Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN BHAISHAJYA KALPANA,
A.L.N.RAO MEMORIAL AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, KOPPA - 577126
CHIKMAGALUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA, INDIA
NOVEMBER - 2009
Prof. Dr. D. K. MISHRA
M.D (Ay)(GAU)
H.O.D.
Rasashastra&BhaishajyaKalpana
Department of Post Graduate
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College Koppa 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur Karnataka
DECLARATION
I hereby Declare that this Dissertation Entitled PHARMACEUTICAL &
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF KAMADHENU CHURNA
W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT. Is a Bonafide and Genuine Research
Work Carried Out By Me Under The Guidance Of Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI,
Assistant Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Bhaishajya Kalpana,
A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College P. G. Centre, Koppa.
Dr. S. N. GOTUR
P. G. Scholar,
Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana
A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College, Koppa 577 126
Date:
Place: Koppa
A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College Koppa 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka
Department of Post Graduate
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled PHARMACEUTICAL &
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF KAMADHENU CHURNA
W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT. Is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Ayurveda Vachaspati (MD) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Guide:
Date:
Place: Koppa
Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI
M.D (Ayu)
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana
A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College, Koppa 577 126
Department of Post Graduate
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College Koppa 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled PHARMACEUTICAL &
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF KAMADHENU CHURNA
W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT. Is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D.) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
Co-Guide:
Date:
Place: Koppa
Prof. Dr. D. K. Mishra
M.D (Ayu)(GAU)
H. O. D.
Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana
A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College, Koppa 577 126
Department of Post Graduate
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College Koppa 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled PHARMACEUTICAL &
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF KAMADHENU CHURNA
W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT. Is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. S. N. GOTUR in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D.) in Bhaishajya Kalpana of Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
H.O.D
Dr. Dinesh Kumar Mishra
M.D (Ayu)
Professor,
Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana
A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College, Koppa 577 126
Date:
Place: Koppa
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled PHARMACEUTICAL &
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF KAMADHENU CHURNA
W.S.R ITS VAJIKARANA EFFECT. Is a bonafide research work done by
Dr. S. N. Gotur under the guidance of Dr. B. I. MATHAPATI, Assistant
Professor, Department of Post Graduate studies in Bhaishajya Kalpana, A.L.N. Rao
Memorial Ayurvedic Medical College and P.G Centre, Koppa
A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College Koppa 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur, Karnataka
Department of Post Graduate
Studies in BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
ENDORSEMENT
Prof. Dr. Sanjaya K. S.
MD (Ayu)
Principal
A.L.N.Rao Memorial Ayurvedic Medical
College. Koppa 577126
Dist: Chikmagalur
Date:
Place: Koppa
COPYRIGHT
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in
print or electronic format for academic/research purpose.
Place:
Dr. S. N. Gotur
P. G. Scholar
Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana
A.L.N. Rao Memorial Ayurvedic
Medical College, Koppa 577 126
Date:
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
ABSTRACT
Background and objectives:
Impotency is a severe stress that disturbs the physical, psychological and
social well being of a person. It may be due to intake of substandard food,
consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and
anxiety are making the man impotent. Because of this he not only loses the ability to
produce healthy progeny, but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment in
this connection. It becomes more important for mankind to produce therapeutic drug
to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation, but also
in procreation which are indicated in sexually active age.
Objectives:
In this connection the present drug Kamadhenu Churna has been selected to
evaluate Vajikarana action on albino rats. Group one dose is according to classical
reference & in Group-2 dose is double the dose of the classical reference-
To evaluate the Vajikara effect of the Kamadhenu Churna on albino-rats in
dispensing.
a. The dose mentioned as per classics.
b. The same formula is dispensed with respect to its dose as double
dose of classical reference.
To compare the efficacy of these Trial Drugs, in order to evaluate the best one.
To do pharmaceutical and physicochemical analysis of the sample of
Kamadhenu Churna
Pharmaceutical study:
The compound drug was prepared in the Pharmacy attached to the college
and analysed for physico-chemical parameters in the Quality Control Laboratory
attached with this college. Then the standard drug is subjected to experimental trials
to evaluate the effect of Vajikarana effect by following Beech and Stone 1940.
Interpretation:
It can be interpreted on the following basis. Predominantly all the dravyas
have madhura rasa, snigdha guna & shita virya. Dhatu vruddhikara and balya
properties along with vata hara gunas are an additional specialty of this preparation.
Increasing the shukra dhatu and oja is possibly on the above said factors. While the
drug shall be confidently used on the loss of libido on clinical evaluation since the
ushna virya dravya gandhaka is also one of the major ingredients. Therefore the
snigdha, madhura sheeta is shukravardhaka, dathuvardhaka, ojavardhaka and ushna
veerya aids to nadibalya properties.
The more significant values of Kamadhenu churna with double dose possibly
is due to the above said characters.
Key words:
Vajikarana; Impotency; Kamadhenu churna; Stress; Vrishya; Balya; Shukra
Dhathu etc
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
The art of love is not only meant to give pleasure to man solely, but also to
provide women, the maximum pleasure and no doubt its an excellent solution for
procreation. This also strengthens the married life. Ayurveda though envisages sex
strictly for procreation but also indicates as a practice for healthy married life,
attainment of, (third aim of life) and as a means for fulfillment of Paralokaishana
(Pursuits of salvation).
The problem of low sexual desire, erectile this function are pre mature
ejaculation which could be because of physiological, psychological or organic cause
may disturb the entire rhythm of personal and social life.
Impotency is a severe stress that disturbs the physical, physiological and social
well being of a person. It may dew to intake of substandard food, consumption food,
consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and
anxiety making the man impotent. Because of this he not only looses the ability to
produce healthy progeny but also ends up in losing his normal course of enjoyment.
In this connection, it becomes more important for mankind to procure therapeutic
drugs to regain the positive health. Vajikarana drugs not only help in the recreation
but also in procreation, which are indicated in sexually active age
Since ancient times human societies have searched for effective drugs to
enhance sexual activity and desire, legendary aphrodisiac made from rhinoceros horn,
the glands of musk deer, sheep or bull testicles, Spanish fly and ginseng have been
used throughout the history
Introduction
The word aphrodisiac originates from Aphrodites, greek goddess of sexual
love. Fertility and beauty born from severed genitals of god Uranus and aphrodisiac is
defined as any food or drug that arouses and increases pleasure and performance.
There are two types of aphrodisiac psycho-physiological stimuli (visual, tactile,
olfactory and aural) preparations and internal preparation(food alcoholic drinks drug).
As India is known as a holy land and Indians having deep interest in spiritual
knowledge, vedas recognize four goals for the complete development of any human
being.
Dharm - concerning moral and ideal needs
Artha - concerning material needs
Kama - concerning physical needs
Moksha - eternal salvation
All these four together considered as the very foundation of life.
The time prior to the creation, mind, the primordial substance across thought
the power of tapas and the first product of mind was Kama, Sexual desires and love.
(Rigveda M. 10, 129, 1-7)
The sanskrit term kama in a wide sense refers to all the desire of a human
being it denotes love as well as lust. One angle of kama refers to sex means to get
physical and mental pleasure, the basis of mating, marriage and progeny. In ancient
India many treatise were written on kama describing the ways and means of deriving
maximum enjoyment from sex the author of these works were munis and rushis. They
knew that kama was an instinct and it was not possible to suppress it. They accepted
that the correct practice of kama makes both men and woman happy.
Introduction
Charaka in his samhita covered the subject of vajjikarana in depth. Vajikarana
is the one of eight major specialties of ayurveda. Vajjikarana is a substance which
makes a man sexually as strong as horse and is able to copulate for longer period an
elephant and as frequently as a sparrow with many female partners. There are various
means by which vajikarana could be achieved i.e. ahara (diet), vihara (environment
and activities) and aushada (drugs). It involves all the therapeutically and non-
therapeutically measures taken to ensure healthy sex life.
In all cultures and societies, from the primitive to the most sophisticated,
nearly all women and men desire progeny. In many communities progeny is seen as
important asset to the family, particularly to those whose life revolves around
traditional family values in the rural area.
In many cultures progeny represent final proof or virility .if a women in the
society fails to get progeny after marriage she is subjected to indignity and will be
main accusation because. Failure to becomes pregnant is perceived to the entirely her
fault, but 30 percentage of the infertility is caused by male factor related to the
problem with sperm defects representing the highest single cause to overcome this
problem the present study aimed to find out the efficacy of Kamadhenu churna in
term of aphrodisiology as mentioned in Bhaishajya ratnavali to interpret the Same
effect of the compound through the parameters like initial arousal period ,peak arousal
period , Mounting behavior and Time interval to mount again.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is an unforgettable moment of contentment on the successful
fulfillmentofanambitionandamilestonefosteredforlong,i.e.thecompletionof
this dissertation work; I bow my head at the feet of the Almighty, whose
profound grace is always towards me. This work is a reflection of the rays of
mercyemittedfromtheAlmighty.
It is beyond the reach of my language as it is very difficult to find
appropriate vocabulary to express; at this juncture I pay my obeisance to my
esteemed Father Mr. Nagappa. M. Gotur and Mother Late. Nagamma, for
takingpainandtheirsacrificetobringupmetothisposition.
The Herculean task would have been impossible but the love & affection
of my Dear brother Mr, Chandrashekhar, Dr.Venkatesh and also cannot forget
My Sister Mrs. Anasuya, Younger Sister Mrs. Sudha and My Brother in laws,
whose tender care and the moral support insulated me from all the petty
ademics. problemsofthedaytodaylife,helpingmetoconcentrateonmyac
Iambeholdentomyfamilymembers&lastlymyrelatives.
