Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STUDY ON
PREVALENCE OF CAMEL
BRUCELLOSIS
IN SHEIKH DISTRICT
Thesis for Diploma in Livestock Health
Science
BY
MOHAMED HASSAN BARRE
No. 039
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Declaration
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Table of content
Introduction………………………………………………………..........1
Literature review …………………………………………………………3
Methods and Materials....…………………………………………….5
Animals and data collection…………………………………………6
Sampling and Sample processing……………………………….6
Result …………………………………………………………….............7
Discussion………………………………………………………………….10
Conclusion and Recommendation..........................15
Reference……………………………………………………………………13
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly; I thank Allah for giving me this opportunity, courage and
guidance to complete this research. He makes it possible for things to
happen. I wish to state my gratitude and appreciation to my
supervisor DR: IBRAHIM OSMAN for his encouragement , guidance
,support , motivation , constrictive criticism and suggestions which
made this dissertation an invaluable learning experience for me.
Without him it would not have been possible for me to complete this
dissertation.
I am also deeply thankful to the pastoralists who provided me the
samples needed without complain which in time made the completion
of the study possible. I wish to acknowledge their contribution.
The researcher is thankful to the Lab technician Mr. Mudasir and his
assistant Mr. Abdikaream for their support.
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Introduction
Somalia economy is largely depended upon livestock accounting for
about 60% of the national income. Camel population is the largest in
Africa, the number recorded being 6.3 million (Refai 2002).
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Literature review
Brucellosis is one of the most serious diseases of livestock, which
constitute a major impediment for livestock trade. Although brucellosis
has been eradicated in many developed countries in Europe, (Geering
et al. 1995), it remains an uncontrolled problem and its prevalence in
many developing countries is increasing (Refai 2002). Almost all
domestic species can be affected with brucellosis and cross-
transmission can occur between cattle, sheep, goats, camels and other
species. Infection rate in camels depends upon the infection rate in
primary host animals in contact with them as camels are not known to
be primary hosts for any of Brucella organisms (Agab et al. 1994).
Camel brucellosis was recoded to be caused by biotypes of B. abortus
and B. melitensis with 1.9–20% prevalence (Abbas and Agab, 2002).
It has been recorded in African and Asian countries where camels are
raised (Radwan et al. 1995; Musa and Shigidi 2001). The diagnostic
method known to produce the best results is by the isolation of
Brucella organisms; however, this method is unpractical to apply at a
large scale in control campaigns. Accordingly, the indirect diagnosis of
disease using serological tests is of choice. The standard Rose Bengal
plate test (RBPT) are the official tests currently used in the EU, which
has very high sensitivity but low specificity (Barroso et al. 2002; Muma
et al. 2008); however, a positive result is required to be confirmed by
some other more specific test like (I-ELISA) (Schelling et al. 2003).
During recent years, different indirect Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent
Assays (I-ELISA) using smooth Lipopolysaccharides (S-LPS) as the
antigen have been reported to be at least as sensitive and specific as
the combination of both RB and CF tests for the diagnosis of
brucellosis in ruminants (Marín et al. 1998; Marín et al. 1999;
Samartino et al. 1999). In many countries, control of brucellosis
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Sheikh
Sheikh
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RESULTS
In the locations that formed the study area, the largest numbers of
blood samples were collected from Galoolay, while the least numbers
of samples were collected from Sheikh town.
Collection of blood sample from a camel is very difficult compared to
other ruminants, because when collecting the sample, you need two to
three persons for restraining. In some places you can not find these
restrainers because the gender who is keeping the camels is a female,
since men go to the towns, though in Somali culture women are not
normally involved in couching and restraining camels. They are usually
involved with other ruminants such as sheep and goats.
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10, 32%
Presence
15, 49%
absence
Unkowon
6, 19%
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Suqsade 8 3 5 0 0
Sheikh 6 4 2 0 0
Galoolay 30 8 22 1 3.3
Kalasharka 16 7 9 1 6.3
Total 80 30 50 2 9.6
Out of the 80 camels whose sera were tested, 2 were positive by Rose
Bengal Test (RBT). The prevalence of camel brucellosis in Sheikh
District was (2.5%) Therefore, the true prevalence of camel brucellosis
in Sheikh District as adjusted to the RBT sensitivity and specificity is
2.87%. Results of serological diagnosis of brucellosis in camels at
different locations are summarized in (Table 2).
Discussion
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Reference:
3. Abbas, B., Agab, H., 2002. A review of camel brucellosis. Preventive Veterinary
Medicine, 55, 47–56. doi:10.1016/ S0167-5877(02)00055-7
4. Agab, H., Abbas, B., El-Jakack, H., Mamon, I. E., 1994. Firist report on the
isolation of Brucella abortus biovar 3 from camel (camelus dromedaries) in Sudan.
Revue d Elevage et de Medicine veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 47, 361– 363.
5. Baumann, M.p.O., Nuux, H.A., Zessin, K.H., 1990. Livestock disease survey central
rangeland of Somalia. Technical Report. Vol. III. Herd demographic and disease
survey data from herds of camels. CRDP-Veterinary Component, Mogadishu, Somalia
6. Geering, W. A., Forman, J. A., Nunn, M. J., 1995. Exotic Diseases of Animals.
Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, pp 301–306.
7. Musa, M. T., Shigidi, T. A., 2001. Brucellosis in camels in intensive Animal breeding
areas of Sudan. Implication in abortion and early-life infections. Revue d Elevage et
de Medicine veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 54, 11–15.
8. Radwan, A. I., Bekairi, S. I., Mukayel, A. A., Al-Bokmy, A. M., Prasad, P. V. S., Azar,
F. N., Coloyan, E. R., 1995. Control of Brucella melitensis infection in a large camel
herd in Saudi Arabia using antibiotherapy and vaccination with Rev. 1 vaccine. Revue
Scientifique et technique, 14, 719–732
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9. Refai, M., 2002. Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region.
Veterinary Microbiology, 90, 81–110. doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00248-1
13. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W., Constable, P.D., 2007. Brucellosis
caused by Brucella abortus. In: Veterinary Medicine. 10th edn., Elsevier Saunders,
London, UK.
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