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Directions: Read the following sentences and click on the best answer according the antonym 1. Today is a WARM day, said Karoline to Peter. Hot. Shine. 2. He is a STRONG man. Weak Powerful 3. We are going to talk with our ENEMIES Lost Friends 4. Mr. Brown always makes EASY tests Soft Strong 5. His garden is very LARGE Small Big 6. OPEN the door, please! Close Free Soak Huge Huge Enormous Hard Weak Neighbors. Rivals. Happy Sturdy Cool Heat.
7. In the trial the judge declared this person GUILTY of all the facts Easy Rival
innocent
Simple
8. The International Organizations are going to be in a TEMPORARY way in the country Permanent Complicated 9. How POVERTY is defined? Wealthy Cold 10. How you are going to JOIN these wires?, Said Ana to Pedro Paste Unite 11. He is HAPPY of being here. First Unhappy 12. My MOTHER is living in Guanacaste. Small Love Father Guilty Jolly exited Separate Gather Guilty Idle Guess Soak
NOUN CLAUSES A noun clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb; however, it cannot stand alone as a sentence. e.g. What you think does not matter. A noun clause can be used as the subject or the object in the following forms: e.g. What you think does not matter.
In this example, the noun clause is the subject of the sentence. e.g. I dont know what she thinks. In this example, the noun clause is the object of the sentence. A 1. Noun clauses can begin with a question word: where he lives what one says who the man is how she survives 2. whether or if whether she will stay if she will stay 3. a question word + TO infinitive what to say where to meet 4. that that he is innocent that she knows three languages e.g. That she worked hard for the whole term pleased her parents. In this example, the whole that-clause is the subject of the sentence. Instead of that we can also use the belief that, the fact that, the idea that, the evidence that. e.g. The fact that the economic growth rate is lower than the population growth rate causes problems.
e.g. The idea that the teacher should dominate in the classroom is unacceptable. However, if the subject is too long, it may be difficult for the reader to understand the sentence. To solve this problem, we use the introductory it, which takes the position of the subject in the sentence and signals that a noun clause is to follow. e.g. Instead of That she worked hard for the whole term pleased her parents. we can write It pleased her parents that she worked hard for the whole term. Note that this pattern can be used only with that but not with the idea that / the fact that. B Using subjunctive in noun clauses
A subjunctive verb is the simple form of a verb. Sentences with subjunctive verbs generally stress importance or urgency. e.g. I suggest (that) he see a doctor. Negative form: not + simple form of the verb e.g. I recommend that she not go to that movie. Passive form: simple form of BE + past participle e.g. It is essential that children be told the truth. When the main verb of the sentence is in past form, the verb in the noun clause is also in past form. e.g. I suggested that he saw a doctor. Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in a noun clause: advise, ask, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest
Noun Clauses
See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause. A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence. A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.) There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.) This page contains information about noun clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses.
A. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do: A noun clause can be a subject of a verb: What Billy did shocked his friends. A noun clause can be an object of a verb: Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim. A noun clause can be a subject complement: Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons. A noun clause can be an object of a preposition: Mary is not responsible for what Billy did. A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement: Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.
B. You can combine two independent clauses by changing one to a noun clause and using it in one of the ways listed above. The choice of the noun clause marker (see below) depends on the type of clause you are changing to a noun clause: To change a statement to a noun clause use that: I know + Billy made a mistake = I know that Billy made a mistake. To change a yes/no question to a noun clause, use if or whether: George wonders + Does Fred know how to cook? = George wonders if Fred knows how to cook. To change a wh-question to a noun clause, use the wh-word: I dont know + Where is George? = I dont know where George is. C. The subordinators in noun clauses are called noun clause markers. Here is a list of the noun clause markers: that if, whether Wh-words: how, what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why Wh-ever words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever, whomever
D. Except for that, noun clause markers cannot be omitted. Only that can be omitted, but it can be omitted only if it is not the first word in a sentence: correct: Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim. correct: Billys friends didnt know he couldnt swim. correct: Billys mistake was that he refused to take lessons. correct:
Billys mistake was he refused to take lessons. correct: That Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone. not correct: * Billy jumped off the pier surprised everyone.
E. Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question: not correct: * Do you know what time is it? (Question word order: is it) correct: Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is) not correct: * Everybody wondered where did Billy go. (Question word order: did Billy go) correct: Everybody wondered where Billy went. (Statement word order: Billy went)
F. Sequence of tenses in sentences containing noun clauses: When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is present, the verb in the noun clause is: future if its action/state is later He thinks that the exam next week will be hard. He thinks that the exam next week is going to be hard. present if its action/state is at the same time He thinks that Mary is taking the exam right now. past if its action/state is earlier He thinks that George took the exam yesterday.