It is matter of great pleasure andhonour for me to express my gratitude
wholeheartedlyandwithprofoundrespecttomyeverrespectedGuideDr.B.I.
Mathapati, Asst. Prof., and CoGuide Prof. Dinesh Kumar Mishra, H.O.D,
P.G. Department of Bhaishajya Kalpana for their valuable guidance. Many a
time they gave me constant inspiration, encouragement, support and a real
parentalaffectionwithaninnercreativeimpulsenotdominatedandfetteredby
anoutsideauthoritytotouchthismilestoneatthisapttimesuccessfully.
IrecordmysincereandheartygratitudetoHonourablePresident,Sri
Aroor Ramesh Rao, A.L.N.Rao Ayurvedic Medical College Koppa, for giving me
anopportunitytodomyP.G.Studies.
I am very thankful to Respected, Principal & Prof.. Sanjaya K. S.
M.D.(Ay)
for their kind guidance as and when needed and administrative facilitation
duringthiswork.
Words fail to express the gravity of my heartfelt thanks to Dr. H. Abdul
Kareem,Dr.Milind.Hukkeri,Dr.SandeepSarode,Dr.ShubhaS,
Dr.Basavaraj.S.Hiremath,Dr.HarikrishnaandDr.RoshyJosephLecturers,
mymentorfortheirwarm&soothingsupportwithinoroutsidethedepartment
andthe roughoutmyresearchtask. roundtheclockguidanceth
IextendmygratefulnesstoProf.MVidyasagar
M.D.(Ay) Ph.D
,H.O.D. Dept.
of D.G and Prof. Debajit. Bhattacharya
M.D.(Ay)
, H.O.D Dept. of K.C., for their
uncountablevaluableguidance,timelyhelpduringthiswork.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude towards Prof. Dr. B. D.
Mishra
M.D.(Ay)
, Prof. Dr .C.B. Jha
M.D. (Ay) BHU
, Dr. Vilas Dole
M.D.(Ay)
Pune, Dr.
Unnikrishnan
M.D.(Ay)
Trivandrum, for their indefatigable guidance which had
workofitsfulfillment. mouldedandenrichedmyresearch
IamimmenselythankfultoDr.Prashantkumar.Jha.
DIM,CIPR,PGDEE,M.Sc.,Ph.D
who helped me for confirming the genuineness and purity of crude drugs and
lDrugFormulatio helpingmeinAnalysingtheTria nofmydissertation.
IameverGratefulfortoDr.Suhasshettyfortheircompleteguidancein
statisticalwork.
I am thankful to Prof. H. R. Pradeep, Prof. P. K. Mishra, Prof. T. K.
Mohanta, Dr. Rashmirekha Mishra, Dr. S. V. Saraganacharya, Dr.
Ilanchezhian, Dr. Lakshmikant, and Lecturers Postgraduate studies for their
valuableadvicesinmydissertation.
It was indeed a pleasure to work with and have friendly guidance and
supportfrommyseniorcolleaguesDr.Roopesh,Dr.Ram,Dr.Jay,Dr.Vibhu,
Dr.Yashoda, r.JanniH,Dr.Ra D chanaC,Dr.AvinashPastore,Dr.Magesh,
Dr.PronabH,Dr.SushilShettyfortheirtimelysupportwhichsmoothenedmy
ath. p
Itisnotaneasytasktofetchesteemvocabularytoappraisemyheartily
gratitude to Dr. Brijesh, Dr. Nagendra, Dr. Pravin Joshi, my junior friends
Nataraj T.K, Naveenkumar. J. and well wishers who lent their hand when
needed most, without whom my stay at Koppa is unimaginable. Memorable are
thosemoments,whichIsharedwithallmybatchmatesDr.Smt.Anuradhaand
Dr.Noble,Dr.Mahesh,Dr.Prashant,Dr.Dayanand,Dr.Susruth,Dr.Madhu,
Dr. Nishababu, Dr. Priyalatha, Dr. Pallavi, Dr. Jaykrishna, Dr. Arunpratap,
Dr. Sarunmohan, Dr. Sreejith and Dr. Mahantesh, who made life at Koppa
wonderfulwhomIwouldmissmuchlater.
It is a pleasure for me to remember all my Juniors Dr. Reddy, Dr.
Jagadish,Dr.Kiran,Dr.ShuklaDasandDr.Praffulawhohaveallhelpedmein
everypossiblewayandfortheirtimelycontributionswhichalwaysassuredme
oftheprecioussupportwheneverneeded.
I am grateful to the staff members of the pharmacy Mr. Mathew, Ms
Ganeshwari, Ms Devayani, Ms. Veda, Ms.Ponnamma for their assistance in
practicalworks.
I am grateful to Librarian Mr. Basheer, Mr.Satish, Mrs.Jyoti, Miss.
Manjula&Miss.AmeenaYasminhelpedmeinmyreferencework.
And last, but not least, I owe my gratitude toall those Beloved Relatives,
lecturers,UGstudents,allfriendsandwellwisherswhodirectlyorindirectlyor
inonewayortheotherhaveinspired,encouragedandhelpedmetopursuethe
pathofsuccessalongmylife.
Omission of any name in my acknowledgement is unintentional and
regretted.
Date:November2009
Place:Koppa Dr.S.N.Gotur
ABBREVIATIONS
A. F. I - Ayurvedic Formulary of India
A.H.Chi - Astanga Hridaya Chikitsasthana
A.H.Ni - Astanga Hridaya nidanasthana
A.H.Sa. - Astanga Hridaya sarirasthan
A.H.Su. - Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthan
A.H.U - Astanga Hridayam Uttarasthan
A k - Amar Kosh
A.S.Chi - Astanga Samgraha chikitsasthana
A.S.K(A.x.M) - Astanga Samgraha kalpasthana
A.S.Ni - Astanga Samgraha nidanasthana
A.S.Su - Astanga Samgraha sutrasthan
B. P. M.K - Bhavaprakash Madhyam Khand
B.P.P.K - Bhavaprakash Pratham Khand
Bh.P.Ni. - Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
B.R. - Bhaishajya Ratnavali
B.S. - Bhela Samhita
Ca.S.Chi(c.x.c) - Charaka Samhita Chikitsa
Ca.S.K(c.x.M) - Charaka Samhita Kalpasthan
Ca.S.Ni - Charaka Samhita nidana
Ca.S.Sa - Charaka Samhita sarira
Ca.S.Su (c.x.x) - Charaka Samhita Sutrasthan
Ca.S. Vi - Charaka Samhita Vimansthan
Dal - Dalhana
Eg \ eg - Example
Ga. Ni. - Gada Nigraha
Gms - Grams
H.S - Harita Samhita
I. M. P - Indian Medicinal Plants
K. S. Khi.(M.x.Z) - Kashyapa Samhita Khilasthan
Ka.Ni. (M.l) - Kaiyadeva Nighantu
Kg - Kilograms
ml - Millilitre
No - Number
Pg - Page
Ref - Reference
Su.S.Chi. - Susrutha Samhita Chikitsa
Su.S.Ni. - Susrutha Samhita Nidana
Su.S.Sa. - Susrutha Samhita Sarira
Su.S.U. - Susrutha Samhita Uttara
Sha.S. - Sharangadhara Samhita
Sh. S. M. K. (z.x.q.Z) - SharangadharaSamhita madhyamakhanda
Sh.S.Pu (z.x.m.Z) - Sharangadhara Samhita Purva
Khanda
Sl.No - Serial Number
V.S.S - Vanga Sena Samhita
WHO - World Health Organisation
Y.R. - Yoga Ratnakar
% - Percentage
Objectives
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the present study are:
1) To evaluate the Vajikara effect of the Kamadhenu Churna on albino-rats in
dispensing.
a. The dose mentioned as per classics.
b. The same formula is dispensed with respect to its dose as double
dose.
2) To analyze the compounds physico-chemically.
3) To compare the efficacy of these Trial Drugs, in order to evaluate the best
one.
Hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis: Kamadhenu churna do not have vajeekarana property, when
administered internally.
Alternate hypothesis: Kamadhenu churna do have vajeekarana property,
when administered internally
Pharmaceutical Review
5
PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW
Introduction
Animals of the same class generally observe the same rules of eating and
enjoyments in the world. But as Man has supremacy over his nature/ basic instincts,
he is free to have changes. He renders the nature favorable to himself and derives
various kinds of advantages using various processes. On the contrary, in many
occasions owing to his ignorance, idleness, inclination towards sensual enjoyments
and compulsions of unavoidable circumstances, he is harmed by his habits of
indulgence.
Bhaishajya Kalpana as a science is evident as a map of intellectual reality
which briefs the principles of compounding drugs as general outlines applicable
within all the limitations of time or place while describing the Science of Ayurveda?
The elaboration is typical of Indian thinking and speaking. Thus the principles are
elucidated contextually i.e. context specific - while dealing a subject which is a
characteristic feature of the Brihattrayee although later classics show a deviation
from this path and start topic specific descriptions. Bhaishajya Kalpana- more than
simply the science of pharmacy which according to Remington is - The art and
science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug - related
information to the public. That is why Acharya Caraka reiterates that Yuktijna
always stands superior. The implementation of the Bhaishajya Kalpana principles is in
the form of Samskaras as noted below:
Asmxrm qWjiu mpixrsmMqiq | Mri
xrauzswMsxxMUrp: ||
Pharmaceutical Review
6
c. x. M. 12/48, cmh
Enhancing the utility (pharmaco-dynamic action) of a relatively small
quantity/quality of a substance (drug) or decreasing the utility of a relatively large
quantity/quality of a substance are possible by Samyoga (combination), Vishlesha
(disunion), Kala (time factor), Samskara (various pharmaceutical operations) and
Yukti (intelligent planning).
