Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research from the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University suggests that natural
compounds of chlorophyll, chlorophyllin, and selenium compounds, which previously have been
studied for their ability to preventing a cancerous condition, may be able to play a more
significant role in reversing a cancerous condition.
A new study just published in the International Journal of Cancer examined the activity of
chlorophyllin and found that, on a dose-by-dose basis, it was 10 times more potent at causing
death of colon cancer cells than hydroxyurea, a chemotherapeutic drug commonly used in cancer
treatment.
Beyond that, chlorophyllin kills cancer cells by blocking the same phase of cellular division that
hydroxyurea does, but by a different mechanism. This suggests that it – and possibly other
“cocktails” of natural products – might be developed to have a synergistic effect with
conventional cancer drugs, helping them to work better or require less toxic dosages, researchers
said.
“We conclude that chlorophyllin has the potential to be effective in the clinical setting, when
used alone or in combination with currently available cancer therapeutic agents,” the researchers
wrote in their study.
The concept of combining conventional or new cancer drugs with natural compounds that have
been shown to have anti-cancer properties is very promising, said Rod Dashwood, professor and
director of the Cancer Chemoprotection Program in the Linus Pauling Institute.
“Most chemotherapeutic approaches to cancer try to target cancer cells specifically and do
something that slows or stops their cell growth process,” Dashwood said. “We’re now
identifying such mechanisms of action for natural compounds, including dietary agents. With
further research we may be able to make the two approaches work together to enhance the
effectiveness of cancer therapies.”
In the new study, researchers found that pharmacologic doses of chlorophyllin caused colon
cancer cells to spend more time than normal in their “synthesis phase” in which DNA is
duplicated. Timing is critical to the various phases of cell growth, researchers said, and this
disruption started a process that ultimately led to cell death, the study found.
In particular, the presence of high levels of chlorophyllin caused a major reduction in the level of
ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme critical to DNA synthesis, researchers found. This is also
the mechanism of action of hydroxyurea, one drug already being used for cancer chemotherapy.
“In cancer research right now there’s interest in approaches that can reduce ribonucleotide
reductase,” Dashwood said. “At the doses used in our experiments, chlorophyllin almost
completely stops the activity of this enzyme.”
Further research is needed both in laboratory and animal studies, with combinations of
chlorophyllin and existing cancer drugs, before it would be appropriate for human trials,
Dashwood said. Chlorophyllin, in general, is poorly absorbed from the human gastrointestinal
tract, so it’s unclear what levels might be needed for therapeutic purposes or how well they
would work.
Other dietary agents also might have similar potential. Work just published by LPI researchers in
the journals Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention Research explored the role of organic
selenium compounds in killing human prostate and colon cancer cells. Colorectal and prostate
cancers are consistently among the leading causes of cancer mortality in the United States, and
will account respectively for 18 percent and 9 percent of all cancer deaths in 2009, according to
estimates from the American Cancer Society.
In the recent studies, a form of organic selenium found naturally in garlic and Brazil nuts was
converted in cancer cells to metabolites that acted as “HDAC inhibitors” – a promising field of
research in which silenced tumor suppressor genes are re-activated, triggering cancer cell death.
“Whether it’s HDAC inhibition leading to one manner of cancer cell growth arrest, or loss of
ribonucleotide reductase activity leading to another, as seen with chlorophyllin, there’s
significant promise in the use of natural products for combined cancer therapies,” Dashwood
said. “These are areas that merit continued research.”
These studies were supported by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences. Other collaborators included researchers from the New York
Medical College and the Penn State College of Medicine.
Chlorophyll is identical to your hemoglobin except for the center atom. Dr. Robert O. Young's,
at the pH Miracle Living Center in San Diego, California suggests, "as one increases their
consumption of chlorophyll from green foods and green drinks the quality and quantity of the red
blood cells improve. This can be noted on a CBC medical test as the red blood cell count
increases and the hemoglobin increases to a healthy range. Liquid chlorophyll and chlorophyllin
can be added to any water or green drink to improve the concentration of this powerful blood
building compound."
http://www.phmiracleliving.com/p-306-liquid-chloropheal-4-oz.aspx
References: Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin
1. Matthews CK, van Holde KE. Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Menlo Park: The Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company; 1996.
2. Sudakin DL. Dietary aflatoxin exposure and chemoprevention of cancer: a clinical review. J
Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(2):195-204. (PubMed)
3. Dashwood RH. The importance of using pure chemicals in (anti) mutagenicity studies:
chlorophyllin as a case in point. Mutat Res. 1997;381(2):283-286. (PubMed)
4. Egner PA, Stansbury KH, Snyder EP, Rogers ME, Hintz PA, Kensler TW. Identification and
characterization of chlorin e(4) ethyl ester in sera of individuals participating in the chlorophyllin
chemoprevention trial. Chem Res Toxicol. 2000;13(9):900-906. (PubMed)
9. Kumar SS, Devasagayam TP, Bhushan B, Verma NC. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species
by chlorophyllin: an ESR study. Free Radic Res. 2001;35(5):563-574. (PubMed)
10. Kamat JP, Boloor KK, Devasagayam TP. Chlorophyllin as an effective antioxidant against
membrane damage in vitro and ex vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1487(2-3):113-127.
