MASS AND BALANCE

subj 031 The centre of gravity of a body is that point Domanda RispostaA through which the sum of the forces of all masses of the body is considered to act. to the maximum allowable mass with the most forward "#. decrease in range. RispostaB where the sum of the moments from the external forces acting on the body is equal to zero. to a low total mass with the most forward "#. RispostaC where the sum of the external forces is equal to zero. RispostaD which is always used as datum when computing moments. to the maximum allowable mass with the most aft "#. Check

031 For a given configuration the stall speed of an aeroplane will be highest when loaded!

to a low total mass with the most aft "#.

031 "omparing a forward "# position with an aft one the forward cg position will cause a

031 The maximum load per running metre of an aircraft is 3&0 $g'm. The width of the floor area is ( metres. The floor strength limitation is 300 $g per square metre. )hich one of the following crates *length x width x height+ can be loaded directly on the floor, 031 #iven the following! % 1aximum structural ta$e%off mass ./ 000 $g % 1aximum structural landing mass! .. 000 $g % 1aximum zero fuel mass! 32 000 $g %Taxi fuel! 200 $g %"ontingency fuel! 300 $g %-lternate fuel! /00 $g %Final reserve fuel! 1 100 $g %Trip fuel! 3 000 $g The actual T41 can never be higher than! 031 The maximum zero%fuel mass! 1% is a regulatory limitation (% is calculated for a maximum load factor of 53.& g 3% is 1 3 & based on the maximum permissible bending moment at the wing root .% is defined on the assumption that fuel is consumed from the outer wings tan$ first &% is defined on the assumption that fuel is consumed from the centre wing tan$ first The combination of correct statements is! 031 6f nose wheel moves aft during gear retraction how will this movement affect the location of the centre of gravity *cg+ on 6t will cause the cg to the aircraft, move aft. 031 -t the flight preparation stage the following parameters in particular are available for determining the mass of the aircraft! 1% 7ry operating mass (% 4perating mass )hich statement is correct!

decrease in the landing speed. - load of .00 $g in a crate - load of &00 $g in a crate with dimensions 1.( m x with dimensions 1.& m x 1 m 1.( m x 1.( m. x 1 m. .0 /00 $g ./ 000 $g

decrease of the stalling speed. tendency to yaw to the right on ta$e%off. - load of .00 $g in a crate with - load of 000 $g in a crate dimensions 1.. m x 0./ m x 0./ with dimensions 1./ m x 1.. m. m x 0./ m. ./ .00 $g &3 000 $g

1 ( 3

( 3 &

( 3 .

6t will not affect the cg location. The operating mass is the mass of the aircraft without ta$e%off fuel.

6t will cause the cg to move forward. The dry operating mass includes ta$e%off fuel.

031 )hich of the following corresponds to zero fuel mass,

031 #iven that! % 1aximum structural ta$e%off mass! 1.2 000 $g % 1aximum structural landing mass! 33 300 $g % 1aximum zero fuel mass! /2 300 $g % Trip fuel! (0 000 $g % Taxi fuel! 1 000 $g % "ontingency fuel! 13&0 $g % -lternate fuel! (2&0 $g % Final reserve fuel! 3000 $g The actual T41 can never be higher than! 031 4n an aeroplane without central fuel tan$ the maximum 8ero Fuel 1ass is related to! 031 #iven are! % 1aximum structural ta$e%off mass! 0( 000 $g % 1aximum structural landing mass! &2 000 $g % 1aximum zero fuel mass! ./ 000 $g % Taxi fuel! /00 $g % Trip fuel! 1/ 000 $g % "ontingency fuel! 300 $g % -lternate fuel! 000 $g % Final reserve fuel! ( 000 $g The actual ta$e%off mass can never be higher than! 031 *For this question use annex 031%1&23-+ )here is the centre of gravity of the aeroplane in the diagram, 031 The centre of gravity location of the aeroplane is normally computed along the! 031 6n mass and balance calculations which of the following describes the datum,

The dry operating mass includes fixed equipment needed to carry out a specific flight. The ta$e%off mass of an aeroplane minus all usable fuel. 1(0 300 $g.

The cg location will change but the direction cannot be told the information given. The operating mass includes the traffic load.

4perating mass plus luggage 4perating mass plus of passengers and cargo. passengers and cargo. 1.2 000 $g. 1(0 300 $g.

Ta$e%off mass minus fuel to destination and alternate. 1(1 300 $g.

the bending moment at the 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e% wing root. 4ff 1ass. 23 200 $g 0. 000 $g

wing loaded trip fuel. 0( 000 $g

variable equipment for the flight. 00 .00 $g

(2.&0 cm forward of datum. longitudinal axis. 6t is the point on the aircraft designated by the manufacturers from which all centre of gravity measurements and calculations are made. 3.3 000 :m. -rm ; 1oment ' Force

3(.(3 cm forward of datum. (2.&0 cm aft of datum. lateral axis. 6t is the most forward position of the centre of gravity. vertical axis.

3(.(3 cm aft of datum. horizontal axis.

6t is the most aft position of the 6t is the distance from the centre of gravity. centre of gravity to the point through which the weight of the component acts.

031 -n aircraft has its centre of gravity located 0 metres from the datum line and it has a weight of .3000 :. The moment about the datum is! 031 )hich one of the following is correct,

1..3 :m. -rm ; Force ' 1oment 310 $g. 2&./ $g.

0000 :m. 1oment ; Force ' -rm 1.0 $g. 2/.3 $g.

3.3 000 :'m. -rm ; Force < 1oment 1. $g. 03.& $g.

031 #iven! Total mass (300 $g "entre of gravity *cg+ location station! 11& -ft cg limit station! 112 The maximum mass that (00 $g. can be added at station 130 is! 031 #iven! Total mass! 0&00 $g "entre of gravity *cg+ location station! /0.& -ft cg limit station! 03.& =ow much cargo must 2(.& $g. be shifted from the aft cargo compartment at station 1&0 to the forward cargo compartment at station 30 in order to move the cg location to the aft limit,

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda 031 *For this question use annex 031%1&/0-+ - >et aeroplane with the geometrical characteristics shown in the appendix has a ta$e%off weight *)+ of .20 000 : and a centre of gravity *point # on annex+ located at 1&..0 m from the zero reference point. -t the last moment the station manager has 1( 000 : of freight added in the forward compartment at 10 m from the zero reference point. The final location of the centre of gravity calculated in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord -? *from point -+ is equal to! 031 #iven! 7ry 4perating 1ass; (3 /00 $g 1aximum Ta$e%4ff 1ass; &( .00 $g 1aximum 8ero%Fuel 1ass; .3 100 $g 1aximum Aanding 1ass; .2 000 $g Trip fuel; . 000 $g Fuel quantity at bra$es release; / 000 $g The maximum traffic load is! 031 The total mass of an aircraft is 3000 $g. The centre of gravity *cg+ position is at (.0 m from the datum line. The aft limit for cg is at (.1 m from the datum line. )hat mass of cargo must be shifted from the front cargo hold *at 0./ m from the datum+ to the aft hold *at 3./ m+ to move the cg to the aft limit, 031 -ssume! -ircraft actual mass! .0&0 $g "entre of gravity at station! 11&./ )hat will be the new position of the centre of gravity if 100 $g is moved from the station 30 to station 1(0, 031 -n aeroplane with a two wheel nose gear and four main wheels rests on the ground with a single nose wheel load of &00 $g and a single main wheel load of 2000 $g. The distance between the nose wheels and the main wheels is 10 meter. =ow far is the centre of gravity in front of the main wheels, 031 -ssuming gross mass altitude and airspeed remain unchanged movement of the centre of gravity from the forward to the aft limit will cause 031 )hile ma$ing mass and balance calculation for a particular aircraft the term B?asic Cmpty 1assB applies to the sum of airframe engine*s+ fixed ballast plus RispostaA (0.& @. 12.3 @. RispostaB 30.. @. RispostaC 3&.& @. RispostaD Check

1( 300 $g

13 300 $g

3 300 $g

1. 200 $g

300 $g

300 $g

30.0 $g

132 $g

9tation 110.23 .0 cm.

9tation 11/.33 (& cm.

9tation 1(0.(( . meter.

9tation 11/.(& .1.2 cm.

lower optimum cruising speed. reduced maximum cruise range. unusable fuel and full all the oil fuel and hydraulic all the consumable fuel and oil all the oil and fuel. operating fluids. fluid but not including crew but not including any radio or and traffic load. navigation equipment installed by manufacturer. 031 The term B1aximum 8ero Fuel 1assB consist of! The maximum permissible The maximum mass The maximum mass authorized The maximum mass for mass of an aeroplane with authorized for a certain for a certain aeroplane not some aeroplanes including no usable fuel. aeroplane not including including the fuel load and the fuel load and the traffic traffic load and fuel load. operational items load 031 "onsidering only structural limitations on very short legs with minimum ta$e%off fuel the traffic load is normally limited 1aximum zero fuel mass. 1aximum landing mass. 1aximum ta$e%off mass. -ctual landing mass. by! 031 "onsidering only structural limitations on long distance flights *at the aeroplaneBs maximum range+ the traffic load is The maximum ta$e%off The maximum zero fuel The maximum zero fuel mass The maximum landing normally limited by! mass. mass. plus the ta$e%off mass. mass. 031 The zero fuel mass of an aeroplane is always! the ta$e%off mass minus the ta$e%off mass minus the the ta$e%off mass minus the the maximum ta$e%off mass the mass of ta$e%off fuel. wing fuel mass. fuselage fuel mass. minus the ta$e%off fuel mass. 031 #iven! 1aximum structural ta$e%off mass; 1.2 300 $g 1aximum structural landing mass; 33 /00 $g 1aximum zero 1(0 300 $g 1(1 300 $g 113 300 $g 1(0 300 $g fuel mass; /2 .00 $g Trip fuel; (0 &00 $g ?loc$ fuel; 3& &00 $g Cngine starting and taxi fuel ; 1 000 $g The maximum ta$e%off mass is equal to! 031 #iven! -eroplane mass ; 32 000 $g "entre of gravity *cg+ is located at station 10 m )hat is the effect on cg location if 6t moves aft by 0.31 m. 6t moves forward by 0.1&0 6t moves aft by 3.(( m. 6t moves aft by 0.1&0 m. you move (0 passengers *total mass ; 1 200 $g+ from station 12 to station (3, m. 031 The loaded centre of gravity *cg+ of an aeroplane is 013 mm aft of datum. The mean aerodynamic chord lies between 12 @ .1 @ 20 @ 10 @ station &(. mm aft and 1002 mm aft. The cg expressed as @ 1-" *mean aerodynamic chord+ is! 031 The ta$e%off mass of an aeroplane is 110 000 $g comprising a traffic load of 1/ 000 $g and fuel of .2 000 $g. )hat is the &3 000 $g 2. 000 $g 01 000 $g 33 000 $g dry operating mass, 031 - location in the aircraft which is identified by a number designating its distance from the datum is $nown as! 9tation. 1oment. 1-". 6ndex. 031 The mass of an aircraft is 13&0 $g. 6f .&0 $g is added to a cargo hold 1.0& metres from the loaded centre of gravity *cg+. The loaded cg will move! 031 The 7ry 4perating 1ass includes! 33 cm. crew and crew baggage catering removable passenger service equipment potable water and lavatory chemicals. 6t is a component of dry operating mass. is a figure without unit of measurement which .0 cm. unusable fuel and reserve fuel. 30 cm. fuel and passengers baggage and cargo. 3. cm. passengers baggage and cargo.

increased cruise range.

higher stall speed.

031 )hich is true of the aircraft basic empty mass, 031 6n mass and balance calculations the DindexD is!

6t is dry operating mass minus fuel load. a location in the aeroplane identified by a number.

6t is dry operating mass minus traffic load. an imaginary vertical plane or line from which all

6t is the actual ta$e%off mass less traffic load. the range of moments the centre of gravity *cg+ can

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda RispostaA represents a moment. RispostaB RispostaC measurements are ta$en. prevent excessive BgB%loading during the landing flare. RispostaD have without ma$ing the aeroplane unsafe to fly. allow steep turns. Check