The Samskara is considered to be a change or sequence of changes, occurring/
induced which can be physical, chemical or both. The application of powerful
concepts and modern techniques to the adopted processes allows obtaining
meaningful results and making practical, useful predictions. Thus, an elaborate
comprehension of the preparation of the compound drug with respect to the changes
during the processes creates a unique opportunity for formulating the new/existing
compounds with improved stability and specially selected compositions for superior
nutritional, dieting and therapeutic qualities. Thus arises the necessity to
study/observe the preparation of a drug with utmost care, comprehend the principles
underlying, document the findings for further comparison, corroborate the document
with therapeutic efficacy and then formulate the resolutions.
Kashaya Kalpana
Acharya kasyapa concept regarding kashaya kalpana
ch ziMwr xuUxpwuxj |
ThO: MsMxij Yuj rju lok q ||
(Mwrm, Z.3/34)
Churna sita kashaya swarasa abhisava(madya kalpana) phanta kalka kwatha.
Pharmaceutical Review
7
Acharya kasyapa mentioned aushada kalpana (seven kashaya kalpana) 7 in
number and included abhisava (madhaya kalpana) and churna kalpana
The sequency of these kalpanas is not according to guru and laghu gunas
1
Acharya Sushruta concept regarding kashaya kalpana
U Ux MsMqj Mwr i vi iju
ThOq |
Msm wQi Zs pwel rjU i
sbu mS || (xi, x.44.91)
Acharya susrut as mentioned six kalpanas as follows
Ksira,rasa(swarsa), kalka, srta(kwatha), sita ,churna
Each preceding one more stronger then its succeeding
Acharya charaka as not included in churna in abhisava(madhaya kalpana) in
pancha vidha kashaya kalpanas
Because it might concidered that churna as a antarghata kalpana(upa kalpana)
of kalka and abhisava as a antarghata kalpana of sita kashya
2
Swarasa Kalpana
Synonyms: Rasa, Swarasa, Niryasa
xu Ux xuUx m | (c.x.4)
The juice expressed from particular substance is called Swarasa
3
.
rl lwmQiS SurS Ux xuUx Ecri | (c.x.4)
The juice extracted from a drug pressed by a machine is known as Swarasa
(pure juice, native juice or extract)
The rasa which is produced by compressing Eg- Iksu, amlaki etc., is called
Swarasa, this swarasa can be combined with other samshamana kalpana and
administrated for the treatment of different disease
4
.
Pharmaceutical Review
8
x xqSkii hhS r rui mOmQii |
xuUx x xqSS . . . . | (A.W.M.6.9)
The juice taken out from a fresh green herb well pounded and squeezed
through a cloth is kown as swarasa
5
rxql Sl xqSbi ixqu Sl msr hh
mOmQi rSSur ixr Ux xuUx |
(WqS)
The green drug should be collected on thae same day. The swarasa can be
prepared by washing and pounding them by squeezing and filtaring through a
cloth. The liquid which is prouduced is called swarasa
6
.
i x xqSki msihhxr
iliulwmQixr lrx xuUx |
(AXa xaW
M.8.10)
Immediately after that drug is collected, it should be washed , crushed and
squeezed thorough a cloth. This is said to be swarasa or niryasa
7
.
AWiihMS Surihhi xqUi |
uxlwmQi r x Ux xuUx Ecri ||
(v.x.q.1.2)
The juice extracted from a fresh green drug drug by pounding it then
squeezing through a cloth, is known as swarasa
8
.
General procedure of swarasa preparation
Collect the fresh green wet drug and make them into paste from by pounding.
Then extract the juice by squeezing it with a cloth or yantra, thus obtained
juice is called swarasa.
Pharmaceutical Review
9
Acc. to Sharangadhara, Puta paka swarasa vidhi
9
-:
Hence acharya sarangadhara described puta paka vidhi as an alternative
method of swarasa. Since the juice out by this method is also considered as
swarasa
In this procedure the drug will be getting agni samskara, A bolus of mud
holding within it the kalka(paste) of drugs put into fire and removed when it
becomes red hot, the thickness of the layer of mud should be two angulas or
two angustas, it is better to wrap the paste of drug with leaves of kasmari, vata,
jambu etc, the puta paka swarasa should be taken in the dose of one pala to
which is added one karsha of honey and the proportion of kalka, Churnas or
other liquids if to be added shall be the same as described earlier under
swarasa.
Some of the examples of puta paka swarasa vidhi are mentioned here under.
Twak kutaja twak, Aralu twak etc
Patra Nyagrodha patra, Vasa patra, Amra patra, jambu patra, etc
Phala Pakwa dadima phala, Vibhitaki phala, etc
Panchangas kantakari,etc
Mula Bijapura, Amra, J ambu, Surana kanda, Shunti churana, etc
Matra of puta paka swarasa- One pala
Anu kalpana in swarasa abhava
chlqRMqRMqSMxrWUxji
qSimi xuUxui mrerq |
xuUxlqsp iur xuUxuk| (c.c.1.2.12)
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10
If wet drugs are not available, then further preparation of swarasa the
following special method should be adapted. The powder of the plant drug
should be taken the quantity of one adhaka in an earthen pot an to this one
adhaka(same quantity ) of water is added and kept for one ahoratri(24
hours)there after it should be squeezed by hand and filter. The liquid that
comes out after filtration can be used as swarasa
10
.
MQu chi Sur mi iS ah es |
AWU xji ixqu Ux Eq || (uM
mU.m)
One kudava powder of dry drug put in twice its quantity of water, kept over
for a day and night, then filtered and obtained liquid is also called swarasa
11
.
ASr vwMSur u xuUxlqxqpu |
esahi xkr mSv c ai ||
(v.x.q. 1.4)
In case of drugs, which are very dry and which do not give out any juice,
boiling them in 8 times their quantity of water and reducing to a quarter can be also
used as swarasa
12
.
qk i aQ Ul eUM suh ij |
bi is c chSl Msq Ux
mi || (v.q.1.6)
bi xi aQ S Msq Ux
mi |
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suhUchl rarqll Smri || (
rSu e)
Prakshepa dravyas of swarasa
Madhu(honey) sharkara(sugar) guda(jaggery) kshara(alkali) jiraka lavanga
gretha taila(oil)are any powder if required be added should be 1 kola each in
quantity (this should be mixed in 2 tola or pala of swarasa
13
.
Ghrita, Sita, Guda and Honey if mentioned should be added in 1 Kola maatra,
Lavana, kshara and Churna should be added in Yogya pramana
14
.
Table No.1- Some of the common Swarasa Kalpanas with their Amayika Prayoga
Sl.No Name of the swarasa Amayika prayoga
1. Amruta Swarasa Prameha
2. Dhatri Swarasa Prameha
3. Vasa Swarasa Rakta Pitta,Kasa,Ksaya,Kamala
4. Triphala, Daruharidra , Nimba, Guduchi
Swarasa
Kamala
5. J ambu, Amraka, Amlika,Swarasa Raktatisara
6. Ardraka Swarasa Vrsana Vata,Swasa-Kasa,Aruci
7. Bijapura Swarasa Parswa Sula,Hrcchula,Vasti Sula
8. Satvari Swarasa Pittaja Sula
9. Kumari Swarasa Pitta Vrddi,Apaci
10. Alambusa Swarasa Apaci,Gandamala,Kamala
11. Brahmi, Kusmanda, Vaca, Shanka Puspi
Swarasa
All Type Of Unmada
11
Pharmaceutical Review
12
KWATHA KALPANA / KASHAYA KALPANA
Kwatha kalpana is one of the Panchavidha, kashaya kalpana i.e. Swarasa,
Kalka, Kwatha, Hima and Phanta. The preceding kalpana is heavier than the latter i.e.
Swarasa is heavier than Kalka, Kalka is heavier than Kashaya/Kwatha, Kwatha is
heavier than Hima and Phanta, Hima and Phanta are lighter than the Kwatha, Kalka
and Swarasa
15
.
Nirukti:
Kashaya kalpana is made up of two words-
Kashaya- Kash Himsayam, Dhatu +Ay pratyay
Kashati kantam - To remove Dosha/Rogas from kanta.
Kalpana-- Krip samarthye Dhatu+tyant yuch taap pratyay
Definition
16
:
The invention obtained after heating a dravya in a drava is called as Kwatha.
Kwatha is a type of medicinal preparation in which coarsely powdered drug is boiled
in a liquid for a definite time until the liquid is reduced to the desired quantity and the
entire matter is squeezed through a thin cloth. The filtrate is discarded and the
obtained liquid is used as Kwatha.
Synonyms:
i Yuj Mwr lrW: x lai | - v. x. q. Z. 2/2
Shrita, Kwatha, Kashaya and Niryuha words are used synonymously. Kwatha
and Kashaya words are commonly used.
Importance:
The Kwatha is utilized both internally and externally for therapeutic purposes.
Pharmaceutical Review
13
Externally - Prakshalana, Gandusha, Kavala etc.
Internally - Basti dravya, Pana and Anupana.
Apart from this, Kashaya is essential in the preparation of Sneha, Asava,
Arista, Ghana, Lehya etc Kalpanas. Like it is mentioned in many ways depends upon
types of Kwatha for treatment of various diseases. Different types of Kashayas are
mentioned in classics for internal purposes also.
Moreover, Kwatha is essential in preparation of other Kalpanas as in the form
of main drug or an accompanied for Avaleha Ghrita, Taila etc. preparations and
Asava, Arista etc are alcoholic preparations. For these preparations Kwatha should be
prepared first.
