Chapter 1 Introduction 1.

0 Research background A heat exchanger is an equipment which is widely used in industries in and around the world, whether it would be a large scale heat exchanger for large scale industries or smaller scale heat exchanger for small companies and industries. A heat exchanger operates by using the principle of conduction of heat through a medium which in the case of heat exchangers, liquid is used to cool another medium. According to Zeroth Law, when there are two systems in the same time in thermal equilibrium with the third system, they are considered to be in thermal equilibrium with each other. Therefore it is logical that the direction of heat flow will be from the medium of higher temperature to a medium of a lower temperature to make the system equilibrium. Therefore, heat exchangers transfer heat from a medium of higher temperature to a medium of lower temperature. An example of a heat exchanger is a cars radiator. A cars radiator uses coolant or water to transfer the heat from the hot engine and transfers it to air moving through the radiator. The scope of the research covers the best designs of the heat exchanger so that it would operate with optimum efficiency and minimal cost. The research is conducted by comparing the research done by other engineers and get an average result with the aim of suggesting methods that could be beneficial in reducing the energy waste such as the heat energy which is not recycled back and used to reheat, instead is released to the surrounding which is not energy efficient. Proper designs of a heat exchanger is a crucial part in determining the efficiency of the heat exchanger such as types of fluid flow, number of passes, direction of current flow and the use of essential parts such as baffles and return headers.

1.1 Problem statement The most commonly used heat exchanger is a shell and tube heat exchanger. The reason shell and tube heat exchanger might be chosen is because the heat exchanger is that it can be easily maintained, efficient in transferring heat, and with a turbulent flow, it can help reduce deposits that could disrupt the efficiency of the heat exchanger. Although the shell and tube heat exchanger is most widely and commonly used, the efficiency of the device is not good enough. For example, the heat recovery of the heat exchanger is very minimal that most of the heat is transferred to the surrounding, which is not a good situation. Thus, it is important that the problem regarding heat recovery of the heat exchanger system be improved so that the efficiency of the heat exchanger can be increased. Apart from increasing the efficiency of the heat exchanger in transferring heat, the recovery of heat should also be done. The main aim for heat recovery is to add efficiency to the heat exchanger which in the end would result in reducing costs as the amount of fuel needed for the operation is less. In addition to that, better heat recovery would result in pollution, more specifically is heat pollution. For instance, less flue gas of higher temperature are emitted from the surrounding.

1.2 Objective of research The objectives of the research are: i. Calculation of energy involved ii. Calculation of energy balance iii. Calculation of energy cost 1.3 Significance of research The research on determining the energy efficiency in a heat exchanger is mainly focused at determining the most efficient heat exchanger device for having a better heat energy recovery. With the knowledge of calculating energy involved, energy balance and energy cost, we could identify the steps or measures that are essential to keep the heat exchanger device running at optimum performance with minimal waste of energy. In any field, especially engineering, it is crucial that the design of a device operating either in small scale industries or large industries are operating with minimal cost as it would be more environmentally friendly, preserving the energy that we have by using as minimal of it as possible to continue our daily processes and operations.

Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.0 Introduction Heat exchanger is one of the essential devices which are being used in large scale operations such as food industries, manufacturing industries and chemical industries. In smaller scale operations, heat exchangers are used by everyday people such as air heaters and car radiators. Heat exchanger is a device that operates by transferring thermal energy from one medium to another medium, usually between a solid surface and a fluid of lower temperature and they are both in thermal contact.