Chromatography Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one

of which is stationary (stationary phase) while the other (the mobile phase) moves in a definite direction. Principle: Chromatography involves a sample (or sample extract) being dissolved in a mobile phase (which may be a gas, a liquid or a supercritical fluid). The mobile phase is then forced through an immobile, immiscible stationary phase. The phases are chosen such that components of the sample have differing solubilities in each phase. component which is quite soluble in the stationary phase will ta!e longer to travel through it than a component which is not very soluble in the stationary phase but very soluble in the mobile phase. s a result of these differences in mobilities, sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the stationary phase. Basic timeline of origin The basic timeline is a ".# billion year old $arth, with (very approximate) dates: %.& billion years of simple cells (pro!aryotes), % billion years of photosynthesis, ' billion years of complex cells (eu!aryotes), ( billion years of multicellular life, )** million years of simple animals, #+* million years of arthropods (ancestors of insects, arachnids and crustaceans), ##* million years of complex animals, #** million years of fish and proto,amphibians, "+# million years of land plants, "** million years of insects and seeds, %)* million years of amphibians, %** million years of reptiles, '** million years of mammals, (#* million years of birds, (%* million years of flowers, )# million years since the non,avian dinosaurs died out, '.# million years since the appearance of the genus Homo, '**,*** years since humans started loo!ing li!e they do today, '#,*** years since -eanderthals died out.

Beer's law states that for a parallel beam of monochromatic radiation passing through homogeneous solutions of equal pathlength the absorbance is proportional to the concentration. i.e. For solutions 1 and 2 (Absorbance 1)/(Absorbance 2) (!oncentration 1)/(!oncentration 2) "ambert's law states that for a parallel beam of monochromatic radiation passing through homogeneous solutions of equal concentration the absorbance is proportional to the pathlength. i.e. For pathlengths A and B (Absorbance A)/(Absorbance B) (#athlength A)/(#athlength B)
Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes. Calorimetry is performed with a calorimeter. The specific heat formula is as follows:

where q is energy, or heat, m is mass, s is specific heat, T is change in temperature

spectrophotometry is the quantifiable study of electromagnetic spectra. .t is more specific than the general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near,ultraviolet, and near,infrared. /pectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the light source wavelength. .mportant features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption measurement.