No special references about Kwatha kalpana are found in the Vedas. In
Samhita period, the description and wide usage of Kashaya is found to treat various
diseases. Acharya Sharangadhara mentions about the detailed aspect of preparation of
Kashaya, the ratio between drava and dravya, prakshepa dravya used etc.
Preparation of Kashaya:
ui Yuji Sur iqWMixM: || - c.
x. x. 4/7
Acharya Charaka mentions about preparation of Kashaya as- the dravya is
boiled in a drava for a specific time. But the exact time for boiling is not mentioned.
aiUxw Awkw| (cUM xWi
cMixxjl 1)
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14
Commenting on it Acharya Chakrapani says Gatarasheshu Aushadeshu i.e.
the taste of the drug should be completely transferred into the drava and the drug
should be tasteless.
All the Samhitas later mentions about the preparation of Kashaya, the nature
of the drug, ratio between drug and water and about the reduction of drava to obtain
the final product. Acharya Sushruta mentions about the preparation of Kashaya in
17
.
The Twak, Patra, Phala, Moola etc. part that is required is dried in sunlight. The drugs
suitable for cutting is made into small pieces, drugs that are hard are broken down and
pounded. Then the drugs are added to 8 or16 parts water, boiled and reduced to 1/4
th
.
It is then removed from fire
18
. Acharya Sushruta also says that the bark,
leaves, flowers or roots are added with 4 times water, boiled and reduced to 1/4
th19
.
Ashtanga samgraha mentions the same principle as said by Acharya Sushruta and
adds that the vessel should be made of copper, iron or mud.
Depending upon the hardness and quantity of dravya, the quantity of water is
fixed. Mild heat is given during preparation and the mixture is stirred continuously
with a spatula to prevent stirred continuously with a spatula to prevent sticking of
drug to the vessel. When the water absorbs the active principles of drug and the drug
becomes tasteless, the mixture is removed from fire, filtered through a cloth
20
.
mSxji pui Yuj r oal iex | x
uros xqm aurkc vxri ||
- M. x. Z. 3/42.
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15
Kashyapa samhita mentions to take one part of drug and mixed with 4 or 8
times of water, boil the mixture in mild heat and reduce to 1/4
th
. Thus obtained
product is called as Kwatha.
Water ratio:
mlr wQv ah hh Surms mi |
qim Yujri a Aqvuvwiq ||
iees mrri kql Mwh qal xkiq | -
v. x. q. Z. 2/1
One pala of coarsely powdered drug is boiled with 16 parts of water in an
earthen pot over a mild fire till liquid is reduced to 1/8
th
of the original quantity. The
preparation of a Kashaya properly and to extract the active principles of the drug
completely, the drug- water ratio plays an important role. The residual water, after
boiling is the Kashaya.
The drug- water ratio is chosen based on two criteria:
i) Drugs consistency
ii) Drugs quantity
I. Drugs consistency:
ciah qSSur MPlah esq | ij c
qkrq Sur Si Aah mr: ||
Airli MPl Sur lU wQvM qiq | - v. x.
q. Z. 9/3 -4.
Pharmaceutical Review
16
The raw drugs are grouped into Mridu (soft), Madhyama (medium), Katina
(hard) and Atyanta katina (too hard). Based on this, the amount of water is to be
added and later reduced.
According to Acharya Sarangadhara, the criteria are as follows:
Table No.2-Showing amount of Jala depending upon quality of Dravya
S.I. Nature of drug Water to be added Reduction Example
1 Mridu 4 parts 1/4th Guduchi,
2 Madhyama 8 parts 1/4th Aragwada
3 Katina 8 parts 1/4th Dashamoola
4 Atyanta katina 16 parts 1/4th Padmaka
The residual part is always 1/4
th
of the original amount of water added.
II. Drugs quantity:
MwSi: ms rui mi wQvM esq |
iSku MQu rui pui Aah mr: ||
mxjSi: mU ZU rucciahq || - v.
x. q. Z. 9/4-5
The water ratio again depends upon the quantity of the material used during the
process.
Table No.3-Showing amount of Jala depending upon quantity of Dravya
Pharmaceutical Review
17
S.I.No Quantity of drug Water to be added Reduction
1 1karsha-1 pala (12gm-48gm) 16 parts 1/4th
2 1pala-1kudava (48gm-192gm) 8 parts 1/4th
3 1prastha-1khari (746gm-96kg) 4 parts 1/4th
The water quantity should be decided according to the consistency and
quantity of the drug. If the amount of water taken is less, the drug may be burnt and if
water quantity is more, the active principles will get diluted in the water. According to
Acharya Sharangadhara, the residual amount of water after boiling should be 1/4
th
,
whereas Acharya Chakradatta and Acharya Gangadhara mention 1/8
th
part of water.
Types of Kashaya:
In the Ayurvedic (Sushruth) classics there is description of 2 types of Kashaya:-
i) Shrita Kashaya- The Kashaya prepared by boiling the drugs in water and
reducing the amount of water.
ii) Ashrita Kashaya- The drug is kept in water overnight and squeezed after
maceration. Eg. Phanta, Hima. Kalka and Swarasa are grouped under
Ashrita Kashaya.
Acharya Harita mentioned 7 types of Kwatha based on its function and method of
preparation
21
. Todarananda has told the same 7 types of Kwatha, according to
pharmacological actions.
Table No.4 - Showing types of Kashaya Kalpana according to Acharya Harita.
Pharmaceutical Review
18
Sl.No Kwatha
type
Proportion
of reduction
Purpose or usage Time of
administration
01 Pachana 1/2 Digestive for metabolic
transformation of tissue
elements.
Nisha night.
02 Deepana 1/10 Appetizing to stimulate
the power of digestion
Aparaahna -
afternoon
03 Shodhana 1/12 Purificatory to eliminate
the waste products
(Dosha & Mala)
Morning
04 Samana 1/8 Palliative - to alleviate the
Doshas
Poorvahna
05 Tarpana Equal Nourishing to provide
nourishment to tissue i.e.
Rasa, Rakta etc. Dhatus.
Morning
06 Kledana 1/4 Lubricating to increase
the fluidity of the Dhatus
Morning
07 Shoshana 1/16 Drying - for absorption of
excessive part of the fluid
from Dhatus
Prabhaate
morning
Table No.5 -Various Kashaya- According to Bhoja
22
:
Pharmaceutical Review
19
S.I.No. Name of Kashaya % of drug to
be taken
% of water to
be added
Reduction
part
1. Pana Kashaya 1part 24 palas 1/8th
2. Gandusha Kashaya 1part 4 parts 1/5th
3. Paniya Kashaya 1karsha pala 1/4th
4. Seka Kashaya 1part 4 parts 1/8th
5. Aschyotana Kashaya 1part 6 parts 1/6th
6. Vrana prakshalana
Kashaya
1part 3 parts 1/12th
7. Mukha Kashaya 1part 8 parts 1/9th
8. Shodana Kashaya 1part 8 parts 1/3rd
9. Asthapana Kashaya 1part 6 parts 1/7th
10. Vamana Kashaya 1part 3 parts 1/2
11. Virechana Kashaya 1part 6 parts 1/8th
12. Snana Kashaya 1part 60 parts 1/2
13. Yavagu Kashaya 1part 64 parts 1/8th
14. Sneha Kashaya 1part 4 parts 1/4th
Pharmaceutical Review
20
Administration of Kwatha:
AWU UxmM c xgei mslqiq | u
umSvl moiYuj xmciq ||
v. x. q.
Z. 2/3
According to Acharya Sharangadhara, the Kwatha is to be taken after the
proper digestion of ahara rasa and the conversion of ahara rasa into rasa dhatu in 2
pala dose. If the person takes medicine before the digestion of food or vice-versa, it
can lead to the manifestation of diseases
23
.
Kashaya should be taken in lukewarm condition. Reboiling of the Kashaya
before intake is contraindicated. As the shelf life of Kashaya is low, it should be
always prepared fresh from Kwatha choorna. Shamana Kwatha should be taken at
early morning in empty stomach. Shodhana Kwatha is to be taken before sunrise
while Deepana Kwatha is to be taken during the 3
rd
prahara. In case of vataja or
kaphaja disorder, Kashaya is given lukewarm, whereas in pittaja disorder, Kashaya is
given after cooling
24
.
Matra:
Acharya Sharangadhara
25
2 palas
1 pala (48ml) Madhyama Matra.
Acharya Yadavji
26
1 pala
Acharya Vangasena and Vrinda Madhava 4 pala.
Pharmaceutical Review
Table No.6 -Prakshepaka dravyas:
Author Prakshepaka dravya Quantity Vyadhi
1/16
th
of Kashaya vataja
1/8
th
of Kashaya pittaja
Acharya
Sharangadhara
27
Madhu
1/4
th
of Kashaya kaphaja
1/16
th
of Kashaya kaphaja
1/8
th
of Kashaya pittaja
Acharya
Sharangadhara
28
Sarkara
1/4
th
of Kashaya vataja
Acharya
Sharangadhara
29
Ksheera, Ghrita, Guda,
Taila, Gomutra, Any
Drava dravya, Kalka,
Churna, Guggulu
1karsha each
_
Acharya
Sharangadhara
30
J iraka, Guggulu, Ksira,
Lavana,Silajatu,Hingu,
Trikatu
one Sana each
_
Hingu, Saindhava, 1masa each Acharya Kashyapa
31
Guda, Ksheera, Sita
1karsha each
Prakshepa dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and
also increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific
amount for prakshepa dravya, which is mentioned below.
