VIII Triennial International SAUM Conference on Systems, Automatic Cont rol and Measurements Belgrade, Serbia, November 5-6.

, 2004

pp.118-121.

Fractalhierarchical Structure in Solar System Arrangement

A.S. Tomic
Peoples Observatory, Kalemegdan, Gornji grad 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia & Montenegro E-mail: atomic@aob.bg.ac.yu

Abstract In the paper [1] were demonstrated the ordering by

Fibonacci golden number developed general

= (1 + 5 ) / 2 in Solar system, and form of Titius-Bode rule: rn = rk n k ,

proximately 3 10 light years [3], [4]. Regarding this follows that Solar system must be f ully ordered fractal and hierarchical. We made attempt to show it.
9

n, k = 1,2, 3... In this paper are analyzed some relation between Fib o-

nacci and Lucas numbers. We e x tracted as important property ratio Ln / Fn 5 , which only for n = 1,2,3 differ and posses whole number values just 1,3,2. The recurrent formulae for linear and squared form for both, the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers were developed, and hierarchy generic form ulae which gives higher order terms via lower: Ln k = L n k + k (1) n+ k Lkn 2 what suggest fractal hierarchical structure in ordering of distances in Solar system, up to nearest star. Key words : Fractals, hierarchy, Fibonacci numbers, Lucas numbers, planetary di stances, Solar system.

II PROPERTIES OF NUMBERS FIBONACCI AND LUCAS For most properties of the Fibonaccis number see for example [5], [6]. Here we wish extract interesting fact that each 3rd term of Fibonacci numerical series can be divided without of residue by 2, each 4th term by 3, each 5th term by 5, each 6 th term by 8each

n th term by Fn , i.e.
(4)

Fk n / Fn = INTEGER .

For k= 1 follows Fibonacci series, for k =2 obtain Lucas numerical series, d efined as: I. INTRODUCTION It is known that the unifying concept underlying fractals, chaos and power laws is self-similarity, i.e. invariance against changes in scale (or size). Many laws of nature and innumerable phenomena in world around us have this attribute self-similarity [2]. This property of the Solar system were demonstrated into ordering of planetary distances from the Sun by the Fibonacci golden mean = (1 + 5 ) / 2 , in our previous paper [1]. We shown that planetary distances can be expressed by terms of Fibonacci numerical series Fn , defined as:

Ln +2 = Ln +1 + Ln ,

L1 = 1, L2 = 3

(5)

Started from n=3 , for k=2,3,4 we obtain integers given in Table 1. From Table 1 it is clean that F2n / Fn = Ln etc. as it is given in last row.

n
3 4 5

F2 n / Fn
4 7 11 18 29 47 76 123 199 322

F3n / Fn
4 +1 7 -1 11 +1 18 -1 29 +1 47 -1 76 +1 123 -1 199 +1 322 -1
2 2 2
2 2

F3 n / Fn
18-1 47+1 123-1 322+1 843-1 2207+1 5778-1 15127+1 39603-1 103682+1

F4n / Fn
4 +8 7 -14 11 -22 18 -36 29 -54 47 -94 76 -153 123 -246 199 +398 322 -644
3 3 3
3 3

Fn +2 = Fn +1 + Fn , F1 = F2 = 1
by formula:

(1)

6 7 8

3 3 3

rn = r0 n = r0 ( Fn + Fn 1 )
where are

(2)

9 10 11 12

r0 distance of Mercury. With regard to nature

of gravity potential it can be expressed by distance to the Sun of each planet ( rk ), as:

rn = rk n k , n , k = 1, 2,3 ...

(3)

Ln

L2 ( 1) n L 2 n + ( 1) n Ln 3 2 Ln n

This is typical self-similarity invariance, which confirmed fractal structure in Solar system ordering. The universe as whole posses same property, but to the distance of ap-

Table 1.

Mutual ratio of each successive 2n d , 3 rd , 4th Fibonacci number

Combined all cited properties we can conclude on the reality of triplets of Lucas numbers: (1,3,4), (7,11,18), (29,47,76)Because the parity independence to the left right transformation is present in gravity law ( r can propose that these triplets would be doubled.
2

With small discrepancy, or really, are valid next relations, to:

n 1 L3 n = L3n + 3 ( 1) Ln n 2 L4 n = L4n + 4 ( 1) Ln

), we

(6)

III DISTANCE OREDERING IN GRAVITY SYSTEM We developed minimal distance ( r0 ) which really can be

etc, or in general case:

Lkn = Lk n k ( 1) k +n Lkn2

(7)

used in spiral ordered growth of distances, expressed by Schwarzschilds radius ( R0 ) of central body- the Sun, and from realized position of exis ting planetary bodies [7]:

This formula contents important new quality it gives higher order terms expressed by very beginning terms. The hierarchy appears in fully brightness because second term in (7) for bigger k very rapidly converges to zero:

r0 = R0 e 4 2. 302 = 0.000 4584 (A.U.)