031 Aoads must be adequately secured in order to!

031 Traffic load is the!

031 #iven the following information calculate the loaded centre of gravity *cg+. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 9T-T64: 1-99 *$g+ -F1 *cm+ 141C:T *$gcm+ EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ?asic Cmpty "ondition 1(0.& 530 53213&0 "rew 1.& %120 %(3(00 Freight 1 &.&& 5(00 51031000 Freight ( .10 %.0 %12.00 Fuel 20.& %/ %./320 4il 1(. 5.0 5.320 031 #iven are the following information at ta$e%off (. cm aft of datum. EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 9T-T64: 1-99 *$g+ -F1 *cm+ 141C:T *$gcm+ EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ?asic Cmpty "ondition 1( 0.& 530 5321 3&0 "rew 1.& %120 %(3 (00 Freight 1 &00 5(00 511. 000 Freight ( .10 %.0 %12 .00 Fuel 2 0.& %/ % ./ 320 #iven that the flight time is ( hours and the estimated fuel flow will be 10&0 litres per hour and the average oil consumption will be (.(& litres per hour. The specific density of fuel is 0.03. The DFright (D will be dropped during flight within the scope of a rescue action. "alculate the "# position at landing. 031 #iven that the total mass of an aeroplane is 11( 000 $g with a centre of gravity position at ((.2(m aft of the datum. The (3 3.. $g centre of gravity limits are between 1/m and ((m. =ow much mass must be removed from the rear hold *30 m aft of the datum+ to move the centre of gravity to the middle of the limits! 031 *For this question use annex 031%(3.2-+ The total mass of an aeroplane is 1.&000 $g and the centre of gravity limits are 0 &00 $g between ..0 m and 2.3 m aft of the datum. The loaded centre of gravity position is ... m aft. =ow much mass must be transferred from the front to the rear hold in order to bring the out of limit centre of gravity position to the foremost limit! 031 )hat determines the longitudinal stability of an aeroplane , The location of the centre of gravity with respect to the neutral point. 031 The actual B8ero Fuel 1assB is equal to the! 7ry 4perating 1ass plus the traffic load. 031 The actual BTa$e%off 1assB is equivalent to! 7ry 4perating 1ass plus ta$e%off fuel and the traffic load 031 "alculate the centre of gravity in @ 1-" *mean aerodynamic chord+ with following data! 7istance datum % centre of 32.3 @ 1-" gravity! 1(.&3 m 7istance datum % leading edge! 3.23 m Aength of 1-"! / m 031 #iven ! -ctual mass 112.&00 lbs 4riginal cg station .3&.0 "ompartment - station (/&.& "ompartment ? station 03(.& 6f .33.3 330 lbs of cargo are moved from compartment ? *aft+ to compartment - *forward+ what is the station number of the new centre of gravity *cg+. 031 *For this question use annex 031%.033- or Aoading 1anual 1CG1 Figure 3..+ )ith respect to multi%engine piston . 0(0 powered aeroplane determine the ramp mass *lbs+ in the following conditions! ?asic empty mass! 3 (10 lbs ?asic arm! //.& 6nches 4ne pilot! 120 lbs Front seat passenger! (00 lbs "entre seat passengers! (30 lbs 4ne passenger rear seat! 110 lbs ?aggage in zone 1! 100 lbs ?aggage in zone .! &0 lbs ?loc$ fuel! 100 H9 #al. Trip fuel! && H9 #al. Fuel for start up and taxi *included in bloc$ fuel+! 3 H9 #al. Fuel density! 2 lbs'H9 #al. 031 *For this question use annex 031%.0.0- or Aoading 1anual 1CG1 Figure 3..+ )ith respect to multi%engine piston &2 120 powered aeroplane determine the bloc$ fuel moment *lbs.6n.+ in the following conditions! ?asic empty mass! 3 (10 lbs. 4ne pilot! 120 lbs. Front seat passenger! (00 lbs. "entre seat passengers! (30 lbs. *total+ 4ne passenger rear seat! 110 lbs. ?aggage in zone 1! 100 lbs. ?aggage in zone .! &0 lbs. ?loc$ fuel! 100 H9 #al. Trip fuel! && H9 #al. Fuel for start up and taxi *included in bloc$ fuel+! 3 H9 #al. Fuel density! 2 lbs.'H9 #al. 031 *For this question use annex 031%.0.1- or Aoading 1anual 1CG1 Figure 3..+ )ith respect to a multi%engine piston .01 33/ powered aeroplane determine the total moment *lbs.6n+ at landing in the following conditions! ?asic empty mass! 3 (10 lbs. 4ne pilot! 120 lbs. Front seat passenger! (00 lbs. "entre seat passengers! (30 lbs. *total+ 4ne passenger rear seat! 110 lbs. ?aggage in zone 1! 100 lbs. ?aggage in zone .! &0 lbs. ?loc$ fuel! 100 H9 #al. Trip fuel! && H9 #al. Fuel for start up and taxi *included in bloc$ fuel+! 3 H9 #al. Fuel density! 2 lbs.'H9 #al. Total moment at ta$e%off! .3(((2 lbs.6n 031 *For this question use annex 031%.0.(- or Aoading 1anual 1CG1 Figure 3..+ )ith respect to a multi%engine piston 31.3( inches aft of datum powered aeroplane determine the "# location at ta$e off in the following conditions! ?asic empty mass! 3 (10 lbs. 4ne

avoid unplanned centre of avoid any centre of gravity gravity *cg+ movement *cg+ movement during flight. and aircraft damage. 8ero Fuel 1ass minus 7ry 7ry 4perating 1ass minus 4perating 1ass. the disposable load. &2.&3 cm aft datum. &2.3& cm aft datum.

7ry 4perating 1ass minus the Ta$e%off 1ass minus 8ero variable load. Fuel 1ass. 20.12 cm aft datum. &3.3& cm aft datum.

(& cm aft of datum.

(( cm aft of datum.

(0 cm aft of datum.

12 &(3 $g

/ 2/0 $g

.3 1(0 $g

3 &00 $g

3& 000 $g

2( &00 $g

The effectiveness of the horizontal stabilizer rudder and rudder trim tab. 4perating 1ass plus all the traffic load. -ctual 8ero Fuel 1ass plus the traffic load 23.. @ 1-" .23.0

The relationship of thrust and lift to weight and drag.

The dihedral angle of sweepbac$ and the $eel effect. ?asic Cmpty 1ass plus the fuel -ctual Aanding 1ass plus loaded. trip fuel. 7ry 4perating 1ass plus the -ctual Aanding 1ass plus ta$e%off fuel the ta$e%off fuel .0.0 @ 1-" &02.3 (3.1 @ 1-" .32.0

. 1(0

. 330

. 30(

.33 302

30 ///

3 320

.3( ((1

.33 302

300 0.2

31.23 inches aft of datum

33.20 inches aft of datum

31./. inches aft of datum

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda pilot! 120 lbs. Front seat passenger! (00 lbs. "entre seat passengers! (30 lbs. *total+ 4ne passenger rear seat! 110 lbs. ?aggage in zone 1! 100 lbs. ?aggage in zone .! &0 lbs. 8ero Fuel 1ass! .(10 lbs. 1oment at 8ero Fuel 1ass! 3000&1 lbs.6n ?loc$ fuel! 100 H9 #al. Trip fuel! && H9 #al. Fuel for start up and taxi *included in bloc$ fuel+! 3 H9 #al. Fuel density! 2 lbs.'H9 #al. 031 *For this question use annexes 031%2&2.- and 031%2&2.? or Aoading 1anual 9CG1 Figure (..+ )ith respect to a single% engine piston powered aeroplane determine the zero fuel moment *lbs.6n.'100+ in the following conditions! ?asic Cmpty 1ass! (.1& lbs. -rm at ?asic Cmpty 1ass! 00 3 6n. "argo 8one -! 3&0 lbs. ?aggage 8one ?! 3& lbs. Gilot and front seat passenger! 300 lbs *total+ 031 7etermine the 8ero Fuel 1ass for the following single engine aeroplane. #iven ! ?asic Cmpty 1ass! 1033 lbs 4ptional Cquipment! 3& lbs Gilot 5 Front seat passenger! 300 lbs "argo 1ass! 3&0 lbs Famp Fuel ; ?loc$ Fuel! 20 #al. Trip Fuel! 3& #al. Fuel density! 2 lbs'#al. 031 #iven! 9tandard Cmpty 1ass 102. lbs 4ptional Cquipment 3& lbs Gilot 5 Gassenger 300 lbs "argo 3&0 lbs Famp Fuel * ?loc$ Fuel+ 20 #al Trip Fuel 3& #al Taxi Fuel 1.0 #al Final Feserve Fuel 1/ #al Fuel density 2 lbs'#al 7etermine the expected landing mass. 031 7etermine the Ta$e%off 1ass for the following single engine aeroplane. #iven! 9tandard Cmpty 1ass 102. lbs 4ptional Cquipment 3& lbs Gilot 5 Front seat passenger 300 lbs "argo 1ass 3&0 lbs Famp Fuel ; ?loc$ Fuel 20 #al. Trip Fuel 3& #al. Fuel density 2 lbs'#al. 031 The maximum zero fuel mass is a mass limitation for the! RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Check

(&./ /

220&

(.32 3

(311 /

(..3 lbs

(&/3 lbs

(2&3 lbs

(.1. lbs

(&/3 lbs

(&33 lbs

(.0( lbs

(&&0 lbs

(033 lbs

(02. lbs

(/03 lbs

(2&3 lbs

strength of the wing root

strength of the fuselage

031 )ith respect to aeroplane loading in the planning phase which of the following statements is always correct , A1 ; Aanding 1ass T41 ; Ta$e%off 1ass 1T41 ; 1aximum Ta$e%off 1ass 8F1 ; 8ero Fuel 1ass 18F1 ; 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass 741 ; 7ry 4perating 1ass 031 )hich of the following statements is correct,

A1 ; T41 % Trip Fuel

allowable load exerted upon total load of the fuel the wing considering a margin imposed upon the wing for fuel tan$ing 1T41 ; 8F1 5 maximum 18F1 ; Traffic load 5 741 Feserve Fuel ; T41 % Trip full tan$ fuel mass Fuel The station *9T-+ is always the location of the centre of gravity in relation to a reference point normally the leading edge of the wing at 1-" The centre of gravity is given 6f the actual centre of in percent of 1-" calculated gravity is located behind the from the leading edge of the aft limit the aeroplane wing where 1-" always ; longitudinal stability the wing chord halfway increases. between the centre line of the fuselage and the wing tip 6f the actual centre of gravity 6f the actual centre of gravity is The lowest stalling speed is is located behind the aft limit close to the forward limit of the obtained if the actual centre of centre of gravity it is centre of gravity the aeroplane of gravity is located in the possible that the aeroplane may be unstable ma$ing it middle between the aft and will be unstable ma$ing it necessary to increase elevator forward limit of centre of necessary to increase forces gravity elevator forces The 1aximum 8ero Fuel The 1aximum Ta$e%off 1ass The ?asic Cmpty 1ass is 1ass ensures that the centre is equal to the maximum mass equal to the mass of the of gravity remains within when leaving the ramp. aeroplane excluding traffic limits after the uplift of fuel. load and useable fuel but including the crew. 0&000 $g and (0000 $g 00(00 $g and 13.00 $g 00(00 $g and (((00 $g

- tail heavy aeroplane is less stable and stalls at a lower speed than a nose heavy aeroplane

031 )hich of the following statements is correct,

- tail heavy aeroplane is less stable and stalls at a lower speed than a nose heavy aeroplane

031 )hich of the following statements is correct,

The 1aximum Aanding 1ass of an aeroplane is restricted by structural limitations performance limitations and the strength of the runway. 031 #iven an aeroplane with! 1aximum 9tructural Aanding 1ass! 2/000 $g 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass! 00(00 $g 1aximum 0&000 $g and 10(00 $g 9tructural Ta$e%off 1ass! 0/(00 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! ./000 $g 9cheduled trip fuel is 0000 $g and the reserve fuel is (/00 $g -ssuming performance limitations are not restricting the maximum permitted ta$e%off mass and maximum traffic load are respectively! 031 #iven an aeroplane with! 1aximum 9tructural Aanding 1ass! 1(&000 $g 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass! 10/&00 $g 130&00 $g and (2&00 $g 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%off 1ass! 1&&000 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! /(000 $g 9cheduled trip fuel is 10000 $g and the reserve fuel is &000 $g. -ssuming performance limitations are not restricting the maximum permitted ta$e%off mass and maximum traffic load are respectively! 031 For the purpose of completing the 1ass and ?alance documentation the Traffic Aoad is considered to be equal to the less the 4perating 1ass. Ta$e%off 1ass 031 For the purpose of completing the 1ass and ?alance documentation the 4perating 1ass is considered to be 7ry Ta$e%off Fuel 1ass. 4perating 1ass plus

130&00 $g and 31&00 $g

1(&&00 $g and (1&00 $g

1(&&00 $g and (2&00 $g

plus the 4perating 1ass. Famp *?loc$+ Fuel 1ass.

plus the Trip Fuel 1ass. Trip Fuel 1ass.

less the Trip Fuel 1ass. Famp Fuel 1ass less the fuel for -GH and run%up.

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda 031 )hen establishing the mass brea$down of an aeroplane the empty mass is defined as the sum of the! RispostaA standard empty mass plus specific equipment mass plus trapped fluids plus unusable fuel mass 031 For the purpose of completing the 1ass and ?alance documentation the 7ry 4perating 1ass is defined as! The total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation excluding all usable fuel and traffic load. 031 6n calculations with respect to the position of the centre of gravity a reference is made to a datum. The datum is a reference plane which is chosen by the aircraft manufacturer. 6ts position is given in the aircraft Flight or Aoading 1anual. 031 The datum is a reference from which all moment *balance+ arms are measured. 6ts precise position is given in the control at a convenient point and loading manual and it is located which may not physically be on the aircraft. 031 1oment *balance+ arms are measured from a specific point to the body station at which the mass is located. That point is the datum. $nown as 031 *For this question use annex 031%3&/3- or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 page (0+ For the medium range twin >et the datum &.0 inches forward of the point is located front spar. RispostaB RispostaC empty mass dry plus variable basic mass plus variable equipment mass equipment mass RispostaD basic mass plus special equipment mass Check

The total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation excluding all usable fuel. calculated from the loading manifest.

The total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation excluding all traffic load. an arbitrary reference chosen by the pilot which can be located anywhere on the aircraft.

The total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation excluding crew and crew baggage.

calculated from the data derived from the weighing procedure carried out on the aircraft after any ma>or modification. at or near the forward limit at or near the focal point of the at or near the natural of the centre of gravity. aircraft axis system. balance point of the empty aircraft. the focal point. the axis. the centre of gravity of the aircraft. &.0 cm forward of the front on the nose of the aeroplane. at the leading edge of the spar. 1ean -erodynamic "hord *1-"+. 031 The centre of gravity of an aircraft is that point through which the total mass of the aircraft is said to act. The weight acts parallel to the gravity always parallel to the at right angles to the flight governed by the distribution in a direction vector. aircraftBs vertical axis. path. of the mass within the aircraft. 031 )hen an aircraft is stationary on the ground its total weight will act vertically through its centre of through its centre of through the main wheels of its through a point defined as gravity. pressure. undercarriage assembly. the datum point. 031 The weight of an aircraft which is in level non accelerated flight is said to act vertically through the vertically through the centre vertically through the datum always along the vertical centre of gravity. of pressure. point. axis of the aircraft. 031 The centre of gravity of an aircraft can be allowed to move may only be moved if is in a fixed position and is must be maintained in a between defined limits. permitted by the regulating unaffected by aircraft loading. fixed position by careful authority and endorsed in the distribution of the load. aircraftBs certificate of airworthiness. 031 6n relation to an aircraft the term B ?asic Cmpty 1assB includes the mass of the aircraft structure complete with its found in the latest version inclusive of an allowance for found in the flight manual and printed in the loading powerplants systems furnishings and other items of equipment considered to be an integral part of the particular aircraft of the weighing schedule crew crew baggage and is inclusive of unusable fuel manual and includes configuration. 6ts value is as corrected to allow for other operating items. 6t is plus fluids contained in closed unusable fuel. modifications. entered in the loading systems. manifest. 031 -n aeroplane is weighed and the following recordings are made! nose wheel assembly scale &330 $g left main wheel 301/0 $g (/.00 $g 31320 $g 3(&0& $g assembly scale 1(300 $g right main wheel assembly scale 1(./0 $g 6f the Boperational itemsB amount to a mass of 10/0 $g with a crew mass of &.& $g the empty mass as entered in the weight schedule is 031 6f individual masses are used the mass of an aircraft must be determined prior to initial entry into service and thereafter at intervals of . years if no at regular annual intervals. only if ma>or modifications at intervals of 3 years. modifications have ta$en have ta$en place. place. 031 The empty mass of an aircraft is recorded in the weighing schedule and the weighing schedule. 6f the loading manifest. 6t differs the loading manifest. 6t is amended to ta$e changes occur due to from 7ry 4perating 1ass by differs from the zero fuel account of changes due to modifications the aircraft the value of the Buseful loadB. mass by the value of the modifications of the must be re%weighed always. Btraffic loadB. aircraft. 031 Grior to departure an aircraft is loaded with 12&00 litres of fuel at a fuel density of 0/0 $g'mJ. This is entered into the load lighter than anticipated lighter than anticipated and heavier than anticipated and the heavier than anticipated and sheet as 12&00 $g and calculations are carried out accordingly. -s a result of this error the aircraft is and the calculated safety the calculated safety speeds calculated safety speeds will be the calculated safety speeds speeds will be too high will be too low too high will be too low. 031 -n additional baggage container is loaded into the aft cargo compartment but is not entered into the load and trim sheet. will give reduced safety will not be achieved. will be greater than required. are unaffected but K1 will The aeroplane will be heavier than expected and calculated ta$e%off safety speeds margins. be increased.