Prakshepaka dravyas are added to the Kashaya to increase the palatability and
also to increase the efficacy of the Kashaya. The classics have mentioned specific
amount for Prakshepaka dravya, which is mentioned below:
21
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22
Preparation of Kashaya:
Equipments-
Stove (heat source)
Vessel
Clean, thin cloth
Clean vessel for filtration of
Kashaya
Pincer to hold the vessel.
Method of preparation:
First well arrangement of all equipments which are required above and take
potential drugs for Kwatha preparation.
Clean the drugs with water.
If the drug is fresh, cut it into small pieces; if dry, and then make a coarse
powder of it. In case of very hard drug, make it into small pieces and soak it
overnight in water.
Then Kashaya dravyas are put into sufficient amount of water and mixed well
in a big, wide mouth vessel.
Mild heat is given from below, so that complete potency of drug is transferred
to the liquid.
Lid should not be covered over the vessel.
The vessel is removed from the fire, when water is reduced to the required
amount after boiling.
After slight cooling of vessel, the Kashaya is filtered using a clean cloth to
another clean vessel.
Kashaya is not prepared of drugs having volatile oil, as volatile oils are
destroyed when heated.
Pharmaceutical Review
Test for Kashaya:
Kashaya dravya should be boiled properly.
Desired smell, taste and color should be obtained in Kashaya.
Kashaya should not contain suspended particles.
Residue of drug should be tasteless.
The Kashaya prepared should have accurate measurement (quantity) after
boiling and reducing of water.
The Kashaya should produce the desired effect against the disease for which it
is administered.
Modern concept of Kashaya
32
:
Decoction is the process in which water soluble and heat stable constituents of
a drug are extracted and transferred to water (liquid medium). Boiling and reducing
the water to the calculated final volume is important to derive the efficacy and benefit
from decoction. Uniform mild heat and type of vessel used for boiling the water is
also important. Always freshly prepared decoction should be dispensed. At present no
decoction is mentioned in Indian or British Pharmacopoeia.
Parameters to be followed to standardize Kashaya
33
.
1. Organoleptic characters 2.Ash value
3. Acid-insoluble content 4.T.L.C and pH
5. Specific gravity 6.Alkaloid content
CHURNA KALPANA
The term Churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture
of two or more drugs, which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to
homogeneity.
23
Pharmaceutical Review
According to Ayurvedic Formulary of India. Churna is a fine powder of drug
or drugs
34
.
AirlizwM rSur xm uxasiq | iixrh Ue:
Sxilq Mzxqi ||
z. x. q. Z.
6/1
According to Acharya Sharangadhara, churna means, nicely powdered dry
drug which is filtered through a cloth. Churna is that which is powdered without any
liquid. The churna may be applied to the powder of a single drug or a mixture of two
or more drugs which are powdered separately prior to their being mixed to
homogeneity.
xqchi ch llMqx reri |
aWhrquMUw uhuirlelSw
|| M. x. Z. 3/36
According to Acharya Kasyapa the substance, which is made in to fine
powdered form by pulverized is called churna. This churna is used for Grahani roga,
Amavikara, Vrana and for the purpose of Anjana etc.
Vernacular Names
35
:
Sanskrit. - Shuska Kalka, Shuska Pista, Ksoda, Raja
English. - Powder
Hindi - Churna
Kannada. - Pudi, Hittu,Churna
Latin name - Pulver, Pulverata
Unani - Safuf, Atus, Avadhilana
Synonyms:
iixrh Ue: Sxilq Mzxqi || z. x. q.
Z. 6/1
24
Pharmaceutical Review
Rajah (pulvis)
Kshoda (powder)
The sharangadhara samhita was explained synonyms of churna kalpana.
Similarities of churna and kalka kalpana:
zwMm: xqiliumOcrih: |
ixr xqxiSurmUiraSmsimra MsMSpS ||
A .x .M .8/10
Churna is considered as modified form of kalka kalpana. Because dried form
of kalka can be considered as churna and many of the times churna is used to make
the kalka. Churna is not different from kalka, because it is not devoid of any part of
the drug and used well soaked in fluids.
Pharmaceutical processing of kalka and churna has many similar features. In
certain conditions, kalka can be prepared with suska dravyas (dry drugs) by making
them vastra galita churna and adding drava dravya. The process of pounding is similar
for both churna and kalka.
Making powder
Churna Kalka (churna+drava dravya)
Vastra galana
Chart No 1. Showing Churna Proces
Types of Churna
35
:
Sthula Coarse powder For Hima, Phanta, Kasaya, sieved through No 20
sieves.
25
Pharmaceutical Review
Shuksma Fine powder for Vati, Lehy, Nasya, sieved through No. 60 sieve.
Atyanta shuksma (Vastra Galita) Bhasmas, Anjanas. Sieved through No. 100
sieve (very fire powder).
Praksepaka Dravayas and their quantity:
ch aQ: xq Sr: zMU ah pui |
chw pei W Sr liYsSui || z.. x. q.
Z. 6/2
Guda = Equal to that of churna
Sarkara = Two times of that of churna
Hingu = Quantity which does not cause any Utkledan (Nausea) and
must be used after frying Liquids = Ghee, oil, honey etc. 2 parts
Milk, water =4 parts.
Bhavana dravya matra related with churna:
Suh rui xqrM ch xu msi pui |
pulr: mqh i ch m pwauU: || z. x.
q. Z. 6/6
The quantity of any liquid which soaks the powder fully well is called bhavanadravya.
Process of Preparation:
Equipment required
The drugs enumerated in the recipe in clean in well dried state.
A mortar and pestle.
A fine sieve or fine cloth.
Disintegrators.
Pulverizers and
Ball mills etc.
26
Pharmaceutical Review
27
The drugs that are to be used in the preparation should be taken from recently
collected material. Drugs, which are aged by prolonged storage or changed in colour,
taste, smell and those, which are insect infested, should be positively rejected.
However, drugs like embelia fruits, long pepper, coriander seeds, honey, jaggery, and
even cows ghee are preferred from old stock, which should be unspoilt otherwise.
In general, the aromatics are slightly fried in order to increase or sweeten their
aroma. Any extraneous material should be removed fromthe drugs.
The drugs mentioned in the churna yoga are cleaned and dried. They are
powdered by pounding in with mortar and pestle and sieved through a thin layer of
cloth (Vastragalita). In a prescription where there are a number of ingredients, the best
method is to powder the drugs separately, weight the required quantities of the drugs
and mix them all together.
As some of the drugs contain more fibrous matter than others, this method of
powdering and weighing them separately according to yoga, and then mixing them
together, is recommended.
The reason for separate powdering of different drugs in Churna kalpana is
that, different drugs will have different types of consistency as mrdu (soft),
madhyama (medium) and kathina (hard). If they mixed and pounded together, first
mrdu dravyas get powdered easily, kathina dravyas remains as it is, hence while doing
filtration (vastragalitam) variation in the ratio of ingredients mentioned in churna
formulae take place and also drugs which contains volatile oil property, may
evaporate easily and burnt sometimes, before kathina dravyas get powdered
uniformly.
Pharmaceutical Review
28
So that, it is advised to powder all drugs of Churna formulae separately, then
only they are supposed to be mixed together uniformly to get better therapeutic results
from the administered Churna formulae. Swadista virecana churna, lavana bhaskara
churna, Hingvastaka churna etc., which are having combination of sugar, salt as a
ingredient should not be formulated during rainy season, because they may get
spoiled with in a short period by attracting moisture from atmospheric conditions, it
happens because of more hygroscopic nature of ingredients in the recipe.
A volatile principle may get volatilized during the milling process. This is due
to the more exposed surface area of the crude drug and also to the increase in
temperature during grinding. Therefore, drugs like clove, cardamom, caraway or
cinnamon are not powdered to a very fine form.
When Hingu, Saindhava lavana and similar drugs are to be added they are
fried well and powdered so that they do not become moist. Sugar and camphor are
powdered separately and added.
The Churna should be very fine, amorphous and should be perfectly dry. The
fineness of the sieve used should be preferably 80 mesh per square inch or still finer.
Finer the powder better is the therapeutic value.
Preservation
Churnas should be packed in air tight containers.
The prepared Churna should be stored in tightly stopper glass bot
tles.
Polythene and foil packing also gives damp proof protection.
Pharmaceutical Review
29
Anupana for churna:
chusWaiMsMlqlmlMq |
uimMTihM ukMmsqWUi ||
rj is es mi hlu mxmu | AlmlosSla
ij xmi pweq || z.x.q.Z.6/4-5
Anupana (vehicle for the medicine) for Churna (pulvis), Avaleha, Confection,
Gutika tablets, Kalka paste should be three, two and one pala respectively for diseases
of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. J ust as oil spreads quickly on water like medicines spread
inside the body by the strength of the vehicle.
Table No.7 -Showing the various amount of Anupana for churna -
Drugs Pala Doshas
Avaleha 3 Vata
Gutika 2 Pitta
Kalka 1 kapha
Important uses of Churna
35
:
Used as main medicament in the treatment of many diseases: Talisadi Churna,
Hingastaka Churna, Sankhapuspi Kalka etc.
Churnas could be used as adjuvants:-
o Suvarna Bhasma with Trikatu Churna
o Abhraka Bhasma with Talisadi Churna
Churnas are used to prepare Vati, Avleha, Arka, Kasaya, Hima,
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30
Phanta, Snehas, Ksirapaka, Asavarista preparations etc.
Powders are used externally - For Avadhulana (sprinkling), Lepana in
wounds and skin diseases.
Shelf life:
qxri ij ch Wluriuqmlri | z. x. m.
