Mean and Fluctuating Pressures on an Automotive External Rear View Mirror

A thesis submitted for the Degree of Masters of Engineering

By

Rajneesh Jaitlee School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering RMIT University Melbourne Australia

March 2006

Abstract
The primary function of an automobile rear View Mirror is to provide the driver with a clear vision interpretation of all objects to the rear and side of the vehicle. The rear View Mirror is a bluff body and there are several problems associated with the rear View Mirror. These include buffeting, image distortion (due to aerodynamically induced and structural vibration), aerodynamically induced noise (due to cavities and gaps) and water and dirt accumulation on Mirror glass Surface. Due to excessive glass vibration, the rear View Mirror may not provide a clear image. Thus, vibrations of Mirror can severely impair the drivers vision and safety of the vehicle and its occupants. The rear View Mirrors are generally located close to the Apillar region on the side window. A conical vortex forms on the side window close to A-pillar due to A-pillar geometry and the presence of side rear View Mirror and flow separation from it makes the airflow even more complex. The primary objective of this work is to study the aerodynamic pressures on Mirror Surface at Various speeds to determine the effects of aerodynamics on to Mirror vibration. Additionally, the Mirror was modified by Shrouding around the external periphery to determine the possibility of minimisation of aerodynamic pressure fluctuations and thereby vibration. The Shrouding length used for the analysis was of 24mm, 34mm and 44mm length. The mean and fluctuating pressures were measured using a production rear side View Mirror fitted to a quarter production passenger car in RMIT Industrial Wind Tunnel. The tests were also conducted in semi-isolation condition to understand influence of the A-pillar geometry. The mean and fluctuating pressures were converted into non-dimensional pressure coefficients (Cp and Cprms) and the frequency content of the fluctuating pressure was analysed. The results show that the fluctuating aerodynamic pressures are not uniformly distributed over an automobile Mirror Surface. The highest magnitude of fluctuating pressure for the standard Mirror was found at the central bottom part of the Mirror Surface. The highest magnitude of fluctuating pressure for the modified Mirror was found at the central top part of the Mirror Surface. As expected, the modification has significant effect on the magnitude of fluctuating pressure. The results show that an increase of Shrouding length reduces the magnitude of the fluctuating pressure. The frequency-based analysis was done to understand the energy characteristics of the flow, particularly to its phase, since it is the out of phase components
ii

that usually cause Mirror rotational vibration. The spectral analysis showed that the magnitude of the energy distribution reduces with increase of shrouding length throughout the frequency range. Flow visualisation was also used to supplement the pressure data. The effects of yaw angles were not included in this study, however, are thought to be worthy of further investigation. On road testing and the variation of mirror locations might have some effects on the fluctuating pressures. These need to be investigated in the future work. The quarter model used in this study was a car specific. However, for more generic results, a simplified model with variable geometry can be used in future study.

iii

1.1 Acknowledgements
I want to express my whole-hearted thanks and gratitude to my first supervisor Dr. Firoz Alam for his guidance, efforts, encouragement, advice and assistance. I am also thankful to my second supervisor Associate Professor Simon Watkins for his feedback, assistance and encouragement through out the course of project. Without their advice, expert assistance and encouragements, this project would never have been possible.

I also acknowledge the assistance of the workshop technical staff, Mr. Brett Vincent and especially to Mr. Gilbert Atkins at the School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University for their assistance with the equipment facilities and wind tunnel usage. I would also like to thank the Commonwealth Government of Australia for providing financial assistance to me for this work.

I also owe a heartfelt thanks to my fellow post graduate friends especially to Mr. Suhaib Mohammad Ali and Mr. Kaneslingam for their assistance and advice during my testing in RMIT Industrial Wind Tunnel and thesis writing. Their moral and mental support throughout the year was invaluable and greatly contributed to the work presented.

Last but not least, Id like to thank my parents Mr K L Jaitlee and Mrs Tripta Jaitlee for their encouragement, inspiration and patience during the time it took to complete my thesis. Finally, I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to my fianc Dr. Aarti Sharma for her encouragement, inspiration and tolerance during the time it took to complete this work.

iv

DECLARATION
I, Rajneesh Jaitlee, hereby submit the thesis titled Mean and Fluctuating Pressures on an Automotive External Rear View Mirror for the degree of Master of Engineering and certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the candidate alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for any other academic award and that the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement of the approved research program.