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda RispostaA 031 Fuel loaded onto an aeroplane is 1&.00 $g but is erroneously entered into the load and trim sheet as 1.&00 $g. This error speed at un%stic$ will be is not detected by the flight crew but they will notice that higher than expected 031 *For this question use annex 031%3&32 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..11+ -t the maximum landing mass the Forward limit 0..@ 1-" range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in the loading manual is! aft limit (0.0@ 1-" 031 -t a given mass the "# position is at 1&@ 1-". 6f the leading edge of 1-" is at a position 2(&.2 inches aft of the datum 2.&.0/ inches aft of datum and the 1-" is given as 13..& inches determine the position of the "# in relation to the datum. 031 *For this question use annex 031%3&3/ - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..11+ The aeroplane has a Ta$e 4ff 1ass of Forward limit /.0@ 1-" &/ 000 $g. -t this mass the range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in the loading manual aft limit (2.&@ 1-" is! 031 )hen preparing to carry out the weighing procedure on an aircraft which of the following is not required, drain all engine tan$ oil. RispostaB K1 will be reached sooner than expected Forward limit /.0@ 1-" aft limit (0.(@ 1-" (0.1/ inches aft of datum RispostaC K1 will be increased. Forward limit /.2@ 1-" aft limit (0.0@ 1-" 20&..3 inches aft of datum RispostaD Check the aeroplane will rotate much earlier than expected. Forward limit /.0@ 1-" aft limit (2./@ 1-" ((/.3. inches aft of datum Forward limit /.&@ 1-" aft limit (2.1@ 1-" removable passenger services equipment to be off%loaded. The commander of the aircraft. at a specified Bweighing locationB on the airfield. Forward limit /.0@ 1-" aft limit (2./@ 1-" forward limit 0.0@ aft limit (&.(@ 1-" .(1.& inches.

Forward limit /.(@ 1-" aft Forward limit 3.&@ 1-" aft limit (2.(@ 1-" limit (2.1@ 1-" drain all useable fuel. drain all chemical toilet fluid tan$s. The aircraft manufacturer or supplier. in an area of the airfield set aside for maintenance. Forward limit 0.3@ 1-" aft limit (2./@ 1-" forward limit 0.2@ aft limit (2.3@ 1-". 31..& inches.

031 -n aircraft is weighed prior to entry into service. )ho is responsible for deriving the 7ry 4perational 1ass from the weighed mass by the addition of the Boperational itemsB , 031 -n aircraft may be weighed

The appropriate -viation -uthority. in an enclosed non%air in a quiet par$ing area clear conditioned hangar. of the normal manoeuvring area. 031 *For this question use annex 031%3203 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..11+ - aeroplane has a landing mass of &3 Forward limit 0./@ 1-" Forward limit /.(@ 1-" aft 000$g. The range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in the loading manual is! aft limit (0.0@ 1-" limit (0.0@ 1-" 031 *For this question use annex 031%320. - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..11+ The aeroplane has a mass of 21 000 $g forward limit /.3@ aft forward limit /.0@ aft limit in the cruise. The range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in the loading manual is! limit (2.3@ 1-" (0.(@ 1-". 031 *For this question use annex 031%320& - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..3+ For the transport aeroplane the moment 320.3 inches. (&0 inches. *balance+ arm *?.-.+ for the forward hold centroid is! 031 )hich of the following is unli$ely to have any effect on the position of the centre of gravity on an aeroplane in flight , "hanging the tailplane Aowering the landing gear. *horizontal stabiliser+ incidence angle. 031 *For this question use annex 031%320/ - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..3+ Feferring to the loading manual for the 13.1( $g per inch. 13.1& $g per inch. transport aeroplane the maximum running load for the aft section of the forward lower dec$ cargo compartment is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%3203 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..3+ Feferring to the loading manual for the 2/ $g per square foot. 330& $g in forward transport aeroplane the maximum load intensity for the lower forward cargo compartment is! compartment and .1/0 $g in aft compartment. 031 The maximum floor loading for a cargo compartment in an aircraft is given as 0&0 $g per square metre. - pac$age with a .0 cm by (00 cm 30 cm by 300 cm mass of 200 $g. is to be loaded. -ssuming the pallet base is entirely in contact with the floor which of the following is the minimum size pallet that can be used , 031 The maximum intensity floor loading for an aeroplane is given in the Flight 1anual as 2&0 $g per square metre. )hat is .12.0 $g 101&.2 $g the maximum mass of a pac$age which can be safely supported on a pallet with dimensions of /0 cm by /0 cm, 031 The distance from the datum to the "entre of #ravity of a mass is $nown as the moment arm or the force. balance arm. 031 *For this question use annex 031%3213 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..3+ - pallet having a freight platform which (/&.& $g may be added. (/.& $g must be off loaded. measures (00 cm x (&0 cm has a total mass of 300 $g. The pallet is carried on two ground supports each measuring (0 cm x (00 cm. Hsing the loading manual for the transport aeroplane calculate how much mass may be added to or must be off loaded from the pallet in order for the load intensity to match the maximum permitted distribution load intensity for lower dec$ forward cargo compartment. 031 7uring ta$e%off you notice that for a given elevator input the aeroplane rotates much more rapidly than expected. This is the centre of gravity may the aeroplane is overloaded. an indication that ! be towards the aft limit. 031 7ry 4perating 1ass is the mass of the aircraft less usable fuel and traffic usable fuel. load. 031 The total mass of the aeroplane including crew crew baggageL plus catering and removable passenger equipmentL plus 7ry 4perating 1ass. 8ero Fuel 1ass. potable water and lavatory chemicals but excluding usable fuel and traffic load is referred to as! 031 The responsibility for determination of the mass of Boperating itemsB and Bcrew membersB included within the 7ry the operator. the commander. 4perating 1ass lies with 031 6f the centre of gravity is near the forward limit the aeroplane will! require elevator trim benefit from reduced drag which will result in an due to the decrease in angle increase in fuel of attac$.

The 4perator.

1ovement of cabin attendants :ormal consumption of fuel going about their normal for a swept wing aeroplane. duties. 1..2& $g per inch. 0.1/ $g per inch. 1&0 $g per square foot. 0(// $g in forward compartment and 3(3( $g in aft compartment. .0 cm by 300 cm

30 cm by (00 cm

.1.2 $g the moment. (/.& $g may be added.

101.2 $g the index. 1&/.3 $g must be off loaded.

the centre of gravity is too far the centre of pressure is aft forward. of the centre of gravity. traffic load potable water and usable fuel potable water lavatory chemicals. and lavatory chemicals. -eroplane Grepared for 9ervice 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass * -G9+ 1ass. the authority of the state of the person compiling the registration. weighing schedule. require less power for a given tend to over rotate during airspeed. ta$e%off.

MASS AND BALANCE

subj RispostaA RispostaB consumption. 031 -n aeroplane is said to be Bneutrally stableB. This is li$ely to! be caused by a centre of be caused by a centre of gravity which is towards gravity which is towards the the rearward limit. forward limit. 031 The 7ry 4perating 1ass is the total mass of the aircraft ready for a specific type of operation but excluding usable fuel and traffic usable fuel and crew. load. 031 The Ta$e%off 1ass of an aeroplane is 22000 $g which includes a traffic load of 1.(00 $g and a usable fuel load of 10&00 .(000 $g &2(00 $g $g. 6f the standard mass for the crew is &.& $g the 7ry 4perating 1ass is 031 )hen the centre of gravity is at the forward limit an aeroplane will be! extremely stable and will extremely stable and require require excessive elevator small elevator control to control to change pitch. change pitch. 031 -n aeroplane is loaded with its centre of gravity towards the rear limit. This will result in! an increased ris$ of a reduced fuel consumption stalling due to a decrease as a result of reduced drag. in tailplane moment 031 -n aeroplane must be re%weighed at certain intervals. )here an operator uses Bfleet massesB and provided that changes 3 years for each aeroplane. . years for each aeroplane. have been correctly documented this interval is 031 - flight benefits from a strong tail wind which was not forecast. 4n arrival at destination a straight in approach and the landing distance the landing distance will be immediate landing clearance is given. The landing mass will be higher than planned and required will be longer. unaffected. 031 *For this question use annex 031%32(3 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..3+ From the loading manual for the >et transport aeroplane the maximum floor loading intensity for the aft cargo compartment is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%3230 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..3+ From the loading manual for the transport aeroplane the aft cargo compartment has a maximum total load of! 031 *For this question use annexes 031%3231- or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..3+ From the Aoading 1anual for the transport aeroplane the maximum load that can be carried in that section of the aft cargo compartment which has a balance arm centroid at! 031 - mass of &00 $g is loaded at a station which is located 10 metres behind the present "entre of #ravity and 12 metres behind the datum. *-ssume! g;10 m'sM(+ The moment for that mass used in the loading manifest is! 031 The maximum certificated taxi *or ramp+ mass is that mass to which an aeroplane may be loaded prior to engine start. 6t is! 2/ $g per square foot. .1/0 $g /3&.& inches is 302( $g. 1&0 $g per square foot. 3(3( $g /3&.& inches is 20&( $g. Domanda RispostaC be totally unrelated to the position of the centre of gravity. potable water and lavatory chemicals. .1.&& $g extremely unstable and require excessive elevator control to change pitch. an increase in longitudinal stability. whenever the "ertificate of -irworthiness is renewed. the approach path will be steeper. 2/ Abs per square foot. 1&2/ $g .(1.& inches is .&.1 $g. RispostaD cause the centre of gravity to move forwards. usable fuel potable water and lavatory chemicals. .(&.& $g extremely unstable and require small elevator control to change pitch. a reduction in power required for a given speed. whenever a ma>or modification is carried out. the approach path will be steeper and threshold speed higher. 2/ $g per square metre. 302( $g .(1.& inches is (0&3 Abs. Check

/0000 :m a fixed value which is listed in the Flight 1anual.

&0000 :m a value which varies with airfield temperature and altitude. "orrections are listed in the Flight 1anual.

30000 :m a value which varies only with airfield altitude. 9tandard corrections are listed in the Flight 1anual.

130000 :m

a value which is only affected by the outside air temperature. "orrections are calculated from data given in the Flight 1anual. 031 The maximum mass to which an aeroplane may be loaded prior to engine start is! maximum certificated taxi maximum regulated taxi maximum certificated ta$e % off maximum regulated ta$e % *ramp+ mass. *ramp+ mass. mass. off mass. 031 The maximum taxi *ramp+ mass is governed by! structural considerations. tyre speed and temperature bearing strength of the taxiway taxi distance to ta$e % off limitations. pavement. point. 031 The 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass is the mass of the aeroplane with no usable fuel on board. 6t is a limitation which is! listed in the Flight 1anual governed by the tabulated in the Flight 1anual governed by the traffic load as a fixed value. 6t is a requirements of the centre of against arguments of airfield to be carried. 6t also structural limit. gravity limits and the elevation and temperature. provides protection from structural limits of the excessive Bwing bendingB. aeroplane. 031 The 8ero Fuel 1ass and the 7ry 4perating 1ass differ by the value of the are the same value. differ by the sum of the mass differ by the mass of usable traffic load mass. of usable fuel plus traffic load fuel. mass. 031 1ass for individual passengers *to be carried on an aircraft+ may be determined from a verbal statement by or on behalf of passenger seats available passengers carried is less passenger seats available is less passengers carried is less the passengers if the number of is less than 10. than 2. than (0. than (0. 031 *For this question use annex 031%32.0 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..1.+ - revenue flight is planned for the .&30 $g. &.00 $g 23&0 $g. 31/& $g. transport aeroplane. Ta$e%off mass is not airfield limited. The following data applies! 7ry 4perating 1ass 3.330 $g Gerformance limited landing mass &&000 $g Fuel on board at ramp% Taxi fuel 3&0 $g Trip fuel 3030 $g "ontingency and final reserve fuel 1(00 $g -lternate fuel 1200 $g Gassengers on board 130 9tandard mass for each passenger /. $g ?aggage per passenger 1. $g Traffic load 1aximum possible Hse the loading manual provided and the above data. 7etermine the maximum cargo load that may be carried without exceeding the limiting aeroplane landing mass. 031 The empty mass of an aeroplane is given as ../00 $g. 4perational items *including crew standard mass of 1020 $g+ are 1/.00 $g (0000 $g (3000 $g 13.20 $g.

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda RispostaA (300 $g. 6f the maximum zero fuel mass is given as 2&&00 $g the maximum traffic load which could be carried is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%32.3 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..1.+ The following data relates to a planned 0010 $g flight of an aeroplane % 7ry 4perational mass 20&(0 $g Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass 3(0&0 $g Gerformance limited landing mass 0((&0 $g 1aximum 8ero Fuel mass 20&30 $g Fuel on board at ta$e%off % Trip fuel 1(&00 $g "ontingency and final reserve fuel (300 $g -lternate fuel 1000 $g Hsing this data as appropriate calculate the maximum traffic load that can be carried. 031 *For this question use annex 031%32.. - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..1.+ -eroplane 7ry 4perating mass /&000 ./00 $g $g Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass 1(0000 $g Gerformance limited landing mass 3/&00 $g 1aximum zero fuel mass /3/00 $g Fuel requirements for flight % Trip fuel (3300 $g "ontingency and final reserve fuel 3200 $g -lternate fuel (/00 $g. The maximum traffic load that can be carried on this flight is! 031 The 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass is a structural limiting mass. 6t is made up of the aeroplane 7ry 4perational mass plus traffic load and unuseable fuel. 031 The ta$e%off mass of an aeroplane is 1.1000 $g. Total fuel on board is 23000 $g including 1.000 $g reserve fuel and 1000 03000 $g $g of unusable fuel. The traffic load is 1(/00 $g. The zero fuel mass is! 031 B9tandard 1assB as used in the computation of passenger load establish the mass of a child as 3& $g irrespective of age provided they occupy a seat. 031 The maximum certificated ta$e % off mass is! a structural limit which may not be exceeded for any ta$e % off. a fixed value which is stated in the -eroplane 4perating 1anual. altitude and temperature of the departure airfield. RispostaB 0030 $g 11030 $g RispostaC RispostaD 1&030 $g Check

0100 $g

2300 $g

1(000 $g

traffic load unuseable fuel and crew standard mass. 0/000 $g

unuseable and crew standard mass. 33000 $g

traffic load and crew standard mass. 2&(00 $g.