Z. 1/51
2 months
General Dose of Churna: 1Karsa- 12gms
ilq Mwxqi | |
z. x. q. Z. 6/1
Churna, Kalka and Gutika matra is one and same, that is one Karsha pramana.
If Churna is advised to chew after making paste form with the help of some drava
dravya, then that drava dravya is advised to drink after mixing in dravya, than the
drava dravya quatity should be four times more than Churna.
Advantages of Churna form
35
:
Fixation of the dose is easier when the medicament is in powder form.
Churnas are more stable than liquids, because chemical reactions take place
more rapidly in atmospheric conditions when the drugs are in liquid form.
Incompatibility is less in case of Churnas than liquids.
The rapid dissolution increases the blood concentration in a shorter time, there
by the action is produced in a lesser time.
They are more economical compared to other preparations.
It is easier to carry the Churnas and tablets than liquids.
Disadvantages of Churna form:
Drugs which deteriorate on exposure to atmospheric conditions are
Pharmaceutical Review
31
Not suitable for dispensing in powder forms.
Bitter, corrosive and unpalatable drugs cannot be dispensed in Churna form
Deliquescent and hygroscopic drugs cannot be dispensed in Churna form.
Volatile drugs are not suitable for dispensing in Churna form.
Drug Review
30
DRUG REVIEW
Drug (Dravya) is one among the Cikitsa Catuspada and is having the next
place after the physician.
Acharya Caraka says that, he is the best of physicians who knows the science
of administration of drugs with due reference to the place and time, and who applies it
only after examining each and every patient individually.
A drug that is not understood perfectly is comparable to poison, weapons, fire
and the thunderbolt, while the perfectly understood drug is comparable to ambrosia.
Keeping these points in view the following drug has been selected for the sudy
which mainly contains-
alkMqsMch kUxupuiq |
xmik zsqsir zMUqkreiq ||
sRu clmr ml mirW Mi i r |
Lilziuwm zik Uqi xr || p.U.
74/42-43
Shuddha Gandhaka
Amalaki Churna
Amalaki swarasa
Shalamali toya
Drug Review
AMALAKI
1
Botanical name: Embilica officinalis Goertn (Phyllannthus Embilica Linn)
Family name : Euphorbiaceae
Mostly collected in winter season after ripening and in Kashmir in summer, a small or
medium sized tree, found both in natural state in mixed deciduous forests of the
country ascending to 1300 m on hills; cultivated in gardens, home yards or grown as a
road side tree.
SYNONYMS
Sanskrit : Amrtaphala, Amalaka, Dhatriphala
Kannada : Nellikayi, Bela nelli, pottadenollikayi
Assamese : Amlakhi, Amlakhu, Amlaku
Bengali : Amla, Dhatri
English : Emblic Myrobalan
Gujrati : Ambala, Amala
Hindi : Amla, Aonla
Kashmiri : Amli, Embali
Malayalam : Nellikka
Marathi : Anvala, Avalkathi
Oriya : Ainla, Anala
Punjabi : Aula, amla
Tamil : Nellikkai, nelli
Telugu : Usirika
Urdu : Amla, Amlaj
31
Drug Review
Dose:
Fresh amlaki swarasa - 10-20ml
Amlaki churna - 3-6gms
Use full part - fruit pulp/fruit rind
DESCRIPTION
a) Macroscopic
Drug consists of curled pieces of pericarp of dried fruit occuring either as
separated single segment; 1-2 cm long or united as 3 or 4 segments; bulk colour grey
to black, pieces showing, a broad, highly shrivelled and wrinkled external convex
surface to somewhat concave, transversely wrinkled lateral surface, external surface
show s a few whitish specks, occasionally some pieces show a portion of stony testa
(which should be removed before processing); texture rough, cartilaginous, tough;
taste, sour and astringent.
b) Microscopic
Transverse section of fruit shows epicarp consisting of a single layered epidermis
cell appearing tabular and polygonal in surface view; cuticle present; mesocarp cells
tangentially elongated parenchymatous and crushed differentiated roughly into
peripheral 8 or 9 layers of tangentially elongated smaller cells, rest consisting of
mostly 7 isodiametric larger cells with walls showing irregular thickenings; ramified
vascular elements occasionally present; stone cells present either isolated or in small
groups towards endocarp ; pitted vascular fibres, walls appearing serrated due to the
pit canals, leading into lumen.
Powder: Fine powder shows epidermis with uniformly thickened straight walled
isodiametric parenchyma cells with irregular thickened walls, occasionally short
fibres and tracheids.
32
Drug Review
Drug Review
34
DESCRIPTION -
a) Macroscopic:
Bark 0.5-1 cm thick, pale-ashy to silvery-grey externally, brownish internally,
external surface rough with vertical and transverse cracks, mucilaginous on chewing;
fracture, fibrous.
b) Microscopic:
Stem bark shows 10-15 layered, transversely elongated, radially arranged, thinwalled,
cork cells with a few outer layers having brown coloured contents; rhytidoma present
at certain places interrupting the cork; secondary cortex con- sists of moderately
thick-walled, parenchymatous cells containing orange brown contents; stone cells in
singles or in groups, thick-walled, oval to irregular, and tangential bands of stone cells
having striations with narrow lumen, measuring 13-33 in dia., occur throughout the
secondary cortex; secondary phloem consists of usual elements traversed by phloem
rays, elements in the outer region form tangential bands of ceratenchyma; a number of
concentric bands of fibres alternating with groups of sieve elements also present;
fibres lignified having narrow lumen and pointed tips; phloem rays numerous and
wavy, 1-6 seriate, cells being radially elongated and moderately thick-walled; rosette
crystals of calcium oxalate scattered throughout the secondary cortex, phloem
parenchyma and ray cells; mucilage canals and tannin cells present in the
parenchymatous cells of cortex. Powder - Reddish-brown; shows fragments of cork
cells, parenchymatous cells, single or groups of thick-walled, oval to irregular, stone
cells having striations with narrow lumen, measuring 13-33 in dia., rosette crystals
of calcium oxalate, phloem fibres and numerous reddish-brown coloured masses and
tannin cells.
Drug Review
35
CONSTITUENTS - Saponins, Tannins and Gums. Seeds yield a fixed oil Resin
contains 2.9% mineral matters and tannin. Which also consists of tannic acid and
gallic acid. Roots [semal musali] contain starch 71.2 . Sugar 8.2, Protein 1.2, Minaral
matter 2.1 Percent. Also Fat Tannin and cellulose in lower percentage roots consist of
mucilaginous substance,
PROPERTIES AND ACTION -
Rasa : Madhura, Kashaya
Guna : Laghu, Picchila, Snigdha
Virya : Sheeta
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Shothahara, Kaphavardhaka, Pittahara, Vatahara, Dahaprashamana, Vrushya
Useful Parts - Flower, Khanda, Roots, Gum, Bark, Leaves, Young fruits, Seeds
THERAPEUTIC USES - Raktapitta, Vrana, Daha, Yuvanapidika
Dose - 5-10 g. (Powder).
GANDHAKA [SULPHUR]
In Rasa classics Gandhaka comes under Uparasa varga and is a important
dravya next to parada. It is considered as the essential agent in mercurial process and
is believed to impart many desirable properties to parada and reduces its toxic effects.
Hence the mercurial preparations without gandhaka are considered to be more toxic.
It also plays major role in Bhasmikarana process of dhatus. Mythologically it is
considered as the Artava of Goddess Parvati.
Drug Review
36
Synonyms:
Gandha
Shulbari
Shulbaripu
Bali
Gandhapa
Shama
Sougandha
Durganda
Pamari
Kushthari
Balivasa.
English Sulphur.
Chemical Formula S
Gandhaka Shodana:
Shodhana removes 2 types of impurities present in it.
1) Shila dosha Stone powder, Clay
2) Visha dosha Arsenic etc.,
Shodhana is carried out by adopting various methods like.
1) Swedana
2) Dravana, Galana
3) Bhavana
4) Kurma Puta Bhoodara yantra method
5) Damaru yantra etc.,
Properties
3
-
Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.
Guna : Sara
Veerya : Ushna
Vipaka : Madhura
4
, Katu
Karma : Deepana, Pachana, Rasashoshana, Krimihara, Rasayana,
Vishagna, Bala-veerya vardhaka, Kapha Vatahara.
Rogagnata : Kandu, Kusta, Twakdosha, Ama dosha, Krimidosha,
Pleeharoga, Kshaya, Jwara, Netra roga Visarpa, Dadru etc
Drug Review
37
Dose : 1-8 rakti
Modern Chemical Classification
Occurrence
5
- Sulphur occurs in native form in the volcanic regions of Sicily, Italy,
Japan etc., Small deposits have been found in India, Pakistan.
It occurs in the form of
1) Sulphides (ZnS, PbS), Pyrites (CuFeS
2
)
2) Sulphates (CaSO
4 .
2H
2
O, BaSO
4
etc.,)
PROPERTIES.
1. Sulphur has property of allotropism. This property is its important
characterisitic physical state is same chemical is same but forms and physical
properties are different.
2. Ithas an atomic weight of 32.064 and it s atomic number is 16.
3. Sulphur melts at 120deg c if it is heated slowly and 113degc if it is heated
rapidly.It boils at 444.8deg c.
4. At temperature above 150deg c sulphur becomes thick and viscous.Above
250degc.it becomes more fluid again and its colour changes from yellow to
Red. IT is dark brown at its boiling point.
5. Sulphur is a very reactive element at 250deg c it ignites with air. As it burns it
combines with oxygen to form sulphur-di-oxide (So2) a clourless gas.
6. It is good conductor of heat and electricity.
7. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in carbondisulphide benzene and
turpentine.