RAJNEESH JAITLEE March 2006

Table of Contents
Page Abstract Acknowledgement Declaration Table of Contents Table of Figures List of Tables xix ii iv v vi ix

Chapters 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Bluff Body Aerodynamics 1.2.1 Bluff body and Flow Separation 1.3 Mirror Aerodynamics 1.4 Sources of Mirror Vibration 1.4.1 Road Induced Vibration 1.4.2 Mechanically Induced Vibration 1.4.3 Aerodynamic Vibration 1.4.3.1 Flow around A-Pillar and Wing Mirror Location 1.5 Human Peripheral Vision 1.6 Conclusions from Prior Work 1.7 Objectives and Scope of Investigation

1 1 3 5 7 8 9 9 9 13 16 18 19

Facilities, Equipment and Data Processing 2.1 RMIT University Industrial Wind Tunnel 2.1.1 Wind Tunnel Blockage Ratio 2.1.2 Wind Tunnel Correction
2.2 2.3 2.4 Testing Vehicle Rear View Mirror Instrumentation of Pressure Measurement

20 20 21 22
22 24

2.5

2.4.1 Pressure: An OverView 2.4.2 Pressure Transducer 2.4.3 Dynamic Pressure Measurement System (DPMS) Components of DPMS 2.5.1 Data Acquisition System 2.5.2 DPMS Hardware

25 25 26 26 27 27 27
vi

2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

2.10 2.11

2.5.2.1 Pressure Modules 2.5.2.2 InterFace box Operation of DMPS Experimental Setup and Data Processing Non-Dimensional Parameter (Cp and Cprms) Experimental Set Up of Mirror 2.9.1 Quarter Model 2.9.2 Semi Isolation Mirror Wing Mirror Modification Shrouding Effects Pressure Leak Test

28 28 28 29 31 32 32 33 35 37

Quarter Model Testing 3.1 Experimental Layout 3.2 Testing Methodology 3.3 Standard Mirror 3.4 Results of Quarter Model 3.5 Modified Mirror 3.5.1 24mm Shroud 3.5.1.1 Results of 24mm Shroud 3.5.2 34mm Shroud 3.5.2.1 Results of 34mm Shroud 3.5.3 44mm Shroud 3.5.3.1 Results of 44mm Shroud 3.6 Shell Housing Data 3.6.1 Results of Shell Housing Data 3.7 Bottom Flange Modified for Streamlined flow 3.7.1 Results of Bottom Flange Modified for Streamlined flow 3.8 Power Spectral Density Plots (PSD) 3.9 Flow Visualisation 3.9.1 Standard Mirror 3.9.2 24mm Shroud 3.9.3 34mm Shroud 3.9.4 44mm Shroud

40 40 41 43 45 50 50 51 55 56 60 61 65 67 70 71 73 78 79 80 81 82

Semi-Isolation Testing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Experimental Layout 4.3 Standard Mirror 4.3.1 Results of Standard Mirror 4.4 24mm Shroud 4.4.1 Results of 24mm Shroud 4.5 34mm Shroud 4.5.1 Results of 34mm Shroud 4.6 44mm Shroud 4.6.1 Results of 44mm Shroud 4.7 Powers Spectrum Density (PSD)

84 84 85 86 87 91 92 96 97 101 102 106

vii

4.8

4.7.1 Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients Comparison (Point 47) 4.7.1.1 Quarter Model PSD (Pint 47) 4.7.1.2 Semi-Isolation PSD (Point 47) Flow Visualisation in Semi-Isolation 4.8.1 Standard Mirror 4.8.2 24mm Shroud 4.8.3 34mm Shroud 4.8.4 44mm Shroud

113 113 115 117 118 119 120 121

General Discussion 5.1 Standard Mirror with Quarter Model and in Isolation 5.2 Modified Mirror with Quarter Model and in Isolation 5.3 Phase Angle

122 122 122 124

Conclusions 6.1 Mirrors with Quarter Model 6.1 Mirrors in Semi-Isolation Model

135 135 135

Recommendations for further work

137 138

References/Bibliography Appendix Appendix A: Surface Mean Pressure Co-efficient (Cp) for Quarter Model Appendix B: Surface Mean Pressure Co-efficient (Cp) for Semi Isolation Appendix C: PSD Comparison for Point 47 Appendix D: Comments on Calibration and Accuracy Appendix E: Surface Mean Pressure Co-efficient (Cp) for Mirror Housing Appendix F: Surface Mean Pressure Co-efficient (Cp) for Mirror Housing 141 141 157 175 181 183 185

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Figures

Page No.