031 For a particular aeroplane the structural maximum mass without any fuel on board other than unusable quantities is!

031 -n aeroplane which is scheduled to fly an oceanic sector is due to depart from a high altitude airport in the tropics at 1.00 local time. The airport has an exceptionally long runway. )hich of the following is most li$ely to be the limiting factor*s+ in determining the ta$e % off mass , 031 4n an aeroplane with a seating capacity of more than 30 it is decided to use standard mass values for computing the total /. $g mass of passengers. 6f the flight is not a holiday charter the mass value which may be used for an adult is 031 The standard mass for a child is 3& $g for all flights.

3& $g only if they are over ( 3& $g for children over ( years 3& $g for children over ( years old and occupy a seat. occupying a seat and 10 $g for years occupying a seat and infants *less than ( years+ not 10 $g for infants *less than ( occupying a seat. years+ occupying a seat. a ta$e % off limiting mass a ta$e % off limiting mass which limited by the runway ta$e which is affected by the is governed by the gradient of off distance available. 6t is aerodrome altitude and climb after reaching K( . tabulated in the Flight temperature. 1anual. a variable value which is a variable value which is a fixed value which will governed by the traffic load governed by the traffic load limit the amount of fuel carried. carried. carried. maximum zero fuel mass. maximum certificated ta$e % off en route obstacle clearance mass. requirements. 02 $g 3& $g for holiday charters and 3/ $g for all other flights. 13 $g per passenger. 13(30 $g /. $g *male+ 02 $g *female+. 3/ $g for all flights. // $g *male+ 0. $g *female+. 30 $g for holiday charters and 3& $g for all other flights. 11 $g per passenger. 10030 $g

031 4n an aeroplane with (0 or more seats engaged on an inter%continental flight the Bstandard massB which may be used for passenger baggage is 031 The following data applies to a planned flight. 7ry 4perating 1ass 3.300 $g Gerformance limited Ta$e%4ff 1ass 22300 $g Gerformance limited Aanding 1ass &&(00 $g 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass &3000 $g Fuel required at ramp!% Taxi fuel .00 $g trip fuel /200 $g contingency fuel .30 $g alternate fuel 300 $g holding fuel 300 $g Traffic load 12200 $g Fuel costs at the departure airfield are such that it is decided to load the maximum fuel quantity possible. The total fuel which may be safely loaded prior to departure is! 031 6n determining the 7ry 4perating 1ass of an aeroplane it is common practice to use Bstandard massB values for crew. These values are

1& $g per passenger. 1(000 $g

1. $g per passenger. 1&(00 $g

flight crew /& $g. cabin crew 0& $g. each. These are inclusive of a hand baggage allowance.

flight crew /& $g. cabin crew 0& $g. each. These do not include a hand baggage allowance. 12.00 $g

flight crew *male+ // $g. *female+ 0& $g. cabin crew 0& $g. each. These include an allowance for hand baggage. 1/0.0 $g

031 Grior to departure the medium range twin >et aeroplane is loaded with maximum fuel of (0100 litres at a fuel density 13030 $g. *specific gravity+ of 0.0/. Hsing the following data % Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass 20(00 $g Gerformance limited landing mass &.(00 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass 3.330 $g Taxi fuel (&0 $g Trip fuel 3(&0 $g "ontingency and holding fuel /&0 $g -lternate fuel 000 $g The maximum permissible traffic load is 031 *For this question use annex 031%3220 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Garagraph 3.1+ The medium range >et transport 1. .00 $g aeroplane is to operate a flight carrying the maximum possible fuel load. Hsing the following data as appropriate determine the mass of fuel on board at start of ta$e off. 7eparture airfield performance limited ta$e%off mass! 20 .00 $g Aanding airfield %not performance limited. 7ry 4perating 1ass! 3.330 $g Fuel required for flight % Taxi fuel! 01& $g Trip fuel! /200 $g "ontingency and final reserve fuel! 1000 $g -lternate fuel 1&00 $g -dditional reserve .00 $g Traffic load for flight 11000 $g

flight crew *male+ // $g. *female+ 0& $g. cabin crew 0& $g. each. These do not include an allowance for hand baggage. 1(/.0 $g

1& /1& $g

13 2&& $g

12 0/0 $g

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda 031 -n aeroplane is to depart from an airfield at a ta$e%off mass of 30(&&0 $g. Fuel on board at ta$e%off *including contingency and alternate of 13.&0 $g+ is 1(1.&0 $g. The 7ry 4perating 1ass is 121.&0 $g. The useful load will be 031 )hen considering the effects of increased mass on an aeroplane which of the following is true, RispostaA 1.1100 $g RispostaB 132&0 $g RispostaC 1(1.&0 $g RispostaD 3310& $g Flight endurance will be increased. remain constant drag will increase and endurance will increase. increased to (0( $nots but since the same angle of attac$ is used drag and range will remain the same. 132.0 $g. must be done using fuel density values of 0.03 for IG 1 and 0.02 for IG . as specified in I-F % 4G9 6C1 % 4G9 1.20&C. is carrying 30 or more passengers. The need to minimise drag forces and so improve efficiency. 12 &00 $g Check

9talling speeds will be 9talling speeds will be lower. #radient of climb for a given higher. power setting will be higher. 031 6f an aeroplane is at a higher mass than anticipated for a given airspeed the angle of attac$ will be greater drag will be decreased drag will remain constant drag will increase and endurance decrease and endurance will decrease and endurance will will decrease. increase. decrease. 031 6n order to provide an adequate Dbuffet boundaryD at the commencement of the cruise a speed of 1.3Ks is used. -t a mass increased to 131 $nots unaffected as Ks always increased to 131 $nots drag of 1(0000 $g this is a "-9 of 1/0 $nots. 6f the mass of the aeroplane is increased to 13&000 $g the value of 1.3Ks will be drag will increase and air occurs at the same angle of will decrease and air distance distance per $g of fuel will attac$. per $g of fuel will increase. decrease. 031 The maximum quantity of fuel that can be loaded into an aircraftBs tan$s is given as 3/00 H9 #allons. 6f the fuel density 1132. $g. 1.3/3 $g. 1/(02 $g. *specific gravity+ is given as 0.03 the mass of fuel which may be loaded is 031 "onversion of fuel volume to mass may be done by using may be done by using must be done by using actual standard fuel density standard fuel density values measured fuel density values. values as specified in the as specified in I-F % 4G9 1. 4perations 1anual if the actual fuel density is not $nown. 031 9tandard masses may be used for the computation of mass values for baggage if the aeroplane has (0 or more seats. has 2 or more seats. has 30 or more seats. 031 )hich of the following is most li$ely to affect the range of centre of gravity positions on an aeroplane, Clevator and tailplane *horizontal stabiliser+ effectiveness in all flight conditions. 031 - >et transport has the following structural limits! %1aximum Famp 1ass! 23 020 $g %1aximum Ta$e 4ff 1ass! 2( /00 12 300 $g $g %1aximum Aanding 1ass! &. 300 $g %1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass! &1 300 $g The aeroplaneBs fuel is loaded accordance with the following requirements! %Taxi fuel! .00 $g %Trip fuel! /.00 $g %"ontingency N final reserve fuel! 1/00 $g %-lternate fuel! 1100 $g 6f the 7ry 4perating 1ass is 3.330 $g determine the maximum traffic load that can be carried on the flight if departure and landing airfields are not performance limited. 031 - flight has been made from Aondon to Kalencia carrying minimum fuel and maximum traffic load. 4n the return flight 1. 331 $g the fuel tan$s in the aeroplane are to be filled to capacity with a total fuel load of (0100 litres at a fuel density of 0.03 $g'l. The following are the aeroplaneBs structural limits! %1aximum Famp 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Ta$e 4ff 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Aanding 1ass! &/ 300 $g %1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass! &( 0.0 $g The performance limited ta$e off mass at Kalencia is 20 330 $g. The landing mass at Aondon is not performance limited. 7ry 4perating 1ass! 3. 330 $g Trip Fuel *Kalencia to Aondon+! & 330 $g Taxi fuel! (&0 $g The maximum traffic load that can be carried from Kalencia will be! 031 The term Buseful loadB as applied to an aircraft includes traffic load plus useable fuel. 031 -n aeroplane is performance limited to a landing mass of &.(30 $g. The 7ry 4perating 1ass is 3&000 $g and the zero fuel mass is &(0/0 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 2.(/0 $g the useful load is 031 *For this question use annex 031%3202 - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Garagraph .+ For the medium range transport aeroplane from the loading manual determine the maximum total volume of fuel which can be loaded into the main wing tan$s. *Fuel density value 0.0/+ 031 -n aeroplaneBs weighing schedule indicates that the empty mass is &03(0 $g. The nominal 7ry 4perating 1ass is 201(0 $g and the 1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass is given as 0(100 $g. )hich of the following is a correct statement in relation to this aeroplane, (3(/0 $g. 113.3 litres Aocation of the undercarriage. The need to maintain a low value of stalling speed.

12 .30 $g

10 000 $g

13 (.0 $g

12 000 $g

3 /30 $g

traffic load only.

100/0 $g //&0 litres

the revenue%earning portion of the revenue%earning portion traffic load only. of traffic load plus useable fuel. 1((00 $g. 100/0 $g. 112.2 litres &20. litres

031 -n aeroplane is to depart from an airfield where the performance limited ta$e%off mass is /3(00 $g. "ertificated maximum masses are as follows! Famp *taxi+ mass /3330 $g 1aximum Ta$e%off mass /3.30 $g 1aximum Aanding mass 01&(0 $g -ctual 8ero fuel mass 2(0&0 $g Fuel on board at ramp! Taxi fuel 200 $g Trip fuel 10/30 $g "ontingency final reserve and alternate 3030 $g 6f the 7ry 4perating 1ass is .0300 $g the traffic load that can be carried on this flight is 031 The empty mass of an aeroplane as given in the weighing schedule is 21300 $g. The operational items *including crew+ 2/.00 $g is given as a mass of (300 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 13(000 $g *including a useable fuel quantity of .3/00 $g+ the useful

operational items have a operational items have a operational items have a mass mass of (/00 $g and the mass of (/00 $g and the of (/00 $g and the maximum maximum traffic load for maximum traffic load for this useful load is 113/0 $g. this aeroplane is 113/0 $g. aeroplane is 1.0/0 $g. (10/0 $g (1&00 $g (1((0 $g

operational items have a mass of (/00 $g and the maximum useful load is 1.0/0 $g. (0/00 $g

00000 $g

(3200 $g

(2300 $g.

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda RispostaA 0/300 $g 0/1&0 $g RispostaB 1/(00 $g RispostaC RispostaD 10.&0 $g Check load is 031 The following data applies to an aeroplane which is about to ta$e off! "ertified maximum ta$e%off mass 1.1&00 $g Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass 130300 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass &/.00 $g "rew and crew hand baggage mass 2.0 $g "rew baggage in hold 110 $g Fuel on board 20000 $g From this data calculate the mass of the useful load. 031 - revenue flight is to be made by a >et transport. The following are the aeroplaneBs structural limits! %1aximum Famp 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Ta$e 4ff 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Aanding 1ass! &/ 300 $g %1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass! &( 0.0 $g The performance limited ta$e off mass is 20 .&0$g and the performance limited landing mass is && .00 $g. 7ry 4perating 1ass! 3. 300 $g Trip Fuel! 2 (00 $g Taxi Fuel! (&0 $g "ontingency N final reserve fuel! 1 300 $g -lternate Fuel! 1 100 $g The maximum traffic load that can be carried is! 031 - revenue flight is to be made by a >et transport. The following are the aeroplaneBs structural limits! %1aximum Famp 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Ta$e 4ff 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Aanding 1ass! &/ 300 $g %1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass! &( 0.0 $g Ta$e 4ff and Aanding mass are not performance limited. 7ry 4perating 1ass! 3. 330 $g Trip Fuel! 11 &00 $g Taxi Fuel! (&0 $g "ontingency N final reserve fuel! 1 .&0 $g -lternate Fuel! 1 3&0 $g The maximum traffic load that can be carried is! 031 - revenue flight is to be made by a >et transport. The following are the aeroplaneBs structural limits! %1aximum Famp 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Ta$e 4ff 1ass! 23 300 $g %1aximum Aanding 1ass! &/ 300 $g %1aximum 8ero Fuel 1ass! &( 0.0 $g Ta$e 4ff and Aanding mass are not performance limited. 7ry 4perating 1ass! 3. 300 $g Trip Fuel! 11 /00 $g Taxi Fuel! &00 $g "ontingency N final reserve fuel! 1 200 $g -lternate Fuel! 1 300 $g The maximum traffic load that can be carried is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%32/& - or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..1.+ The medium range twin >et transport is scheduled to operate from a departure airfield where conditions limit the ta$e%off mass to 2&0&0 $g. The destination airfield has a performance limited landing mass of &.&00 $g. The 7ry 4perating 1ass is 3.300 $g. Glanned loading data is as follows! Taxi fuel 3&0 $g Trip fuel 3(&0 $g "ontingency and final reserve fuel 1100 $g -lternate fuel 1000 $g Traffic load 1/200 $g "hec$ the load and ensure that the flight may be operated without exceeding any of the aeroplane limits. "hanges in fuel loading due to mass change may be disregarded. The correct answer is! 031 The following data is extracted from an aeroplaneBs loading manifest! Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass 33&00 $g Cxpected landing mass at destination /1000 $g 1aximum certificated landing mass /2300 $g Fuel on board 12&00 $g 7uring the flight a diversion is made to an en%route alternate which is not Bperformance limitedB for landing. Fuel remaining at landing is 10300 $g. The landing mass