Drug Review
38
GO GHRITA
6
Ghrita is said to the Shresta Sneha because of its property to absorb the
property of other drugs when put into it, In ayurveda Go-ghrita is said to be superior
out of the ghrita from various sources.
Vernacular Name:
Sanskrit name : Ghrita
English name : Ghee
Hindi name : Ghee
Kannada name : Tuppa
Synonyms : Aajya, Havis, Sarpis,
Properties :
Rasa - Madhura,
Guna - Guru, Snigha, Mridu,
Veerya - Sheeta,
Vipaka - Madhura,
Dosha Karma: Vatapittahara
Karma: Medya, Rasayana, Vrishya, Chakshushya, Balya,
Description:
Ghrita is one among the Ajasrika Rasayana, It is Ayuvardaka, Balavardhaka,
Vayasthapak, Dhatuposhak, and is suprime in snehana dravyas, By virtue of
yogavahitwa, As per its ingredients the medicated ghrita will be attaining properties.
Drug Review
39
Chemical Constituents
7
:
Ghee contains 8% lower saturated fatty acids, Which makes it easily
digestible, Due to having 4-5%, linoleic acid an essential fatty acids, it promotes
proper growth of human body, Ghee also contains vitamin A B E and K vitamin A
and E are anti oxidant and are helpful in preventing oxidative injury to the body, Ghee
is lipophilc and this action of ghee facilitates the transportation of ingredients of
formulation to target organ and final delivery jnside the cell, because cell membrane
is highly lipophilic.
GO DUGDHA
8
Vernacular names:
Sanskrit name - Dugdha
English name - Milk
Hindi name - Doodh
Kannada name - Halu
Synonyms: Ksheera, Payas.
Properties:
aur Sak uzwh qkU UxmMr: |
Swkiqsxi: MliYsSMU a ||
zis xilr Yixlak uimxlzlq |
eUxqxiUah zlii xul xS ||
- p. m. l. S. 7-8.
Rasa - Madhura
Guna - Guru, Snigdha, Mridu
Virya - Sheeta
Vipaka - Madhura
Doshakarma - Vatapitta Shamana
Drug Review
40
Observation
After subjecting the Albino rats for the experiments following are the
observations obtained on various parameters.
Table. No.18- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Initial arousal period
Group No.of rats Mean S.D S.E
Trial 1 6 18.0 0.993 0.405
Trial 2 6 14.2 1.18 0.481
Control 6 21.7 1.27 0.518
*Score assessed in Seconds
Graph. No.1- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Initial arousal period
Table. No.19- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Peak arousal period
Group No.of rats Mean S.D S.E
Trial 1 6 26.1 1.41 0.575
Trial 2 6 24.7 2.27 0.926
Control 6 37.7 2.16 0.881
*Score assessed in Seconds
Graph. No.2- Showing Mean, S.D, S.E of Peak arousal period
105
108
109
Table. No.27- Showing The significance of Ejaculatory reflux
Groups T value P value
Control and Trial 1 2.89 P<0.02
Control and Trial 2 3.29 P<0.01
Trial 1 and Trial 2 1.20 P<0.2
Ejaculatory reflex: Ejaculatory reflex showed significant at (P<0.02) in both
treated groups in comparison with control group.
Table. No.28- Showing The significance of Mount latency
Groups T value P value
Control and Trial 1 5.34 P<0.001
Control and Trial 2 6.74 P<0.001
Trial 1 and Trial 2 1.33 P<0.2
Mount latency: Mount latency showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both
treated groups in comparison with control group.
Table. No.29- Showing The significance of Time interval to mount again
Groups T value P value
Control and Trial 1 13.7 P<0.001
Control and Trial 2 15.9 P<0.001
Trial 1 and Trial 2 5.28 P<0.001
Time interval to mount again: Time interval to mount again showed highly
significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in comparison with control group.
Discussion
110
DISCUSSION
Since the Evolution of Somewhat higher Species, sexual reproduction and sex
come in pivotal position. Life, not only directly but indirectly is also dependent upon
this as new races/varieties of animals and plants/crops coming in existence daily. Sex
has been a beautiful tool to maintain the population and for keeping any species away
from extinction in normal condition. It has been an instrument to bring the world in
this stage. This has been in core of all necessities other than food, being primary one.
It was the brain of human beings which inspired them to make pleasure and enjoy the
sex very much. Osho, a great Indian saint has given the path of salvation through sex
saying, Sambhog Se Samadhi Ki Or. Whatever the logics can be given regarding the
subject but it is true to keep the race alive, sex is necessary. It has been in keen of
human nature to do new experiment with this beautiful tool to enjoy the sex rather
than doing the duty for mainataing the race.
Sensing the Pulse of nature, ancient sages who glorified our mother land with
their elaborative scientific thoughts, framed the concepts and documented the
knowledge added with the time tested herbal formulations to protect the mankind.
Thus, the system of Ashtanga Ayurveda was evolved which incorporates Vajeekarana
as one among its branches, which implies its weightage. Also non-Ayurvedic erotic
texts from 3
rd
Cent AD, deals with the social, cultural and scientific aspects of sex.
Conceptual study
Though the terms Vrushya & Vajikarana are used as synonymous, their mean-
ings differ qualitatively & quantitatively in terms of Semen.
Discussion
111
Although, the bull (Vrusha) ejaculates only 4 ml of semen (sperm count is
300,000/L) during one ejaculate in sexual act in comparison to stallion (Vaji), which
ejaculates near about 70 ml (sperm count 60,000/L) but possesses sperm density
more than that of stallion in terms per L. (Mann Thaddeus, 1981). This indicates that
Vajikarana or Vrusya drugs provide the qualitative and quantitative improvement in
the seminal parameters.
Though sexual activity is a well known biological function, modern medicine
is rather reluctant to recognize aphrodisiacs as an authentic discipline. As sexual
activity like any other biological activity is bio-chemical in nature, the role of herbs
and drugs to effect this function should not be ruled out. The number of plants
believed to have sex stimulant activity is actually very large.
The term ukra have multiple identities in its nature, if the physical,
functional and pathological characteristics are concerned. It is sarva sarirastha, ex-
plained as tvakastha and have specific functions, general body functions, psycho-
logical functions and functions related to sexual act. A critical analysis reveals that
ukra have structural and functional identity as androgens, semen or spermatozoa; its
expulsion is controlled by Apana Vata. The nidanas vitiates the Vata, which gets ac-
cumulated in vanksana pradesa resulting in diseases of Semen.
Drug Review
The drugs and articles which improve libido and quality of semen can be
called as Viya. The Viya drugs are classified as ukra Vriddhikar, ukra Srutikara
and ukra Vriddhi-Srutikar, (Su.Ci.26/6). ukra Vriddhikar drugs can be subdivided
Discussion
112
into ukra janak and ukra pravartak. Considering these points, the present Kamad-
henu churna in single dose and double dose have been selected for the study.
Kamadhenu churna contains Gandhaka and Amalaki. The other conventional
drugs are Amalaki swarasa and Salamali niryasa kwath for Bhavana while Godugda
and Goghrita for Gandhaka-Shodhana. Looking to the guna-karmas of all the drugs, it
can be said that all the drugs possess Madhura rasa, Madhura vipaka and Sheeta virya
which enhance the quality & quantity of semen.
The only solution is to comprehend the things better in multiple dimensions
and look into the avenues for trying things better. Hence, the research study on
Pharmaceutical & Experimental Evaluation of Kamadhenu churna w.s.r. to its
Vajikara effect was planned to investigate in the area of increasing the therapeutic
efficacy and standardizing the formulation to suit the economy.
PRACTICAL STUDY
To maintain the quality of the final product one has to concentrate over all the
matters, from the collection of raw drugs till the packing and storage. It can be mainly
divided in to three main stages
Stage 1 Collection of raw drugs
Test for genuinity
Different process of preservation
Stage 2 - The pharmaceutical procedure
Stage 3 - Storage and quality control.
Discussion
113
A humble attempt to practically demonstrate the preparation of different doses
of Kamadhenu churna has been performed according to classical reference with lit-
tle modification in doses.
As this study is concerned, four main practicals were done namely 1) Gand-
haka Shodhana, 2) Preparation of Churnas, 3) Preparation of Swarasa and, 4) Prepa-
ration of Kwatha
Practical No.1- Preparation of Churnas:
Amalaki is taken in a quantity of 550 gms. The total yield was 500gms with a
loss of 50gms.
Practical No.2- Preparation of Gamdaka shodhana:
500 gms of yellow colored shuddha Gandhaka was obtained out of 550 gms of
Asudha Gandhaka with a loss of of 50 gms.
Practical No.3- Preparation of Amalaki swarasa:
15 litre of Amalaki swarasa was gained from 30 kg of Amlaki fruits, which
was utilized for giving Bhavana to the mixture of Amalaki churna and Gandhaka for
duration of seven days.
Practical No.4- Preparation of Salamali Niryasa Kwatha
875 gms of Salamali Niryasa was collected, which is an mridu dravya so 4
parts of water was added to it and reduced to 1/4
th
. After cooling it was used in the
preparation of Kamadhenu churna.
The aim of preparing Kwatha is to extract the water-soluble active principles
of the drug into the water. While preparing Kwatha, lid is not to be closed over the
vessel, to-
Discussion
114
Prevent spilling out of the contents from the vessel.
Enable the water to evaporate properly.
Help in the reduction of water content.
Analytical Study:
As a measure towards standardization of finished product, analytical study of
the drug was conducted.
