" te sipon$ is re%ate! to '6 by te continuity e1uation, In te
%ast step be%o# #e use te "act tat te area ratio "or a circu%ar pipe is te !iameter ratio s1uare!,
2
2
2
3
2
3
2 3 3 3 2 2
2 2
2
D
gh D
A
gh A
V gh A A V A V
0e can no# app%y te =ernou%%i e1uation bet#een te %i1ui! sur"ace in te tan2$ point -1/ an! te
top o" te sipon$ point -6/ to !etermine te pressure tere, Iere #e coose to #rite te e1uation
using te Jea!K terms tat a&e !imensions o" %engt,
( )
( )
0
2
2
2
2
1 2 1
2 1

+
g
V V p p
z z
0e can so%&e tis e1uation "or p2 using -i/ te pre&ious assumption tat '1 is neg%igib%e$ -ii/ te
e1uation !eri&e! abo&e "or '2 in terms o" te eigt$ $ an! -iii/ te eigt !i""erence$ +2 A +1 ( 8 "t
"rom te !iagram,
( )
( )
( )

,
_

+ +

+ +
4
2
4
3
2 1
2
2
2
1
1 2 1 2
2
0
2 2
D
ghD
g
p z z
g
V V
p z z p
atm
Simp%i"ying tis e1uation an! using te resu%t o" te barometer e1uation tat
v baro atm
p h p +
#e can obtain te "o%%o#ing ine1ua%ity e.pressing te "act tat te pressure at point -2/ must be
greater tan te &apor pressure to a&oi! ca&itation,
( )
v v baro
p
D
hD
p h z z p >

+ +
4
2
4
3
2 1 2
3e p& terms cance% an! #e a&e te "o%%o#ing ine1ua%ities "or te eigt$ , 3e secon! is
obtaine! by !i&i!ing te "irst by A$ #ic cange! te !irection o" te ine1ua%ity
( ) ( )
1 2
4
2
4
3
1 2
4
2
4
3
z z h h
D
D
h z z h
D
D
baro baro
< >

0e can no# so%&e "or te eigt$ an! enter te !ata to obtain te ma.imum &a%ue "or ,
( ) [ ] ( ) ft ft ft
in
in
z z h
D
D
h
baro
14 . 3 6 2 . 30
5
3
4
1 2
4
3
4
2

,
_

<
So tere restriction to a&oi! ca&itation is tat h & 3.1' !t,
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