List of Figures
Chapter 1 Introduction
Figure 1.1: Relative air and pressure condition over the Surface of a moving car (Heisler, 2002). Figure 1.2: A schematic flow pattern around a passenger car, Hucho (1999). Figure 1.3: Spectrum of Vehicle Aerodynamics (Adapted from Hucho, 1999) Figure 1.4: Some examples of Bluff Body Aerodynamics (Heisler, 2002) Figure 1.5: Typical flow patterns past cylinder at Various Reynolds Numbers (Munson et al, 1998) Figure 1.6: Schematic View of periodic vortex shedding from circular cylinder Figure 1.7: Types of Mirror vibration Figure 1.8: Schematic of Mirror Vibration due to all inputs Figure 1.9: Angular Rotation Spectra at 100kph (Oswald, 1999) Figure 1.10: Flow-field around A-pillar (Watanabe et. al., 1978) Figure 1.11: A-pillar flow pattern (Source: Haruna, 1990) Figure 1.12: Human Peripheral Vision (SAE, 1995) 2 3 5 5 7 8 8 11 12 14 15 18
2

Chapter 2 - Facilities, Equipment and Data Processing

Figure 2.1: Schematic of RMIT Industrial Wind Tunnel Figure 2.2: Front View of Ford Falcon Figure 2.3: Side View of Quarter Model Ford Falcon Figure 2.4: Ford Falcon AU model inside the RMIT Industrial Wind Tunnel Figure 2.5: Schematic drawing for the Schefenacker Rear View Mirror Figure 2.6: Inside of Schefenacker rear View Mirror Figure 2.7: Components of Dynamic Pressure Measurement System (DPMS) Figure 2.8: Pressure measurement system layout Figure 2.9: Quarter model inside RMIT Industrial Wind Tunnel Figure 2.10: Front View of the Semi Isolation Case for Standard Mirror Test Figure 2.11: Back View of the Semi Isolation Case for Standard Mirror Test Figure 2.12: Shrouding of 24mm
ix

21 23 23 23 24 25 27 30 32 34 34 35

Figure 2.13: Shrouding of 34mm Figure2.14: Shrouding of 44mm Figure 2.15: Inclined manometer used for Pressure Leak Testing Figure 2.16: Injection Syringe connected with T -section to Plastic Tube Figure 2.17: Hypodermic end Inserted inside the Pressure Tubing at the Surface

36 36 37 38 39

Chapter 3 Quarter Model Testing

Figure 3.1: Schematic View of Pressure Taps Figure 3.2: Schematic of Data Representation in Relation to Mirror Geometry Figure 3.3: Representation of data points on Mirror Surface Figure 3.4: Standard Wing Mirror Figure 3.5: Modified Mirror Interior Region Figure 3.6: Aluminum plate with the Silicon Tubing Figure 3.7: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h Figure3.8: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 3.9: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -100 km/h Figure 3.10: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -120 km/h Figure 3.11: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -2D -60 km/h Figure 3.12: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -2D -80 km/h Figure 3.13: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -2D -100 km/h Figure 3.14: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -2D -120 km/h Figure 3.15: 24mm Shrouding Figure 3.16: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h Figure 3.17: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 3.18: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -100 km/h Figure 3.19: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -120 km/h Figure 3.20: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure 3.21: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure 3.22: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 100 km/h Figure 3.23: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 120 km/h Figure 3.24: 34mm Shroud Figure 3.25: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h
x