(11)

L = L kn
k n

(8)

By simple calculation from values of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers Fn , Ln of quantities Ln 1 Ln , Ln 1 + Ln +1 and

It is useful find the ratio of Lucas and Fibonacci numbers with same index, Ln / Fn , (Fig. 1.)

( Ln 1 + Ln +1 ) Fn 1 it is easy develop the formulas:

Ln 1 L n = ( Ln 1 + L n+1 ) Fn 1 2( 1) n L2 n 1 = Ln L n +1 + (1) n L2 n = Ln Ln 2( 1) n
(12) (13) (14)

where second term on right side by increasing exponent can be ignored. Formula (3) contents fundamental property of symmetrical potential, that only ratio is given and that borders condition gives eventually minimal distance. In purpose to utilize this property it is useful the properties (2) and (9) transform to:
Fig. 1. Ratio

Ln / Fn , have only tree integer : 1, 3, 2.

n = ( Ln +1 + Ln 1 ) / 5
and using:

(15)

Only tree values in this ratio are integers, after n= 4 ratio rapidly converges to 5 , and:

Ln = Fn 5 .

Ln 1 Ln = ( Ln 1 + Ln +1 ) Fn 1
further transform to:

(16)

(9)

For our purposes it is useful transform Fibonacci numbers into Lucas numbers:

Ln = n

(17)

Fk n = Lkn / 5 = Lkn / 5 .

(10)

Now, using formula (17) we can each new distance o btain as:

On this way we introduced hierarchy in fractal structure of planetary distances from the Sun. From Fig. 1 it follows that first, second and third ratio presents separate whole, different from all other values.1

rn = r0 n = r0 Ln
For odd values of index it gives using (13):

(18)

r2 n 1 = r0 2 n1 = r0 L2 n 1 = r0 L n1 Ln
1

(19)

of

To compare with quantum physics we can think on the difference first two Lucas ( L 2 L1 = 2 ) and Fibonacci number

for even values using (14):

( F2

F1 = 0 ) in sense of spin numbers. In this case, both numerical

r2 n = r0 2 n = r0 L2 n = r0 L n Ln
tary distances.

(20)

series have charac teristics of the same Bose - Einstein statistics. It can be used as argument for second hierarchical ordering, into first - fractal ordering in plane-

Calculated values are presented in Table 2. In last column were used hierarchical form of Lucas numbers, given as (8), for Lucas numbers 7, 18, 29, where is denoted No
r ( AJ ) =
N = Li L j
+ 0 1 3 7E1 0.00410 0.00547 0.00638 0.01230 0.02338 0.03575 0.05455 0.09030 0.14760 0.23883 0.38643 0.62526 1.012 1.637 2.647 4.286 6.934 11.22 18.154 29.374 47.528 76.9 124.4 201.3 325.8 527.1 852.8 1379.9 2218.9 3590.3 5809.3 9399.6 15208.9 24608.5 39816.8 64424.9 104241.7 168666.7 272908.1 3x3 3x4 4x4 4x7 7x7 7x11 11x11 11x18 18x18 18x29 29x29 29x47 47x47 47x76 76x76 76x123 123x123 123x199 199x199 199x322 322x322 322x521 521x521 521x843 843x843 843x1364 1364x1364 1364x2207 2207x2207 2207x3571 3571x3571 3571x5778 5778x5778 5778x9349 9349x9349 9349x15127 15127x1512 7 15127x2447 6 24476x2447 6 9 12 16-2 28-1 49+2 77+1 121 -2 198 -1 322+2 521+1 843 -2 1364 -1 2208+2 3571+1 5779 -2 9350 -1 15127+2 24476+1 39603-2 64079-1 103682+2 167762+1 271448-2 439203-1 710649+2 1149852+1 1860496-2 3010348-1 4870849+2 7881197+1 12752041-2 20633238-1 33385284+2 54018522+1 87403801-2 141422323 -1 228826129+2 7 E9 370248452+1 7 E8 18 E6 29 E5 7 E7 18 E5 7 E6 29 E4 7 E6 18 E4 7 E5 29 E3 18 E3 7 E4 29 E2 7 E3 18 E2 7 E2 18 E1 29 E1