10 /.0 $g

1/ 100 $g

13 3&0 $g

(& /00 $g

10 /10 $g

(1 100 $g

(1 000 $g

(0 .(0 $g

10 /.0 $g

13 100 $g

13 (00 $g

13 &00 $g

the flight is Blanding massB the flight is Bzero fuel massB the flight may be safely the flight may be safely limited and the traffic load limited and the traffic load operated with the stated traffic operated with an additional must be reduced to 10&00 must be reduced to 1.100 $g. and fuel load. (00 $g of traffic load. $g.

is /3(00 $g which is in excess of the regulated landing mass and could result in overrunning the runway 031 -t maximum certificated ta$e%off mass an aeroplane departs from an airfield which is not limiting for either ta$e%off or a high threshold speed and a high threshold speed and a landing masses. 7uring initial climb the number one engine suffers a contained disintegration. -n emergency is declared possible undercarriage or shorter stop distance. and the aeroplane returns to departure airfield for an immediate landing. The most li$ely result of this action will be other structural failure. 031 *For this question use annexes 031%11023- and 031%11023?+ "ontrary to the forecast given in the A4-7 and TF61 31 @ sheet cargo compartment 1 is empty. The ta$e%off centre of gravity in 1-" @ *1ean -erodynamic "hord+ will be located at! 031 *For this question use annexes 031%11000- and 031%11000?+ "ontrary to the loading sheet forecasts you have! "argo 31.& @ compartment 1! empty passengers in compartment 4-! (0 "argo compartment (! 1 000 $g passengers in compartment 4?! (0 "argo compartment 3! 3 000 $g passengers in compartment 4"! 30 "argo compartment .! ( 000 $g "argo compartment &! 1 000 $g The ta$e%off centre of gravity in 1-" @ *1ean -erodynamic "hord+ will be located at! 031 *For this question use annexes 031%11001- and 031%11001?+ Iust prior to departure you accept 10 passengers additional (0./ @ on board who will be seated in Dcompartment 4"D and you have 0&0 $g unloaded from cargo compartment &. The ta$e% off centre of gravity in 1-" @ *1ean -erodynamic "hord+ will be located at! 031 *For this question use annexes 031%1100(- and 031%1100(?+ The weight and balance sheet is available and contrary to 3&.& @ the forecast cargo compartment 1 is empty. The zero fuel weight centre of gravity in 1-" @ *1ean -erodynamic "hord+ is located at! 031 *For this question use annexes 031% 11(0&- and 031%11(0&?+ - turbo>et aeroplane is par$ed with the following data! 1 000 $g from cargo 1 to "orrected dry operating mass! 110 100 $g ?asic corrected index! 11/.2 6nitial cargo distribution! cargo 1! . 000 $g L cargo cargo . (! ( 000 $g L cargo 3! ( 000 $gL other cargo compartments are empty Ta$e%off mass! (00 000 $gL centre of gravity *".#.+ location! 3( @ For performance reasons the captain decides to redistribute part of the cargo loading between cargo compartments in order to ta$e off with a new ".#. location of 3. @. =e as$s for a transfer of! 031 The flight preparation of a turbo>et aeroplane provides the following data! Ta$e%off runway limitation! 1/& 000 $g &. 000 $g Aanding runway limitation! 1/0 000 $g Glanned fuel consumption! 11 &00 $g Fuel already loaded on board the aircraft! (0 000 $g Onowing that! 1aximum ta$e%off mass *1T41+! (1( 000 $g 1aximum landing mass *1A1+! 10. 000 $g 1aximum zero fuel mass *18F1+! 12. 000 $g 7ry operating mass *741+! 110 000 $g The maximum cargo load that 3(.& @

is /0300 $g and excess structural stress could result

must be reduced to /1000 $g in is /0300 $g which is order to avoid a high speed acceptable in this case approach. because this is a diversion and not a normal scheduled landing. a landing further along the a landing short resultant runway than normal. from the increased angle of approach due to the very high aeroplane mass. 32 @ (& @

(..& @

3(.& @

3&.& @

30.& @

(/.& @

(0.( @

3( @

31.& @

(2 @

&00 $g from cargo 1 to cargo 1 000 $g from cargo 3 to cargo 1 &00 $g from cargo 3 to 3 1 cargo 1

&& 000 $g

&& &00 $g

21 &00 $g

MASS AND BALANCE

subj RispostaA the captain may decide to load on board is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(13-+ -n aeroplane whose specific data is shown in the annex has a planned ta$e% . 200 $g off mass of (00 000 $g with its centre of gravity *".#.+ is located at 1&.3/ m rearward of the reference point representing a ".#. location at 30 @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+. For performance purposes the captain decides to reset the value of the centre of gravity location to 3& @ 1-". The front and rear cargo compartments are located at a distance of 1& m and (& m from the reference point respectively the cargo load mass which needs to be transferred from the front to the rear cargo compartment is! 031 The crew of a transport aeroplane prepares a flight using the following data! % ?loc$ fuel! .0 000 $g % Trip fuel! (3 000 $g 3( 100 $g % Taxi fuel! /00 $g % 1aximum ta$e%off mass! 100 000 $g % 1aximum landing mass! 1./ &00 $g % 1aximum zero fuel mass! 11( &00 $g % 7ry operating mass! /0 .00 $g The maximum traffic load for this flight is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(((- and 031%11(((? + The planned ta$e%off mass of an aeroplane is 130 000 $g 33 @ with its centre of gravity located at (3 @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+. 9hortly prior to engine start the local staff informs the flight crew that an additional load of . 000 $g must be loaded in cargo .. -fter loading this cargo the new centre of gravity location will be! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11((0-+ -n aeroplane whose specific data is shown in the annex has a planned ta$e% front cargo! 3 0.0 $gL rear off mass of (00 000 $g with its centre of gravity *".#.+ located at 1&.3/ m rearward of the reference point representing a cargo! 2 020 $g ".#. location at 30 @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+. The current cargo load distribution is! front cargo! 2 &00 $gL rear cargo! . 000 $g. For performance purposes the captain decides to reset the value of the centre of gravity location to 33 @ 1-". The front and rear cargo compartments are located at a distance of 1& m and (& m from the reference point respectively. -fter the transfer operation the new cargo load distribution is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(.2- and 031%11(.2?+ The planned ta$e%off mass of an aeroplane is 1/0 000 $g (& @ with its centre of gravity located at 31 @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+. 9hortly prior to engine start the local staff informs the crew that an additional load of . 000 $g must be loaded in cargo 1. -fter loading this cargo the new centre of gravity location will be! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(.0- and 031%11(.0?+ - turbo>et aeroplane is par$ed with the following data! ( &00 $g in cargo 1L 1 &00 "orrected 7ry 4perating 1ass! 110 100 $g ?asic corrected index! 11/.2 6nitial cargo distribution! cargo 1 ; . 000 $gL $g in cargo . cargo ( ; ( 000 $gL cargo 3 ; ( 000 $gL The other cargo compartments are empty. Ta$e%off mass! (00 000 $g "entre of gravity location! 3( @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+ To maximize performance the captain decides to redistribute part of the cargo load between cargo 1 and cargo . in order to ta$e off with a new centre of gravity location at 3& @ 1-". -fter loading the new load distribution between cargo 1 and cargo . is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(./- 031%11(./? and 031%11(./"+ Onowing that! . 7ry operating mass! 110 000 31.& @ $g . ?asic index! 113.1 . :umber of passengers! 1/& distributed as shown in the annex *0& $g per G-<+ . "argo load 5 luggage! 1. 000 $g distributed as shown in the annex. . Fuel! .( 000 $g 9tages *1+ to *0+ and *11+ having already been calculated the centre of gravity in @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+ at ta$e%off is located at! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(.3- 031%11(.3? and 031%11(.3"+ Onowing that! . 7ry operating mass! 110 000 (3.3 @ $g . ?asic index! 113.1 . :umber of passengers! 33& distributed as shown in the annex *0& $g per G-<+ . "argo load 5 luggage! 3 &00 $g distributed as shown in the annex. . Fuel! .0 000 $g 9tages *1+ to *0+ and *11+ having already been calculated the centre of gravity as @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+ at ta$e%off is located at! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(&0- 031%11(&0? and 031%11(&0"+ Onowing that! . 7ry operating mass! 110 000 $g (/.0 @ . ?asic index! 113.1 . :umber of passengers! 33& distributed as shown in the annex *0& $g per G-<+ . "argo load 5 luggage! 3 &00 $g distributed as shown in the annex. . Fuel! .0 000 $g 9tages *1+ to *0+ and *11+ having already been calculated the centre of gravity in @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+ for zero fuel mass is located at! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(&1- 031%11(&1? and 031%11(&1"+ Onowing that! . 7ry operating mass! 110 000 30.& @ $g . ?asic index! 113.1 . :umber of passengers! 1/& distributed as shown in the annex *0& $g per G-<+ . "argo load 5 luggage! 1. 000 $g distributed as shown in the annex. . Fuel! .( 000 $g 9tages *1+ to *0+ and *11+ having already been calculated the centre of gravity in @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+ for zero fuel mass is located at! 031 The crew of a transport aeroplane prepares a flight using the following data! % 7ry operating mass! 30 000 $g % ?loc$ fuel! (& /00 $g 30 000 $g % Taxi fuel! /00 $g % 1aximum ta$e%off mass! 1.& 000 $g The traffic load available for this flight is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(&0- and 031%11(&0? + The planned ta$e%off mass of a turbo>et aeroplane is 130 000 (& @ $g with its centre of gravity located at (3 @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+ . 9hortly prior to engine start the local staff informs the flight crew that . 000 $g must be unloaded from cargo .. -fter the handling operation the new centre of gravity location in @ 1-" will be! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(&/- and 031%11(&/?+ The planned ta$e%off mass of a turbo>et aeroplane is 1/0 000 (1./ @ $g with its centre of gravity located at (2 @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+. 9hortly prior to engine start the local staff informs the flight crew that . 000 $g must be unloaded from cargo .. -fter the handling operation the new centre of gravity location in @ 1-" will be! Domanda RispostaB & 200 $g 3 200 $g RispostaC RispostaD 6t is not possible to establish the required centre of gravity location. Check

3( 300 $g

1/ 300 $g

.0 .00 $g

(& @

(0 @

31 @

front cargo! 2 020 $gL rear cargo! 3 0.0 $g

front cargo! . &&0 $gL rear cargo! & 3&0 $g

front cargo! 3 (20 $gL rear cargo! 1 (.0 $g

(/ @

30 @

3. @

3 000 $g in cargo 1L 1 000 $g ( 000 $g in cargo 1L ( 000 $g in cargo . in cargo .

1 000 $g in cargo 1L 3 000 $g in cargo .

30.& @

3(.& @

(/.0 @

(0.. @

30.& @

(/.0 @

30.& @

(0.. @

(3.3 @

3(.3 @

(3.3 @

(/.3 @

(& 000 $g 33 @

&& 000 $g (0 @

&& /00 $g 31 @

(0.0 @

30.( @

(3.0 @

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Check 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(03- and 031%11(03?+ - turbo>et aeroplane has a planned ta$e%off mass of 130 000 3 000 $g from cargo . to ( 000 $g from cargo . to 1 000 $g from cargo . to cargo 6t is not possible to obtain $g. Following cargo loading the crew is informed that the centre of gravity at ta$e%off is located at 3/ @ 1-" *1ean cargo 1. cargo 1. 1. the required centre of -erodynamic "ord+ which is beyond limits. The captain decides then to redistribute part of the cargo load between cargo gravity. 1 and cargo . in order to obtain a new centre of gravity location at 31 @ 1-". =e as$s for a transfer of! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11(0&- and 031%11(0&?+ - turbo>et aeroplane has a planned ta$e%off mass of 130 000 cargo 1! 2 000 $gL cargo .! cargo 1! . 000 $gL cargo .! 2 cargo 1! & 000 $gL cargo .! . cargo 1! . 000 $gL cargo .! $gL the cargo load is distributed as follows! cargo 1! 3 000 $gL cargo .! 0 000 $g. 4nce the cargo loading is completed the . 000 $g 000 $g 000 $g & 000 $g crew is informed that the centre of gravity at ta$e%off is located at 3/ @ 1-" *1ean -erodynamic "ord+ which is beyond the limits. The commander decides then to redistribute part of the cargo load between cargo 1 and cargo . in order to obtain a new centre of gravity location at 31 @ 1-". Following the transfer operation the new load distribution is! 031 The mass displacement caused by landing gear extension! creates a longitudinal creates a pitch%up does not create a longitudinal creates a pitch%down moment in the direction longitudinal moment moment longitudinal moment *pitch%up or pitch%down+ determined by the type of landing gear 031 The mass and balance information gives! ?asic mass! 1 (00 $g L ?asic balance arm! 3.00 m Hnder these conditions the (( @ (3 @ 3. @ 10 @ ?asic centre of gravity is at (&@ of the mean aerodynamic chord *1-"+. The length of 1-" is (m. 6n the mass and balance section of the flight manual the following information is given! Gosition -rm front seats! (.& m rear seats! 3.& m rear hold! ..& m fuel tan$s! 3.0 m The pilot and one passenger embar$L each weighs /0 $g. Fuel tan$s contain 1.0 litres of petrol with a density of 0.01.. The rear seats are not occupied. Taxi fuel is negligible. The position of the centre of gravity at ta$e%off *as @ 1-"+ is! 031 *For this question use appendix 031%11&/3-+ )ithout the man on the winch the mass and the lateral "# position of the beyond the limit 2 1/0 $g and 0.0&3m to the 2 1/0 $g and 0.00&m to the 2 1/0 $g and 0.0.1m to the helicopter are 2 000 $g and 0.0&& m to the right. % the mass of the wet man on the winch is 1/0 $g )ith the man on the right right right winch the mass and lateral "#%position of the helicopter are! 031 *For this question use appendix 031%11&30- + )ithout the crew the mass and longitudinal "# position of the aircraft are 2 (00 $g and ..&3. m 2 (00 $g and ..032 m 2 (00 $g and &.01( m 2 (00 $g and ..21 m 2 000 $g and . 00m. % the mass of the pilot is 30 $g % the mass of the co%pilot is 100 $g % the mass of the flight engineer is /0 $g )ith the crew the mass and longitudinal "# position of the aircraft are! 031 The ?asic Cmpty 1ass of a helicopter is the mass of the helicopter without crew ! without specific without traffic load with without specific equipment for without specific equipments equipment for the mission specific equipment for the the mission without traffic for the mission without without traffic load with mission without the load without unusable fuel. traffic load with fuel on the unusable fuel and unusable fuel. board. standard equipment. 031 6n cruise an extreme aft longitudinal centre of gravity! brings the cyclic stic$ moves away the cyclic stic$ brings the cyclic stic$ closer to moves away the cyclic stic$ closer to its forward stop from its forward stop and its forward stop and decreases from its forward stop and and increases the stress in increases the stress in the the stress in the rotor head decreases the stresses in the the rotor head rotor head head rotors 031 The centre of gravity of an aeroplane is at (&@ of the 1ean -erodynamic "hord. This means that the centre of gravity of the mean aerodynamic the mean aerodynamic chord the mean aerodynamic chord in the aeroplane in relation to the aeroplane is situated at (&@ of the length of! chord in relation to the in relation to the trailing edge relation to the datum the leading edge leading edge 031 The operator of an aircraft equipped with &0 seats uses standard masses for passengers and baggage. 7uring the the operator should use the the operator may use the the operator may use the the operator is obliged to preparation of a scheduled flight a group of passengers present themselves at the chec$%in des$ it is apparent that even the individual masses of the standard masses for the load standard masses for the balance use the actual masses of lightest of these exceeds the value of the declared standard mass. passengers or alter the and balance calculation but must correct these for the each passenger standard mass without correction load calculation 031 The datum used for balance calculations is! chosen on the longitudinal chosen on the longitudinal chosen on the longitudinal axis chosen on the longitudinal axis of the aeroplane but axis of the aeroplane and of the aircraft and necessarily axis of the aircraft and not necessarily between necessarily situated between situated between the leading always at the fire%wall level the nose and the tail of the the nose and the tail of the edge and trailing edge of the aircraft aircraft wing 031 The 7ry 4perating 1ass of an aircraft is ( 000 $g. The maximum ta$e%off mass landing and zero fuel mass are identical 1 000 $g 3&0 $g 1 &00 $g 1 .&0 $g at 3&00 $g. The bloc$ fuel mass is &&0$g and the taxi fuel mass is &0 $g. The available mass of traffic load is! 031 ?ased on actual conditions an aeroplane has the following performance ta$e%off mass limitations! Flaps! 0P 10P 1&P . 300 $g . 100 $g . (00 $g . 000 $g Funway! .100 ..00 .200 "limb! .000 .&00 .(00 1asses are in $g 9tructural limits! ta$e%off'landing'zero fuel! . 300 $g The maximum ta$e%off mass is! 031 The basic empty mass of an aircraft is 30 000 $g. The masses of the following items are! % catering! 300 $g % safety and 30 0/& $g 30 300 $g 3/ 300 $g 30 22& $g rescue material! nil % fly away $it! nil % crew *inclusive crew baggage+! 32&$g % fuel at ta$e%off! 3 000 $g % unusable fuel! 1(0 $g % passengers baggage cargo! / 000 $g The 7ry 4perating 1ass is!