(PubMed)
11. Park KK, Park JH, Jung YJ, Chung WY. Inhibitory effects of chlorophyllin, hemin and
tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin on oxidative DNA damage and mouse skin inflammation
induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as a possible anti-tumor promoting
mechanism. Mutat Res. 2003;542(1-2):89-97. (PubMed)
12. Kumar SS, Shankar B, Sainis KB. Effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative stress in splenic
lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1672(2):100-111. (PubMed)
13. Yun CH, Jeong HG, Jhoun JW, Guengerich FP. Non-specific inhibition of cytochrome P450
activities by chlorophyllin in human and rat liver microsomes. Carcinogenesis. 1995;16(6):1437-
1440. (PubMed)
14. Dingley KH, Ubick EA, Chiarappa-Zucca ML, et al. Effect of dietary constituents with
chemopreventive potential on adduct formation of a low dose of the heterocyclic amines PhIP
and IQ and phase II hepatic enzymes. Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):212-221. (PubMed)
17. Kensler TW, Groopman JD, Roebuck BD. Use of aflatoxin adducts as intermediate endpoints
to assess the efficacy of chemopreventive interventions in animals and man. Mutat Res.
1998;402(1-2):165-172. (PubMed)
18. Simonich MT, Egner PA, Roebuck BD, et al. Natural chlorophyll inhibits aflatoxin B1-
induced multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28(6):1294-1302. (PubMed)
20. Orner GA, Roebuck BD, Dashwood RH, Bailey GS. Post-initiation chlorophyllin exposure
does not modulate aflatoxin-induced foci in the liver and colon of rats. J Carcinog. 2006;5:6.
(PubMed)
21. Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC, et al. A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin
exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3(1):3-10. (PubMed)
22. Egner PA, Wang JB, Zhu YR, et al. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA
adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2001;98(25):14601-14606. (PubMed)
23. Chernomorsky SA, Segelman AB. Biological activities of chlorophyll derivatives. N J Med.
1988;85(8):669-673. (PubMed)
24. Siegel LH. The control of ileostomy and colostomy odors. Gastroenterology. 1960;38:634-
636. (PubMed)
27. Young RW, Beregi JS, Jr. Use of chlorophyllin in the care of geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr
Soc. 1980;28(1):46-47. (PubMed)
28. Yamazaki H, Fujieda M, Togashi M, et al. Effects of the dietary supplements, activated
charcoal and copper chlorophyllin, on urinary excretion of trimethylamine in Japanese
trimethylaminuria patients. Life Sci. 2004;74(22):2739-2747. (PubMed)
29. Kephart JC. Chlorophyll derivatives - their chemistry, commercial preparation and uses.
Econ Bot. 1955;9:3-38.
30. Bowers WF. Chlorophyll in wound healing and suppurative disease. Am J Surg. 1947;73:37-
50.
31. Carpenter EB. Clinical experiences with chlorophyll preparations. Am J Surg. 1949;77:167-
171.
32. 2004 Physicians' Desk Reference. 58th ed. Stamford: Thomson Health Care, Inc.; 2003.
33. Smith RG. Enzymatic debriding agents: an evaluation of the medical literature. Ostomy
Wound Manage. 2008;54(8):16-34. (PubMed)
34. Weir D, Farley KL. Relative delivery efficiency and convenience of spray and ointment
formulations of papain/urea/chlorophyllin enzymatic wound therapies. J Wound Ostomy
Continence Nurs. 2006;33(5):482-490. (PubMed)
36. GPO Access. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: Miscellaneous Internal Drug Products
for Over the Counter Use. [Web page]. Available at: http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-
idx?c=ecfr&sid=
6bb427d78a48e3983e0456d15a058c40&rgn=div6&view=text&node=
21:5.0.1.1.27.5&idno=21. Accessed June 4, 2009.
37. GPO Access. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: Listing of Color Additives Exempt
from Certification [Web page]. Available at: http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-
idx?c=ecfr&sid=
090fc8b3dcd5f08075f3d2d0c2654073&rgn=div8&view=text&node=
21:1.0.1.1.26.3.31.7&idno=21. Accessed June 4, 2009.
38. Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. 2nd ed. Montvale:
Physicians' Desk Reference, Inc; 2008.
39. Smith LW. The present status of topical chlorophyll therapy. N Y State J Med.
1955;55(14):2041-2050. (PubMed)
40. Gogel HK, Tandberg D, Strickland RG. Substances that interfere with guaiac card tests:
implications for gastric aspirate testing. Am J Emerg Med. 1989;7(5):474-480. (PubMed)
www.phmiracleliving.com
To learn more about the science of Dr. Robert and Shelley Young go to:
www.articlesofhealth.blogspot.com
'Miracles happen not in opposition to nature, but in opposition to what we know of nature.' St.
Augustine
'There are only two ways to live your life. One, is as though there are no miracles. The other is as
though everything is a miracle.' Albert Einstein