41 42 42 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56

Figure 3.26: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 3.27: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 100 km/h Figure3.28: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 120 km/h Figure 3.29: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure 3.30: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure 3.31: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 100 km/h Figure 3.32: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 120 km/h Figure 3.33: 44mm Shrouding Figure 3.34: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h Figure3.35: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 3.36: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 100 km/h Figure 3.37: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 120 km/h Figure 3.38: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) 2D -60 km/h Figure 3.39: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) 2D -80 km/h Figure 3.40: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) 2D -100 km/h Figure 3.41: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) 2D -120 km/h Figure 3.42: Pressure Taps Arrangement on the Mirror Housing Figure 3.43: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h Figure 3.44: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 3.45: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 100 km/h Figure 3.46: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficient Contours (Cprms) 60 km/h Figure 3.47: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficient Contours (Cprms) 80 km/h Figure 3.48: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficient Contours (Cprms) 100 km/h Figure 3.49: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficient Contours (Cprms) 60 km/h Figure 3.50: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficient Contours (Cprms) 80 km/h Figure 3.51: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficient Contours (Cprms) 100 km/h Figure 3.52: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficient Contours (Cprms) 120 km/h Figure 3.53: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure 3.54: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 3.55: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 3.56: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 3.57: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 3.58: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz

57 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 67 67 68 68 69 69 71 71 72 72 73 74 74 75 75 76
xi

Figure 3.59: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 3.60: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 3.61: Flow over side Face of Mirror Figure 3.62: Flow around the Root Showing Recirculation Figure 3.63: Flow around Bottom Flange Figure 3.64: Flow around Bottom Shroud Flange Figure 3.65: Flow around top Flange of Shroud Figure 3.66: Flow over the Mirror Face Figure3.67: Flow over side Flange of the Mirror Figure 3.68: Flow over top Flange of the Mirror Figure 3.69: Flow separation around Mirror Housing Figure 3.70: Flow separation around Mirror Face

76 77 79 79 80 80 81 81 82 82 83 83

Chapter 4 Semi - Isolation Testing

Figure 4.1: Back View of Semi-Isolation Figure 4.2: Front Semi-Isolation Schematic Views Figure 4.3: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h Figure 4.4: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure 4.5: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -80 km/h Figure 4.6: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -80 km/h Figure 4.7: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -100 km/h Figure 4.8: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -100 km/h Figure 4.9: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -120 km/h Figure 4.10: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 120 km/h Figure 4.11: 24mm Shroud Figure 4.12: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -60 km/h Figure 4.13: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure 4.14: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 4.15: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure 4.16: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D -100 km/h Figure 4.17: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -100 km/h Figure 4.18: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 120 km/h Figure 4.19: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 120 km/h 84 86 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 95
xii

Figure 4.20: 34mm Shrouding Figure 4.21: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h Figure 4.22: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure 4.23: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 4.24 Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -80 km/h Figure 4.25: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 100 km/h Figure 4.26: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -100 km/h Figure 4.27: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 120 km/h Figure 4.28: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 120 km/h Figure 4.29: 44mm Shrouding Figure 4.30: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 60 km/h Figure 4.31: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -60 km/h Figure 4.32: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 80 km/h Figure 4.33: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure 4.34: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 100 km/h Figure 4.35: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -100 km/h Figure 4.36: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) -3D - 120 km/h Figure 4.37: Fluctuating Pressure Coefficients (Cprms) - Contours -1200km/h Figure 4.38: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 4.39: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 4.40: Zoom View of overlapping zones of Highest Cprms Figure 4.41: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 4.42: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 4.43: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 4.44: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 4.45: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 4.46: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 4.47: Flow separation from the Mirror housing (Standard Mirror) Figure 4.48: Flow separation at the bottom section of Mirror Face (Standard Mirror) Figure 4.49: Reverse flow on Mirror Face (Standard Mirror) Figure 4.50: Flow through the root of the Mirror (Standard Mirror) Figure 4.51: Flow separation due to effects of Shrouding (44mm Shroud Mirror)
Figure 4.52: Flow separation from the Mirror housing (Standard Mirror)

96 97 97 98 98 99 99 100 100 101 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 106 107 107 108 108 109 109 110 110 118 118 119 119 120 120
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Figure 4.53: Wool Taps showing the pressure fluctuation at bottom base of Mirror Figure 4.54: Wool Taps showing the effects of Shrouding

121 121

Chapter 5 Results and Discussion

Figure 5.1: Phase Angle Representation Figure 5.2: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure 5.2: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 5.4: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure 5.5: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 5.6: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure 5.7: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 5.8: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure 5.9: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 5.10: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 5.11: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 5.12: Highest Cprms at point 50
Figure 5.13: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz

124 127 127 128 128 129 129 130 130 131 131 132 132
133

Figure 5.14: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 5.15: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure 5.16: Highest Cprms at point 50 Figure 5.17: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz

133 134 134

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Appendix A Quarter Model

Figure A1: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure A2: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure A3: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-80 km/h Figure A4: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-80 km/h Figure A5: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-100 km/h Figure A6: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -100 km/h Figure A7: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-120 km/h Figure A8: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 120 km/h Figure A9: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure A10: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure A11: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 80 km/h Figure A12: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -80 km/h Figure A13: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-100 km/h Figure A14: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 100 km/h Figure A15: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-120 km/h Figure A16: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -120 km/h Figure A17: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure A18: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure A19: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 80 km/h Figure A20: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure A21: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-100 km/h Figure A22: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 100 km/h Figure A23: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-120 km/h Figure A24: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -120 km/h Figure A25: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure A26: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure A27: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-80 km/h Figure A28: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure A29: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 100 km/h Figure A30: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -100 km/h 141 141 142 142 143 143 144 144 145 145 146 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154 155 155
xv

Figure A31: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 120 km/h Figure A32: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 120 km/h

156 156

Appendix B Semi- Isolation Model

Figure B1: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure B2: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure B3: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-80 km/h Figure B4: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure B5: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-100 km/h Figure B6: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -100 km/h Figure B7: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-120 km/h Figure B8: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 120 km/h Figure B9: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure B10: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure B11: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 80 km/h Figure B12: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -80 km/h Figure B13: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-100 km/h Figure B14: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 100 km/h Figure B15: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-120 km/h Figure B16: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -120 km/h Figure B17: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure B18: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h Figure B19: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 80 km/h Figure B20: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure B21: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-100 km/h Figure B22: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 100 km/h Figure B23: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-120 km/h Figure B24: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -120 km/h Figure B25: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 60 km/h Figure B26: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 60 km/h 157 157 158 158 159 159 160 160 161 161 162 162 163 163 164 164 165 165 166 166 167 167 168 168 169 169
xvi

Figure B27: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D-80 km/h Figure B28: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 80 km/h Figure B29: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - 3D- 100 km/h Figure B30: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours -100 km/h Figure B31: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) 3D - 120 km/h Figure B32: Surface Pressure Coefficients (Cp) - Contours - 120 km/h

170 170 171 171 172 172

Appendix C PSD Comparison for Point 47

Figure C1: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C2: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure C3: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C4: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure C5: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C6: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure C7: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C8: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure C9: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C10: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure C11: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C12: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure C13: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C14: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz Figure C15: Highest Cprms at point 47 Figure C16: Zoom View of Highest Cprms 0-100Hz 173 173 174 174 175 175 176 176 177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180

Appendix E Mirror Housing Surface Mean Pressure Coefficient (Cp)

Figure E1: Surface Mean Pressure coefficient (Cp) for 60 km/h Figure E2: Surface Mean Pressure coefficient (Cp) for 80 km/h Figure E3: Surface Mean Pressure coefficient (Cp) for 100 km/h 183 183 184

xvii

Appendix F Mirror Housing Surface Mean Pressure Coefficient (Cp)

Figure F1: Surface Mean Pressure coefficient (Cp) for 60 km/h Figure F2: Surface Mean Pressure coefficient (Cp) for 80 km/h Figure F3: Surface Mean Pressure coefficient (Cp) for 100 km/h Figure F4: Surface Mean Pressure coefficient (Cp) for 120 km/h 185 185 186 186

xviii

List of Tables
1.1.1 Chapter 3 Quarter Model Testing

Table 3.1: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 3.2: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 3.3: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths
1.1.2 Chapter 4- Semi-Isolation Testing

77 78 78

Table 4.1: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.2: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.3: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.4: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.5: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.6: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.7: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.8: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.9: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.10: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths Table 4.11: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths
1.1.3 Chapter 5- Results and Discussion

111 111 112 112 113 114 114 115 116 116 117

Table 5.1: Energy Comparison for Various Shrouding Lengths

123

xix

Nomenclature
St :

Strouhal number Frequency of Vortices Length scale Fluid Velocity Reynolds number Fluid Density Viscosity Characteristic Length Velocity Natural Frequency Forcing Factor Stiffness of system Displacement Mass of the Dynamic System Stiffness of the System. Hertz

: l: V: Re: : : L: U: fn : F: k: x: m: k: Hz:

xx