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda RispostaA 031 The floor limit of an aircraft cargo hold is & 000 :'m(. 6t is planned to load%up a cubic container measuring 0 . m of side. /0 $g 6tBs maximum gross mass must not exceed! *assume g;10m's(+ 031 To measure the mass and "#%position of an aircraft it should be weighed with a minimum of! 3 points of support RispostaB /00 $g ( points of support 3( $g 1 point of support . 0/3 m RispostaC 3(0 $g . point of support . .&& m RispostaD Check

031 *For this question use appendix 031%1120&-+ )ithout the crew the weight and the "#%position of the aircraft are 0 000 . 21& m 0 (10 m $g and . 00m. % the mass of the pilot is 30 $g % the mass of the co%pilot is 0& $g % the mass of the flight engineer is 30 $g )ith this crew on board the "#%position of the aircraft will be! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11202-+ )ithout the man on the winch the mass and the lateral "#%position of the 0 02(m to the right 0 012m to the left aircraft are 2 000 $g and 0 0. m to the right. % the mass of the man on the winch is 100 $g )ith the man on the winch the lateral "#%position of the aircraft will be! 031 The 7ry 4perating 1ass of a helicopter is the total mass of a helicopter! ready for a specific type of excluding the crew but operation excluding all including specific usable fuel and traffic load equipments for the mission and not including the usable fuel 031 -t a mass of 1 /00 $g a helicopter equipped with a winch has a lateral "#%position of & cm to the left. The "# of the 1.& cm to the right 1.& cm to the left load suspended from the winch is at a distance of 20 cm to the right. )ith a winch load of (00 $g the lateral "#%position of the helicopter will be! 031 7uring a violent avoidance manoeuvre a light twin aircraft certified to F-F (3 requirements was sub>ected to an a permanent deformation a elastic deformation whilst instantaneous load factor of ..(. The Flight 1anual specifies that the aircraft is certified in the normal category for a load of the structure the load was applied but no factor of %1.3 to 53./. "onsidering the certification requirements and ta$ing into account that the manufacturer of the twin permanent distortion did not include during its conception a supplementary margin in the flight envelope it might be possible to observeL 031 Aongitudinal "# location can be expressed! as a percentage of the as a percentage of the 1-" 1-" from its leading from its trailing edge. edge. 031 ?y adding to the basic empty mass the following fixed necessary equipment for a specific flight *catering safety and 7ry operating mass ta$e%off mass rescue equipment fly away $it crew+ we get! 031 The floor of the main cargo hold is limited to . 000 :'m(. 6t is planned to load a cubic container each side of which 100 $g 1 000 $g measures 0.&m. 6ts maximum gross mass must not exceed! *assume g;10m's(+ 031 -n aircraft basic empty mass is 3000 $g. The maximum ta$e%off landing and zero%fuel mass are identical at &(00 $g. 1 200 $g 1 &&0 $g Famp fuel is 2&0 $g the taxi fuel is &0 $g. The maximum traffic load is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%11213- + - helicopterBs basic mass is 1 100 $g and the longitudinal "#%position is at (.31 m (./& m 3.10 m. 7etermine the longitudinal "# position in the following conditions! % pilot and front passenger! 1&0 $g % rear passengers! 1&0 $g % fuel! &00 $g 031 The following results were obtained after weighing a helicopter! % front point! ((0 $g % right rear point! &00 $g % left rear 3 .. m 1 1/ m point! ./0 $g The helicopterBs datum is 3..0 m forward of the rotor axis. The front point is located (.00 m forward of the rotor axis and the rear points are located 0.&0 m aft of the rotor axis. The longitudinal "#%position in relation to the datum is! 031 The following results were obtained after weighing a helicopter! % mass at front point! 300 $g % mass at right rear point! 1 . cm right . cm left 100 $g % mass at left rear point! 3&0 $g 6t is given that the front point is located 0.30 m left of the longitudinal axis and the rear points are symmetrically located 1.(0 m from this axis. The helicopterBs lateral "#%position relative to the longitudinal axis is! 031 To calculate a allowable ta$e%off mass the factors to be ta$en into account include! the sum of the maximum the sum of the maximum landing mass and the trip landing mass and the fuel on fuel. board at ta$e%off. 031 6n cruise flight a centre of gravity moving aft will! decrease longitudinal increase longitudinal static static stability stability 031 #iven! 7ry operating mass ; 3/ 000 $g maximum structural ta$e%off mass ; 0( 000 $g maximum landing mass ; 2& 000 01 300 $g and (3 000 $g 01 300 $g and (& 300 $g $g maximum zero fuel mass ; 21 000 $g Fuel burn ; / 000 $g Ta$e%off Fuel ; 10 300 $g The maximum allowed ta$e%off mass and traffic load are respectively ! 031 -fter weighing a helicopter the following values are noted! forward point! 3&0 $g aft right point! 33& $g aft left point! 1 ..&( m ..03 m (0& $g )hat is the longitudinal "#%position in relation to the datum situated . m in front of the rotor axis $nowing that the forward point is at (.& m forward of the rotor axis and the aft points are 1 m aft of the rotor axis, 031 *For this question use annex 031%1123(- + The empty mass of your helicopter is 1 100 $g with a "#%position at 3.0&m. 1(& $g .&0 $g The load is as follows! %total mass of pilot and co%pilot! 1&0 $g %total mass of passengers at rear! (00 $g 6n order not to

beyond the limits

0 0233m to the right

including the crew the fuel and including the crew the the specific equipments for the usable fuel and the specific mission but excluding traffic equipments for the mission load and traffic load 10.& cm to the right 10 & cm to the right

no distortion permanent or temporary of the structure

rupture of one or more structural components

with respect to the neutral point. zero fuel mass &00 $g ( (00 $g (.30 m

with respect to the centre of pressure. landing mass & 000 $g ( 1&0 $g (./( m

3 32 m

0 0. m

11 cm right

11 cm left

the sum of the maximum zero the maximum ta$e%off mass fuel mass and the trip fuel. minus the trip fuel. have no effect on longitudinal not change the static stability manoeuvrability 03 000 $g and (. 000 $g 03 000 $g and (0 000 $g

..(1 m

..1& m

3&0 $g

(&0 $g

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda exceed the limitations the minimum remaining fuel on board should be! 031 *For this question use annex 031%1123.-+ 1aximum allowed ta$e%off mass limit! 30 (00$g 7ry operating mass! (1 200 $g Ta$e%off fuel! / &00 $g Gassengers on board! male 33 female 3( children & ?aggage! //0 $g The company uses the standard passenger mass systems *see annex+ allowed by regulations. The flight is not a holiday charter. 6n these conditions the maximum cargo that may be loaded is 031 Aength of the mean aerodynamic chord ; 1 m 1oment arm of the forward cargo! %0 &0 m 1oment arm of the aft cargo! 5 ( &0 m The aircraft mass is ( (00 $g and its centre of gravity is at (&@ 1-" To move the centre of gravity to .0@ which mass has to be transferred from the forward to the aft cargo hold, 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((22- or Aoading 1anual 1FIT 1 Figure ..1.+ Hsing the load and trim sheet for the I-F F"A twin >et which of the following is the correct value for the index at a 7ry 4perating 1ass *741+ of 3&000 $g with a "# at 1.@ 1-" , 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((20- + Hsing the data given in the Aoad N Trim sheet determine which of the following gives the correct values for the 8ero Fuel 1ass and position of the centre of gravity *@ 1-"+ at that mass. 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((2/-+ Hsing the data given in the Aoad N Trim sheet determine from the following the correct values for the ta$e off mass and the position of the centre of gravity at that mass if the fuel index correction to be applied is given as % 0.3 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((23-+ Hsing the data given at the appendix to this question if the fuel index corrections *from 8F1 index+ are as follows 3&00 $g % 0.3 2&00 $g % 2.1 3&00 $g % ..0 3000 $g % ..3 )hich of the following represent the correct values for landing mass of the aeroplane and the position of the centre of gravity for this condition , 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((00-+ Hsing the data given at the appendix determine which of the following correctly gives the values of the 8ero Fuel 1ass *8F1+ of the aeroplane and the load index at 8F1 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((01-+ From the data given at the appendix and assuming a fuel index shift of % &.0 from the 8F1 loaded index determine which of the following is the correct value *percentage 1-"+ for the position of the centre of gravity at Ta$e 4ff 1ass. 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((0(-+ For the purpose of calculating traffic loads an operatorBs loading manual gives the following standard mass values for passengers. *These values include an allowance for hand baggage+ 1ale // $g Female 00 $g "hild 3& $g 6nfant 2 $g The standard mass value to be used for hold baggage is 1. $g per piece The loading manifest shows the following details! Gassengers loaded 1ales .0 Females 2& "hildren / 6nfants & ?aggage in hold number .! 1(0 pieces Hsing the standard mass values given and the data in the appendix select from the following the correct value for the mass of freight *all loaded in hold :o1+ which constitutes the remainder of the traffic load 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((03-+ From the data contained in the attached appendix the maximum allowable ta$e % off mass and traffic load is respectively! 031 *For this question use annex 031%1((0.-+ -n aeroplane is carrying a traffic load of 103(0 $g "omplete the necessary sections of the attached appendix and determine which of the answers given below represents the maximum increase in the traffic load 031 The longitudinal centre of gravity datum! 031 The longitudinal centre of gravity datum! RispostaA &/& $g 301 $g RispostaB 1 03/ $g RispostaC 1 10& $g RispostaD Check

110 $g

1/3 $g

12& $g

10. $g

.0.0

3&.&

.1.&

33..0

.2130 Og and 10 /@ 10.& @

.1300 Og and 10 /@ (0.1 @

&1300 Og and (0 /@ (0.3 @

.2130 Og and (0 /@ ((.2 @

.3130 $g and 13 @

&(300$g and 13 @

&(300 $g and (1.2 @

.3130 $g and (1./ @

./200 $g and &0.0 1/ @

&1300 $g and &0.0 13 @

.2300 $g and (0.& 1& @

3&100 $g and (0.& 1. @

(20 $g

(10 $g

(/0 $g

no cargo can be loaded in hold number 1

21200 $g and 1(1&0 $g 1/30 $g

2/03/ $g and 1/&// $g 0000 $g

22000 $g and 103(0 $g /(2/ $g

20.(& $g and 1030& $g 2&& $g

031 The reference about which centre of gravity moments are ta$en is the 031 6n centre of gravity calculations the datum is

"an be located anywhere 1ust be located forward of the main rotor mast "an be located anywhere 1ust be located between the forward and aft centre of gravity limits 7atum. "entre of pressure The fixed reference about which moments are ta$en to calculate the position of the centre of gravity The horizontal distance from the datum to the centre of gravity of the helicopter or to an item placed in the helicopter =as a negative arm and therefore generates a

1ust be located aft of the main rotor mast 1ust be located forward of or in line with the nose of the helicopter "entre of mass

1ust be located in line with the main rotor mast 1ust be located in line with the main rotor mast "hord line The horizontal reference used to calculate the helicopterBs empty centre of gravity The vertical distance between the fully loaded helicopterBs centre of gravity and the centre of gravity of an individual item in the helicopter =as a positive arm and therefore generates a

031 6n centre of gravity calculations the moment arm is

031 - load placed forward of the datum

The fixed reference about The point through which the which moments are ta$en to centre of gravity acts calculate the position of the centre of pressure The vertical distance from The horizontal distance the datum to the centre of between the fully loaded gravity of the helicopter or of helicopterBs centre of gravity an item placed in the and the centre of gravity of an helicopter individual item in the helicopter =as a negative arm and =as a positive arm and therefore generates a therefore generates a positive