When the main verb (the verb in the independent clause) is past, the verb in the noun clause is: was/were going to or would + BASE if its action/state is later He thought that the exam the following week was going to be hard. He thought that the exam the following week would be hard. past if its action/state is at the same time He thought that Mary was taking the exam then. past perfect if its action/state is earlier He thought that George had taken the exam the day before. If the action/state of the noun clause is still in the future (that is, after the writer has written the sentence), then a future verb can be used even if the main verb is past. The astronaut said that people will live on other planets someday. If the action/state of the noun clause continues in the present (that is, at the time the writer is writing the sentence) or if the noun clause expresses a general truth or fact, the simple present tense can be used even if the main verb is past. We learned that English is not easy. The boys knew that the sun rises in the east.
G. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one noun clause (underlined) and one independent clause: Noun clauses as subjects of verbs: That George learned how to swim is a miracle. Whether Fred can get a better job is not certain. What Mary said confused her parents. However you learn to spell is OK with me. Noun clauses as objects of verbs: We didnt know that Billy would jump. We didnt know Billy would jump. Can you tell me if Fred is here? I dont know where he is. George eats whatever is on his plate. Noun clauses as subject complements:
The truth is that Billy was not very smart. The truth is Billy was not very smart. The question is whether other boys will try the same thing. The winner will be whoever runs fastest. Noun clauses as objects of prepositions: Billy didnt listen to what Mary said. He wants to learn about whatever is interesting. Noun clauses as adjective complements: He is happy that he is learning English. We are all afraid that the final exam will be difficult.
A relative clause is a kind of subordinate clause, one of whose arguments shares a referent with a main clause element on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent. Typically, a relative clause modifies a noun or noun phrase, and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments within the relative clause has the same referent as that noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence I met a man who wasn't there, the subordinate clause who wasn't there is a relative clause, since it modifies the noun man, and uses the pronoun who to indicate that the same "man" is referred to within the subordinate clause (in this case, as its subject). In many European languages, relative clauses are introduced by a special class of pronouns called relative pronouns;[1] such as who in the example just given. In other languages, relative clauses may be marked in different ways: they may be introduced by a special class of conjunctions called relativizers; the main verb of the relative clause may appear in a special morphological variant; or a relative clause may be indicated by word order alone.[2] In some languages, more than one of these mechanisms may be possible.
Bound and free
A bound relative clause, the type most often considered, qualifies an explicit element (usually a noun or noun phrase) appearing in the main clause, and refers back to that element by means of some explicit or implicit device within the relative clause. The relative clause may also be called the embedded clause; the main (or higher-level) clause in which it is embedded is also called the matrix clause. The noun in the main clause that the
relative clause modifies is called the head noun, or (particularly when referred back to by a relative pronoun) the antecedent. For example, in the English sentence "The man whom I saw yesterday went home", the relative clause "whom I saw yesterday" modifies the head noun man, and the relative pronoun whom refers back to the referent of that noun. The sentence is equivalent to the following two sentences: "I saw a man yesterday. The man went home." Note that the shared argument need not fulfill the same role in both clauses; in this example the same man is referred to by the subject of the matrix clause, but the direct object of the relative clause. A free relative clause, on the other hand, does not have an explicit antecedent external to itself. Instead, the relative clause itself takes the place of an argument in the matrix clause. For example, in the English sentence "I like what I see", the clause what I see is a free relative clause, because it has no antecedent, but itself serves as the object of the verb like in the main clause. (An alternative analysis is that the free relative clause has zero as its antecedent.)
Restrictive and non-restrictive
Bound relative clauses may or may not be restrictive. A restrictive, or defining, relative clause modifies the meaning of its head word (restricts its possible referent), whereas a non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clause merely provides supplementary information. For example:
The man who lives in this house has not been seen for days. This (who lives in this house) is a restrictive relative clause, modifying the meaning of man, and essential to the sentence (if the clause were omitted, it would no longer be known which man is being referred to). The mayor, who lives in this house, has not been seen for days. This is a non-restrictive relative clause, since it provides supplementary information about the mayor, but is not essential to the sentence if the clause were omitted, it would still be known which mayor is meant.
In speaking it is natural to make slight pauses around non-restrictive clauses, and in English this is shown in writing by commas (as in the examples). However many languages do not distinguish the two types of relative clause in this way. Another difference in English is that only restrictive relative clauses may be introduced with that or use the "zero" relative pronoun (see English relative clauses for details). A non-restrictive relative clause may have a whole sentence as its antecedent rather than a specific noun phrase; for example:
The cat was allowed on the bed, which annoyed the dog.
Here, which refers back (presumably) not to the bed or the cat, but to the entire proposition expressed in the main clause, namely the circumstance that the cat was allowed on the bed.
Relative clauses may be either finite clauses (as in the examples above) or non-finite clauses. An example of a non-finite relative clause in English is the infinitive clause on whom to rely, in the sentence "She is the person on whom to rely".