7 E1 71 , 7 E 2 7 2 , etc.
Table 2.a Possible planetary distances by the fractal hierarchical model

= r0 N
0.00000 0.00046 0.00136

Li L j
0x1 1x1 1x3

N = Lnj

Table 2.b Distances in dual triads 8 and 9

No

r ( AJ ) = = r0 N

Li L j

N = Li Lj
+ 969323028-1 1568397609+2 2537720637+1 4106118241-2 6643838878-1

N= = Lnj r (ly)
7.0 11.3 18.3 29.7 50.0

441575.1 24476x39603 8 714483.5 39603x39603 1156058.6 39603x64079 1870542.1 64079x64079 3026601.0 64079x103682

4897144.0 103682x103682 10749957124+2 18 E8 80.1 9 129.4 209.4 338.9 548.3 887.1 1435.4 18 E9

Bearing in the mind duality as property of substance, in quantum physics as particle-wave, we can consider that here duality is possibility of position state determination by odd even number. In this case it is justified except dual triplets of Lucas numbers as distance entry, what is made in the Table 2.
Table 3 Mean planetary distances from the Sun

Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Asteroids

rn ( AU ) Planet
0,387 Jupiter 0,723 Saturn 1,000 Uran 1,524 Neptune 2,709 Pluto (Asteroids)

rn ( AU )
5,203 9,555 19,218 30,111 39,530

IV FRACTAL HIERARCHY OF SOLAR SYSTEM

599074576 -2 18 E7 29 E6

Mean planetary distances from the Sun are given in Table 3. The comparison of the data in Table 2 and Table 3 gives possibility for following interesting conclusions. (1) Planetary distances are determined by dual comb ination of L ucas numbers (0,1), (1,1), (1,3), (3,3) etc. Six duals can be covered into one triplet of Lucas numbers (1,3,4), (7,11,18) etc. Each triplet can be determined as hierarchical jump of Lucas number 18, at position of last dual (181 , 182 , 18 3 ). First triplet, except his last dual, is sited into central body. Planets exist in triplets 3,4 and few known planetary bodies in triplet 5. Asteroid belts are on the position of last dual in triplet 3,4 and comet cloud at same position in triplet 5. By quantization of angular momentum in solar system positions 1,2 are vacant and first of them ( r = 0.1476 AU) is sited at last dual position in vacant triplet 2. The nearest star is at position of 18 7 , what suggest that: (a) 6 triplets determined solar system, and its radius approximately 15 000 AU,
th (b) next, 7 triplet, presents hierarchical (quality) jump.

tant for description of the Universe [3]. Except that, ratio Fibonacci / Lucas number (with same index n ) gives integer (1,3,2) only for first tree, for all other gives 5 . It is arg ument for opinion that fractal hierarchical triplets are in the base of spatial ordering for matter.

(2) (3)

REFERENCES
[1] A.S.Tomic, Phlogiston, No 7, 151, 1998.(in Serbian) [2] M.Schroeder, Fractals, Chaos, Power Laws, Freeman &Co.New York 1991. [3] L. Pietroneto, Physica, 144, A, 257.1987. [4] P. Grujic, Serbian Astron, J. 165, 45, 2002; Vasiona, 50, 5, 125. 2002. [5] N.N. Vorobev, Chisla Fibonacci , Nauka, Moskva (in Russian), 1978. [6] R.Knott, I.Galkin et other, at: http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci [7] A.S.Tomic, Discreetisation of state in gravity macroscopic systems, (in Serbian), JAA 41-01, 2001.

(4) (5) (6)

(7)

(8)

(9) Triplets 8,9 contents interstellar distances in stellar cluster and association, up to 1500 light year. (10) Calculated for 10 th triplet are obtained dimension and distances of galaxies (25 000 l.y. to 8.8 million l.y.), what is in good correlation with [3],[4]. We emphasize that minimal distance used in calculation is derived from physically minimal possible radius for given mass of central body, and from existing planetary distances. From this reason we think that here is not in work random congruence.

CONCLUSIONS

Starting on Titius Bode rule we found that Solar sys tem is kinetically ordered by Fibonacci numbers [1]. Here we continued research to the Lucas numbers, for which found properties of golden ratio and direct connection with Fib onacci numbers. Transformation between Fibonacci and Lucas numbers extracted possibility that Lucas numbers contents property of hierarchical connecting, very impor-