MASS AND BALANCE

subj 031 - load placed aft of the datum! Domanda RispostaA negative moment =as a positive arm and therefore generates a positive moment RispostaD positive moment =as a positive arm and therefore generates a positive moment but negative mass The mass of the item The mass of the item divided The distance the item is from The square of the distance multiplied by itBs distance by itBs distance from the the datum divided by itBs mass the item is from the datum from the datum datum divided by itBs mass 1oment "entre of gravity 1oment arm Force Fb ; - x Fa ' ? Fb ; - 5 Fa ' ? Forward limit . .0 m aft limit . 30 m Forward limit . &( m aft limit . /& m Forward limit . .0 m aft limit . 30 m Forward limit . .. m aft limit . // m 0& da:'mQ .00 da:'mQ 13& da:'mQ 1.0 $g must be off loaded Fb ; - x ? ' Fa Fb ; ? x Fa ' RispostaB negative mass and moment =as a negative arm and therefore generates a negative moment and mass RispostaC mass and moment =as a negative arm and therefore generates a negative moment but a positive mass Check

031 The moment for an item is

031 The mass of an item multiplied by itBs distance from the datum is itBs 031 *For this question use annex 031%13..3.-+ For the following see%saw to be in balance

031 *For this question use annex 031%13332- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%1+ -t the Forward limit . &( m aft maximum landing mass the range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in the manual is! limit . /& m 031 *For this question use annex 031%13330- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%1+ The helicopter Forward limit . .0 m aft has a Ta$e%4ff 1ass of 0000$g. -t this mass the range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in limit . 30 m the manual is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%1333/- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%1+ The helicopter Forward limit . .. m aft has a landing mass of 0&00 $g. The range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in the manual is! limit . // m 031 *For this question use annex 031%13333- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%1+ The helicopter Forward limit . .0 m aft has a mass of /000 $g in the cruise. The range of safe "# positions as determined from the appropriate graph in the limit . /0 m manual is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%133.0 - or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%&+ Feferring to && da: the GilotBs Flight 1anual for the transport helicopter TCT=1 the maximum load for the aft cargo bay in section ? is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%133.1- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%&+ Feferring to (&0 da: the GilotBs Flight 1anual for the transport helicopter TCT=R the maximum load for the aft cargo bay in section " is! 031 *For this question use annex 031%133.(- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%&+ Feferring to 11& da: the GilotBs Flight 1anual for the transport helicopter TCT=1 the maximum load for the aft cargo bay in section - is! 031 - pallet having a freight platform which measures 100 cm x 1&0 cm has a total mass of 300 $g. The pallet is carried on (0 $g may be added two ground supports each measuring (0 cm x 100 cm. Hsing the maximum floor loading intensity for the cargo compartment of the helicopter of /00 $g'mQ calculate how much mass may be added to or must be off loaded from the pallet in order for the load intensity to match the maximum permitted distribution load intensity for the cargo compartment. 031 *For this question use annex 031%133..- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%&+ From the 1&00 da:'mQ GilotBs Flight 1anual of the transport helicopter TCT=1 the cabin floor has a maximum load carrying capacity *maximum floor load+ of! 031 The maximum mass to which a helicopter may be loaded prior to engine start is! maximum structural taxi mass 031 "onsidering only structural limitations on long distance flights *at the helicopterBs maximum range+ the traffic load is the maximum ta$e%off normally limited by! mass 031 The 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass is a limit which may not be exceeded for any ta$e%off

Forward limit . .0 m aft limit Forward limit . &0 m aft . /2 m limit . /& m Forward limit . .0 m aft limit Forward limit . &( m aft . 20 m limit . 20 m Forward limit . &0 m aft limit Forward limit . .0 m aft . /2 m limit . /& m Forward limit . &( m aft limit Forward limit . &( m aft . /& m limit . 30 m 11& da: 11& da: && da: 300 $g may be added &&0 lb /0 lbs'ftQ 1(0 lb 1. $g must be off loaded

11& da:

1&00 da:

13& da:'mQ

maximum regulated taxi mass the zero fuel mass a ta$e%off limiting mass which is affected by the aerodrome altitude and temperature includes unusable fuel and reserve fuel.

maximum structural ta$e%off mass the zero fuel mass plus the ta$e%off mass a ta$e%off limiting mass which is governed by the gradient of climb after reaching Ky includes fuel and passengers baggage and cargo.

maximum regulated ta$e%off mass the maximum landing mass limited by the ta$e%off distance available. 6t is tabulated in the flight manual includes passengers and cargo.

031 The 7ry 4perating 1ass of a helicopter

is the total mass of the helicopter ready for a specific type of operation. 031 )hile ma$ing mass and balance calculations for a particular helicopter the term D ?asic Cmpty 1assD applies to the sum unusable fuel and full all the oil fuel and hydraulic of airframe engine*s+ fixed ballast plus! operating fluids fluid but not including crew and traffic load 031 )hen establishing the mass brea$down of a helicopter the ?asic Cmpty 1ass is defined as the sum of the!

all the consumable fuel and oil all the oil and fuel but not including any radio or navigation equipment installed by the manufacturer standard empty mass plus empty mass dry plus variable basic mass plus variable basic mass plus special specific equipment mass equipment mass equipment mass equipment mass plus operating fluids plus unusable fuel mass

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda 031 The term D?asic Cmpty 1assD includes the mass of the helicopter structure complete with its powerplants systems furnishings and other items of equipment considered to be an integral part of the particular helicopter configuration. 6ts value is RispostaB inclusive of an allowance for crew crew baggage and other operating items. 6t is entered in the loading manifest 031 The ?asic Cmpty 1ass of a helicopter is recorded in the weighing schedule and the weighing schedule. 6f is amended to ta$e changes occur due to account of changes due to modifications the helicopter modifications of the must be re%weighed always helicopter 031 The ta$e%off mass of a helicopter is /.(0 $g which includes a traffic load of 12.0 $g and a usable fuel load of 11&0 $g. 6f &230 $g &300 $g the standard mass for the crew is (00 $g the dry operating mass is 031 The ta$e%off mass of a helicopter is /200 $g which includes a traffic load of 1/30 $g and a usable fuel load of 1(30 $g. 6f &./0 $g &(30 $g the standard mass for the crew is 130 $g the dry operating mass is 031 The ta$e%off mass of a helicopter is /(10 $g which includes a traffic load of 10(0 $g and a usable fuel load of 1210 $g. 6f .//0 $g .&/0 $g the standard mass for the crew is 300 $g the dry operating mass is 031 The ta$e%off mass of a helicopter is 0/.0 $g which includes a traffic load of /00 $g and a usable fuel load of 320 $g. 6f the 2010 $g &220 $g standard mass for the crew is 3&0 $g the dry operating mass is 031 The ?asic Cmpty 1ass of a helicopter is .21& $g. The masses of the following items are % rescue hoist /3 $g % crew 320 &02. $g 0/.3 $g $g % ta$e%off fuel 13&0 $g % unusable fuel 3& $g % traffic load 1.00 $g The dry operating mass is! 031 The ?asic Cmpty 1ass of a helicopter is &3(( $g. The masses of the following items are! % rescue hoist 31 $g % crew 320 &003 $g 0&33 $g $g % ta$e%off fuel 33& $g % unusable fuel (& $g % traffic load /00 $g The dry operating mass is! 031 The ?asic Cmpty 1ass of a helicopter is &./0 $g. The masses of the following items are! % rescue hoist 1(1 $g % crew 1/0 &0/1 $g 0.0. $g $g % ta$e%off fuel 1010 $g % unusable fuel 13 $g % traffic load 200 $g The dry operating mass is! 031 The 8ero Fuel 1ass of a helicopter is always! the ta$e%off mass minus the ta$e%off mass minus the the ta$e%off fuel mass extra fuel mass 031 The ta$e%off mass of a helicopter is /.00 $g. Total fuel on board is 1200 $g including .&0 $g reserve fuel and (3 $g of 2/33 $g 2/00 $g unusable fuel. The traffic load is 000 $g. The zero fuel mass is! 031 The ta$e%off mass of a helicopter is 3000 $g. Total fuel on board is 1300 $g including 300 $g reserve fuel and (0 $g of 01(0 $g 0100 $g unusable fuel. The traffic load is 1000 $g. The zero fuel mass is! 031 The ta$e%off mass of a helicopter is 2000 $g. Total fuel on board is /00 $g including (00 $g reserve fuel and 13 $g of &313 $g &300 $g unusable fuel. The traffic load is 300 $g. The zero fuel mass is! 031 The maximum quantity of fuel that can be loaded into a helicopterBs tan$s is given as ((00 l. 6f the fuel density *specific 103/ $g (0/& $g gravity+ is given as 0.03 the mass of fuel which may be loaded is! 031 The maximum quantity of fuel that can be loaded into a helicopterBs tan$s is given as 11(0 l. 6f the fuel density *specific //& $g 1.1/ $g gravity+ is given as 0.03 the mass of fuel which may be loaded is! 031 The maximum quantity of fuel that can be loaded into a helicopterBs tan$s is given as &2& l. 6f the fuel density *specific ..2 $g 01& $g gravity+ is given as 0.03 the mass of fuel which may be loaded is! 031 The maximum quantity of fuel that can be loaded into a helicopterBs tan$s is given as /00 H9 #allons. 6f the fuel density (33( $g 3/33 $g *specific gravity+ is given as 0.03 the mass of fuel which may be loaded is! 031 The maximum quantity of fuel that can be loaded into a helicopterBs tan$s is given as 200 H9 #allons. 6f the fuel density 103. $g (/0& $g *specific gravity+ is given as 0.03 the mass of fuel which may be loaded is! 031 The maximum quantity of fuel that can be loaded into a helicopterBs tan$s is given as .00 H9 #allons. 6f the fuel density 1132 $g 1312 $g *specific gravity+ is given as 0.03 the mass of fuel which may be loaded is! 031 - helicopter is performance limited to a landing mass of 0&&0 $g. The basic empty mass is &(00 $g the dry operating (0/0 $g (./0 $g mass is &&00 $g and the zero fuel mass is &3/0 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 03/0 $g the useful load is 031 - helicopter is performance limited to a landing mass of 0&&0 $g. The basic empty mass is &300 $g the dry operating (2/0 $g (./0 $g mass is &&00 $g and the zero fuel mass is &3/0 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 03/0 $g the useful load is 031 - helicopter is performance limited to a landing mass of 03&0 $g. The basic empty mass is ./00 $g the dry operating 3(10 $g (320 $g mass is &0&0 $g and the zero fuel mass is 2(10 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is /010 $g the useful load is 031 - helicopter is performance limited to a landing mass of 2330 $g. The basic empty mass is .320 $g the dry operating (200 $g (.10 $g mass is &((0 $g and the zero fuel mass is 20.0 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 0230 $g the useful load is 031 *For this question use -nnex 031%1330.- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 1-99 -:7 ?-A-:"C Gage 2%&+ For (320 l /(.1 l the transport helicopter TCT=1 from the GilotBs Flight 1anual determine the maximum total volume of fuel which can RispostaA found in the latest version of the weighing schedule as corrected to allow for modifications RispostaC RispostaD Check found in the flight manual and printed in the loading is inclusive of usable fuel plus manual and includes usable fluids contained in closed fuel systems the loading manifest. 6t differs the loading manifest. 6t from dry operating mass by the differs from the zero fuel value of the useful load. mass by the value of the traffic load 00&0 $g 2010 $g 2.30 $g 2300 $g &033 $g &03/ $g &03. $g the ta$e%off mass minus the traffic load 2.(0 $g 20/0 $g &2/1 $g (03/ $g /&/ $g .2. $g (/03 $g (1&& $g 1.30 $g (000 $g (000 $g 1/00 $g 1&30 $g (1(1 l 0(00 $g /.10 $g 0310 $g 0.30 $g 2..3 $g 2./( $g 2/0. $g the maximum ta$e%off mass minus the ta$e%off fuel 2100 $g 2100 $g &000 $g 103/ $g 1011 $g &(/ $g .20. $g 3.&3 $g (30( $g ./0 $g ./0 $g 1120 $g /(0 $g 1/23 l