For the chemical analysis of drug, parameters were segmented in analysis like
phyisco-chemical, qualitative and quantitative. The physico-chemical parameters
involved the analysis involving the physical and chemical principles. The total ash,
and acid insoluble ash were respectively measured as 7.25% and 2.75%. It means the
even after the direct involvement of sulphur, total inorganic salts were only 7.27%
and out of these only 2.75% were not soluble with 6N HCl. These findings are quite
under approach number herbal medicines which denote its safety in terms absence
extra inorganic elements. These findings get strength when the percentage of sulphur
and sulphated ash were quantitatively calculated as 0.687% and 4.5% in sequence.
This is not too high to be excreted if given with combination of diuretic drugs. It is
quite apparent from the result that good quantity of sulphur might have changed its
form in complex with organic compounds or was lost during the preparation of drugs.
Prof. C.B. Jha has mentioned sulphur as Vrishya and Vajeekaran. So, if the
formulation contains the permissible quantity of sulphur for the body (as with this
drug) and in combination of diuretic drugs or with suggestion of more water intake,
this drug acts well for the purpose.
Discussion
115
The high values of water soluble extractives and alcohol extractives like
23.25% and 14.25% refer the better absorption of extractives against the cell-
membrane. The qualitative tests for the formulations revealed the presence of
reducing sugar, Anthraquinone glycoside and alkaloid in good quantity. Sugar itself is
proved Vrishya and better carrier to bring the active constituents to the molecules
needed for desired effect of drug. The alkaloid may trigger the physiology of body to
increase the count of sperm and motility by inserting the new life. Anthraquinone
glycoside increases the peristaltic movement which is suggested and required
phenomenon for any drug which is used as Vrishya and Vajeekaran.
Benefits of Physico-chemical analysis
When compared to organoleptic analysis, physico-chemical analysis is more reli-
able, because it is an objective criterion.
By repeatedly doing analysis of the finished product, which is manufactured under
standard conditions, a standard for preparation of the compound can be set.
It is helpful in detection of adulterants and substituents, which when used, would
give altered value rather than standard value.
Experimental study:
Experimental study was undertaken because in the process of new drug develop-
ment, experimental study is the first and foremost fundamental step.
In the experimental study, 18 healthy albino rats of male sex were selected and
grouped into 3.
Discussion
116
The drug is subjected for experimental trials to evaluate its Vajeekarana effect
by Beach and stone method 1940. The observations of the experimental are as
follows:
Initial arousal period:
The mean time of Initial arousal period in seconds, observed in individual
groups are
G1-18.0sec.
G2-14.2sec.
G3-21.7sec.
Peak arousal period:
Peak arousal period showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated
groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of peak arousal period in
seconds observed in individual groups are
G1-26.1sec.
G2-24.7sec.
G3-37.7sec.
Mounting behavior:
Mounting behavior showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated
groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of mounting behavior ob-
served in minutes in individual groups are
G1-30.5min.
G2-28.8min.
G3-37.5min.
Discussion
117
Ejaculatory reflex:
Ejaculatory reflex showed significant at (P<0.02) in both treated groups in
comparison with control group. The mean times of Ejaculatory reflex observed in
minutes in individual groups are
G1-23.1min.
G2-22.1min.
G1-25.1min.
Mount latency:
Mount latency showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both treated groups in com-
parison with control group. The mean times of Mount latency observed in minutes in
individual groups are:
G1-3.08 min.
G2-2.48 min.
G3-5.92 min.
Time interval to mount again:
Time interval to mount again showed highly significant at (P<0.001) in both
treated groups in comparison with control group. The mean times of Time interval to
mount again observed in seconds in individual groups are:
G1-35.9sec.
G2-31.4sec.
G3-66.9sec.
Discussion
118
From the above results it can be concluded that Trial drug 2 possesses better
Vajikara activity in comparison with the Trial drug 1. i.e. Kamadhenu churna admin-
stered in double dose posses better Vajikara activity in comparison with Kamadhenu
churna given in single dose.
Table No. 30- PROBABLE MODE OF ACTION:
Dravya
Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Karma Doshagh-
nata
Amalaki Madhura,
Amla,
katu,
tikta,
Kashaya
Laghu,
Ruksha
Sheeta Madhura Rasayana,
Vrushya.
T
s
ridosha
hamaka
Gandhaka Katu,
Tikta
kashaya
Sara Ushna Madhura Rasyana,
Deepan, Pa-
chana, Balya
Shalamali
Niryasa
Madhura Laghu,
Picchila,
Snigdha
Sheeta Madhura Vrushya Vata
Pittanashaka
Discussion
119
The drugs are utilised for the preparation of Kamadhenu churna are comenly
vrusha, Balya and Veerya Vardaka, predominately all the dravyas are having mad-
hurarasa and sheet veerya . At the same time all are having madhura vipaka, Rasayana
and Jeevania properties along with vatahara and medhya character with additional
specialty of the preparation. The Aim of the experimental study is to increase the su-
kra dhatu. If the sukra dhatu is increased automatically the increase of oja is possible.
The main ingredient Kamadhenu churna is Amalaki which is having Lavana
varjita pancha-rasa with sheeta veerya and madhura vipaka is having the characters of
rasayana, Vrishya and tridosahara
The total sulphur percentage of trial drug is 0.687%. This percentage cannot
harm to the body of the human being, so it could be prescribed without fear to the pa-
tient for the better results.
Conclusion
120
Conclusion
Conceptual Study:
The present study is aimed to evaluate the Vajeekara effect of Kamadhenu
churna in single and double dose through an experimental study on albino
rats following Beech and Stone 1940 method and along with clinical study.
Vrushya drugs may have aphrodisiac activity as well as spermtogenic
effect.
Vrushya drug are those, which can increase sexual vigor and improve
seminal quality.
Pharmaceutical Study :
A humble attempt to practically demonstrate the preparation of
Kamadhenu churna has been performed according to the classical
reference with little modification.
Analytical Study:
As a step towards finished product standardization of Kamadhenu churna
was subjected to relevant analytical parameters.
Experimental Study:
In almost all Parameters, the trial drug II and trial drug I show statistically
significant result in Experimental Study when compared to control group.
Conclusion
121
Scope for further study
This formulation might be tried in form of a Capsule.
As the trial drug showed significant results it is essential to study the drug
in large sample.
It is also essential to evaluate the therapeutic action of Kamadhenu churna
through clinical trials with various specifications.
Summary
122
SUMMARY
The present dissertation entitled Pharmaceutical and Experimental Evaluation of
Kamadhenu Churna w.s.r. its Vajikara effect comprises of VIII chapters. An attempt has
been made here to find out an efficacious compound, which had Vajikarana property.
This study includes following chapters viz.
1. Introduction,
2. Aims and objectives
3. Review of literature
4. Methodology
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusion
8. Summary
Tables & charts
References
Bibliography
In the introductory part aims and objectives of Ayurveda, importance of
Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, necessity for the assortment of this research work,
materials and methods and plan of present study has been mentioned in brief.
In the 2
nd
chapter aims and objectives, objectives of the present study were
mentioned.
Review of literature is dealt in 5 sub headings.
1. Drug review
2. Disease review
3. Swarasa Kalpana
4. Kwatha Kalpana
5. Churna Kalpana
Summary
Analytical study The drugs were analyzed physico chemically to standardize it and
results were tabulated in chapter of methodology.
Experimental study- The drug is subjected for experimental trials to evaluate its
Vajeekarana effect by Beach and stone method 1940.
The study includes: Randomized selection of Albino rats, fixation of dose, administration
of trial drugs etc.
Results-
The Observations made in the Experimental study were subjected to Statistical
Analysis - Students Unpaired t test.
The Trial drug 2 possesses better Vajikara activity in comparison with the Trial
drug 2 i.e. Kamadhenu Churna with double dose posses better Vajikara activity in
comparison with Kamadhenu Churna single dose.
In the last the results along with statistical analysis of the results obtained in
treatment groups of Kamadhenu Churna in single dose and in double dose are depicted.
Discussion-
Highlights the Pharmaceutical, Drug and Disease Review.
The Observations made during pharmaceutical, analytical and experimental study
are discussed to arrive at proper conclusions.
Probable mode of action of the drug & further scope of the study is elucidated
here.
Conclusion- Finally, the Essence of this Dissertation is enlightened.
Summary - Precise form of this Dissertation.
This is followed by List of Tables & Charts, References and Bibliography.
123
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Acharya Agnivesha; Charaka Samhita, Rev by Charaka and Dradabala, Ayurveda
Dipika Commentry by Chakrapanidatta with Vidyotani Hindi Commentry by
Pandith Kasinath Shastri, 1997, Published by Chaukambha Saskrit Samsthan
Varanasi.
2. Acharya Agnivesha, Caraka Samhita redacted by Caraka and Drudabala, with
Ayurveda Deepikaa Commentary by Cakrapaanidatta, edited by Vaidya Yadavji
Trikamji Acarya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh Published by Chaukambha Samskruta
Samsthana, 4
th
edition, 2001.
3. Acharya Bhavamishra - Bhava Prakasha Nighantu - commented by
Dr.K.C.Chunekar & Dr. Ganga Sahay Pandey Chaukambha Bharati Academy,
Varanasi.Reprint-2006.
4. Acharya Bhela Samhita, English translation, commentary and critical notes by
KH Krishna Murthy, published by Chaukamba Vishvabharathi, Varanasi, 1
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CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II OBJECTIVES 4
III REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW 5-29
B. DRUG REVIEW 30-39
C. DISEASE REVIEW 40-79
IV METHODOLOGY
A. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY 80-87
B. ANALYTICAL STUDY 88-95
C. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 96-104
V OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS 105-109
VI DISCUSSION 110-119
VII CONCLUSION 120-121
VIII SUMMARY 122-123
TABLES & CHARTS
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE
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