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda be loaded into the 9tandard Tan$ Kersion *0%Tan$ Kersion+. Fuel density! 0.03 $g'l 031 *For this question use -nnex 031%1330&- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 1-99 -:7 ?-A-:"C Gage 2%&+ For the transport helicopter TCT=1 from the GilotBs Flight 1anual determine the maximum total mass of fuel which can be loaded into the 9tandard Tan$ Kersion *0%Tan$ Kersion+. Fuel density! 0.03 $g'l 031 The basic empty mass of a helicopter as given in the weighing schedule is .310 $g. The operational items *including crew+ is given as a mass of 3(0 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 03/0 $g *including a usable fuel quantity of 10/0 $g+ the useful load is 031 The basic empty mass of a helicopter as given in the weighing schedule is .210 $g. The operational items *including crew+ is given as a mass of &30 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 2320 $g *including a usable fuel quantity of /00 $g+ the useful load is 031 The basic empty mass of a helicopter as given in the weighing schedule is &(00 $g. The operational items *including crew+ is given as a mass of (00 $g. 6f the ta$e%off mass is 0/.0 $g *including a usable fuel quantity of 1((0 $g+ the useful load is 031 The following data applies to a helicopter which is about to ta$e off! 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass /200 $g Gerformance Aimited Ta$e%4ff 1ass /.00 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass &110 $g "rew and operating items (30 $g Ta$e%4ff Fuel 1.20 $g From this data calculate the mass of the useful load. 031 The following data applies to a helicopter which is about to ta$e off! 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass 0.00 $g Gerformance Aimited Ta$e%4ff 1ass 0300 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass ./30 $g "rew and operating items (00 $g Ta$e%4ff Fuel 1000 $g From this data calculate the mass of the useful load. 031 The following data applies to a helicopter which is about to ta$e off! 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass /.00 $g Gerformance Aimited Ta$e%4ff 1ass 03(0 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass &(30 $g "rew and operating items .20 $g Ta$e%4ff Fuel 3/0 $g From this data calculate the mass of the useful load. 031 The crew of a transport helicopter prepares a flight using the following data! ?loc$ Fuel! 12&0 $g Trip Fuel! .30 $g Taxi Fuel! 3& $g 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass! /200 $g Gerformance Aimited Aanding 1ass! /000 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &1.0 $g The maximum traffic load for this flight is! 031 The crew of a transport helicopter prepares a flight using the following data! ?loc$ Fuel! 1(00 $g Trip Fuel! 330 $g Taxi Fuel! (& $g 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass! /200 $g Gerformance Aimited Aanding 1ass! /100 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &030 $g The maximum traffic load for this flight is! 031 The crew of a transport helicopter prepares a flight using the following data! ?loc$ Fuel! 1.30 $g Trip Fuel! &(0 $g Taxi Fuel! (0 $g 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass! /200 $g Gerformance Aimited Aanding 1ass! 0000 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &110 $g The maximum traffic load for this flight is! 031 The crew of a transport helicopter prepares a flight using the following data! 7ry 4perating 1ass! &0.0 $g ?loc$ Fuel! 1.00 $g Taxi Fuel! 1& $g 1aximum 9tructural Taxi 1ass! 0/00 $g -llowed Ta$e%4ff 1ass! 0.00 $g The maximum Traffic Aoad for this flight is! 031 The crew of a transport helicopter prepares a flight using the following data! 7ry 4perating 1ass! .3(0 $g ?loc$ Fuel! 1130 $g Taxi Fuel! (0 $g 1aximum 9tructural Taxi 1ass /000 $g -llowed Ta$e%4ff 1ass! 02&0 $g The maximum traffic load available for this flight is! 031 The crew of a transport helicopter prepares a flight using the following data! 7ry 4perating 1ass &(10 $g ?loc$ Fuel! 3/0 $g Taxi Fuel! 1& $g 1aximum 9tructural Taxi 1ass! /200 $g -llowed Ta$e%4ff 1ass! /.&0 $g The maximum traffic load available for this flight is! 031 The Ta$e%4ff 1ass of a helicopter is /.00 $g comprising a traffic load of 1&30 $g and ta$e off fuel of 1/.0 $g. The trip fuel is 1000 $g. )hat is the 7ry 4perating 1ass, 031 The Ta$e%4ff 1ass of a helicopter is /1&0 $g comprising a Traffic Aoad of 330 $g and Ta$e%4ff Fuel of (.00 $g. The Trip Fuel is 1230 $g . )hat is the 7ry 4perating 1ass, 031 The Ta$e%4ff 1ass of a helicopter is /3.0 $g comprising a Traffic Aoad of 1/00 $g and Ta$e%off Fuel of 1230 $g. The Trip Fuel is 3/0 $g. )hat is the 7ry 4perating 1ass, 031 Grior to departure the medium transport helicopter is loaded with maximum fuel of (320 l at a fuel density *specific gravity+ of 0.03. Hsing the following data 1aximum 9tructural Taxi 1ass! /200 $g 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass! /200 $g Gerformance Aimited Ta$e%4ff 1ass ! /&.0 $g Gerformance Aimited Aanding 1ass! /310 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &0(0 $g Taxi Fuel! 1& $g Trip Fuel! 1030 $g "ontingency and Final Feserve Fuel! ./0 $g -lternate Fuel! (&0 $g The maximum permissible Traffic Aoad is 031 Grior to departure the medium transport helicopter is loaded with maximum fuel of (320 l at a fuel density *specific gravity+ of 0.03. Hsing the following data 1aximum 9tructural Taxi 1ass! /200 $g 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass! /200 $g Gerformance Aimited Ta$e%4ff 1ass! /.30 $g Gerformance Aimited Aanding 1ass! /200 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &010 $g Taxi Fuel! 10 $g Trip Fuel! 10/0 $g "ontingency and Final Feserve Fuel! .00 $g -lternate Fuel! (.0 $g RispostaA 1/23 $g (320 $g RispostaB (332 $g RispostaC /(.1$g RispostaD Check

3000 $g

(0&0 $g

1200 $g

1.00 $g

(3&0 $g

1/(0 $g

10(0 $g

1330 $g

(2.0 $g

(300 $g

11&0 $g

1.30 $g

32&0 $g

3(00 $g

3320 $g

1300 $g

(200 $g

(000 $g

(.00 $g

000 $g

31&0 $g

3230 $g

(230 $g

1010 $g

120& $g

1/10 $g

100& $g

(/20 $g

(1&& $g

((.0 $g

((1& $g

3010 $g

12.0 $g

(000 $g

13/0 $g

(&30 $g

30& $g

/30 $g

130& $g

1(30 $g

12(0 $g

1200 $g

13&0 $g

1330 $g

((0& $g

((20 $g

(.10 $g

(33& $g

.300 $g .020 $g .0/0 $g 122& $g

3300 $g 3130 $g 3/00 $g 12&0 $g

&300 $g 2330 $g &020 $g 1&00 $g

2/10 $g 0120 $g 2.00 $g 1.3& $g

12(0 $g

1210 $g

1&&0 $g

1030 $g

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda 01( $g RispostaA 230 $g RispostaB 00( $g RispostaC &(( $g RispostaD Check the maximum permissible Traffic Aoad is! 031 Grior to departure the medium transport helicopter is loaded with maximum fuel of ((.. l at a fuel density *specific gravity+ of 0.03. Hsing the following data 1aximum 9tructural Taxi 1ass! 0.00 $g 1aximum 9tructural Ta$e%4ff 1ass! 0.00 $g Gerformance Aimited Ta$e%4ff 1ass! 0(/0 $g Gerformance Aimited Aanding 1ass! 23.0 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! .0&0 $g Taxi Fuel! 1& $g Trip Fuel! //0 $g "ontingency and Final Feserve Fuel! &00 $g -lternate Fuel! (20 $g the maximum permissible traffic load is! 031 - transport helicopter with a tan$ capacity of (&3( litres is to operate a flight carrying the maximum possible fuel load. #iven! Fuel density! 0.03 $g'l Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass! /(.0 $g Gerformance limited landing mass! /&00 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &.(0 $g Fuel required for the flight! Taxi Fuel! not required Trip Fuel! 100& $g "ontingency and Final Feserve Fuel! 1/0 $g -lternate Fuel! .20 $g -dditional Fuel! (00 $g Traffic Aoad! 2/0 $g The maximum permissible Ta$e%4ff Fuel load for this flight is! 031 - transport helicopter with a tan$ capacity of (&3( litres is to operate a flight carrying the maximum possible fuel load. #iven! Fuel density! 0.03 $g'l Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass! 0./0 $g Gerformance limited landing mass! 2300 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &330 $g Fuel required for flight! Taxi Fuel! (& $g Trip Fuel! /.0 $g "ontingency and Final Feserve Fuel! 110 $g -lternate Fuel! .00 $g -dditional Fuel! 100 $g Traffic Aoad for flight! 13&0 $g The maximum permissible Ta$e%4ff Fuel load for this flight is! 031 - transport helicopter with a tan$ capacity of (&3( litres is to operate a flight carrying the maximum possible fuel load. #iven! Fuel density! 0.03 $g'l Gerformance limited ta$e%off mass! /300 $g Gerformance limited landing mass! 03(0 $g 7ry 4perating 1ass! &.00 $g Fuel required for flight! Taxi Fuel! 3& $g Trip Fuel! 010 $g "ontingency and Final Feserve Fuel! 10& $g -lternate Fuel! 3/0 $g -dditional Fuel! 1&0 $g Traffic Aoad for flight! 1&00 $g The permissible Ta$e%4ff Fuel load for this flight is! 031 - helicopter is to depart at an Ta$e%4ff 1ass of /((0 $g. Ta$e off Fuel *including Feserve Fuel of 010 $g+ is 10&0 $g. The ?asic Cmpty 1ass is .3(0 $g. "onsidering a total mass of crew and operating items of .(0 $g the permissible Traffic Aoad will be 031 - helicopter is to depart at an Ta$e%4ff 1ass of /200 $g. Ta$e off Fuel *including Feserve Fuel of 3(0 $g+ is 1/.0 $g. The ?asic Cmpty 1ass is .3.0 $g. "onsidering a total mass of crew and operating items of ..0 $g the permissible Traffic Aoad will be 031 - helicopter is to depart at an Ta$e%4ff 1ass of /0.0 $g. Ta$e%off Fuel *including Feserve Fuel of 2/0 $g+ is 10&0 $g. The ?asic Cmpty 1ass is &0&0 $g. "onsidering a total mass of crew and operating items of &10 $g the permissible Traffic Aoad will be 031 #iven! 1aximum structural ta$e%off mass! /200 $g 1aximum structural landing mass! /200 $g 8ero Fuel 1ass! 2&00 $g Taxi Fuel! 1& $g "ontingency fuel! 110 $g -lternate fuel! 200 $g Final Feserve Fuel! 130 $g Trip Fuel! 300 $g The expected Aanding 1ass at destination will be 031 #iven! 1aximum structural ta$e%off mass! /3&0 $g 1aximum structural landing mass! /3&0 $g 8ero Fuel 1ass! 2(10 $g Taxi Fuel! 10 $g "ontingency Fuel! 30 $g -lternate Fuel! 300 $g Final Feserve Fuel! .00 $g Trip Fuel! 0/0 $g The expected Aanding 1ass at destination will be! 031 #iven! 1aximum structural ta$e%off mass! 0.00 $g 1aximum structural landing mass! 0.00 $g 8ero Fuel 1ass! &330 $g Taxi Fuel! 1& $g "ontingency Fuel! 110 $g -lternate Fuel! (0& $g Final Feserve Fuel! (&0 $g Trip Fuel! 020 $g The expected Aanding 1ass at destination will be 031 #iven! 7ry 4perating 1ass! &(10 $g 8ero Fuel 1ass! 2(30 $g Trip Fuel! 330 $g Ta$e%4ff Fuel! 1&30 $g The Traffic Aoad is! 031 #iven! 7ry 4perating 1ass! .3(0 $g 8ero Fuel 1ass! &0.0 $g Trip Fuel! 200 $g Ta$e%4ff Fuel! 10&0 $g The Traffic Aoad is! 031 #iven! 7ry 4perating 1ass! &3(0 $g 8ero Fuel 1ass! 2030 $g Trip Fuel! 000 $g Ta$e%4ff Fuel! 1310 $g The Traffic Aoad is! 031 #iven! 8ero Fuel 1ass! .3(0 $g Trip Fuel! //0 $g ?loc$ Fuel! 1330 $g Taxi Fuel! (& $g The actual Ta$e%4ff 1ass is equal to! 031 #iven! 8ero Fuel 1ass! .000 $g Trip Fuel! 10.0 $g ?loc$ Fuel! 1320 $g Taxi Fuel! (0 $g The actual Ta$e%4ff 1ass is equal to! 031 #iven! 8ero Fuel 1ass! 2220 $g Trip Fuel! 330 $g ?loc$ Fuel! 1&.0 $g Taxi Fuel! (& $g The actual Ta$e%4ff 1ass is equal to! 031 The maximum load specified in the loading chart is exceeded by 10 percent. )hat action must be ta$en,

(000 $g

(1.0 $g

1/.& $g

1&&0 $g

1220 $g

12/& $g

(000 $g

1/00 $g

1.00 $g

1.3& $g

(000 $g

10/& $g

1130 $g

1&&0 $g

(&30 $g

10.0 $g

13/0 $g

1/(0 $g

(0.0 $g

3(0 $g

030 $g

1300 $g

(310 $g

1010 $g

03.0 $g

/310 $g

/3(& $g

/200 $g

0000 $g

00/0 $g

0030 $g

/3&0 $g

22(& $g

03/& $g

0.00 $g

013& $g

10(0 $g /(0 $g 1.00 $g 2((& $g 2010 $g /10& $g Feduce useful load

3330 $g (120 $g 30/0 $g 2(&0 $g 2030 $g /(00 $g Ta$e off carefully

(300 $g 13.0 $g 1210 $g 2/10 $g &/30 $g 0(10 $g :one since a 10 percent greater load is still within the specified safety margin

(3/0 $g (./0 $g (3.0 $g 2320 $g .300 $g /110 $g 6ncrease rotor speed by 10 percent

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda 031 )hat are the criteria for correct loading of a helicopter, RispostaA RispostaB "orrect distribution of the -dherence to the maximum useful load and adherence mass limitations to the maximum mass limitations forward of the helicopter at the centre of gravity by the manufacturer of the helicopter 9hift something of load items to a more rear position and compute again 133 $g by the operator of the helicopter Aoad something aft of the centre%of%gravity so that the helicopter regains the allowable centre%of%gravity range 133 da: Ses the reduced mass can only have a positive effect RispostaC 1aximum allowable baggage mass in the aft cargo compartment below the rotor centre by the :ational -viation -uthority Ta$e off RispostaD "orrect distribution of the useful load Check

031 The longitudinal reference *datum line+ for determining the moment arm is generally located 031 The longitudinal reference *datum line+ for determining the moment arm is defined 031 The forward centre%of%gravity limit of a helicopter is located at (.&. m. The maximum allowable mass has been reached. The loading computation has shown a forward centre%of%gravity position at (.&3 m. *The datum is located forward of the helicopter.+ )hat action must be ta$en,

aft of the helicopter by the pilot in command of the helicopter Hnload something aft of the centre of gravity and compute again

031 )hat mass has to be entered in the loading chart for aviation fuel F 3. if 100 l may be refuelled, *Fuel density ; 0.0/ $g'l+ 031 *For this question use annex 031%13.1&-+ The aft centre%of%gravity limit is located at (.2. m. The datum is located in front of the helicopter. 6s it allowed to fly under otherwise identical conditions if a pilot weighing 10 $g less as given in the table,

100 $g Ses the new centre of gravity is located 1 cm forward of the aft limit *thus within the allowable range+

(1/ $g Ses the new centre of gravity is now located more forward within the allowable range Ses the new centre of gravity is now located more forward within the allowable range. Ses the new centre of gravity is now located more bac$ward within the allowable range.

:o the new centre of gravity is located 1 cm aft of the aft limit *thus outside the allowable range+ 031 *For this question use -nnex 031%13.12-+ The aft centre%of%gravity limit is located at (.&0 m. The datum is located in Ses the new centre of front of the helicopter. 6s it allowed to fly under otherwise identical conditions if a pilot weighing 10 $g less as given in gravity is located 1 cm the table, forward of the aft limit thus still within the allowable range. 031 *For this question use annex 031%13.10-+ The aft centre%of%gravity limit is located at (.&0 m. The datum is located in Ses the new centre of front of the helicopter. 6s it allowed to fly under otherwise identical conditions if a pilot weighing 10 $g more as given in gravity is located 1 cm the table, forward of the aft limit thus within the allowable range. 031 )hen is a reweighing of a helicopter required, -t least every four years. 031 )hen has the centre of gravity to be computed, Grior to every flight

:o the new centre of gravity Ses the reduced mass can only is located 1 cm aft of the aft have a positive effect limit thus outside the allowable range. :o the new centre of gravity Ses the increased mass can is located 1 cm aft of the aft only have a positive effect. limit thus outside the allowable range. Grior to every flight.

031 *For this question use annex 031%13.(0- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A 9CG=1 A616T-T64:9 Gage (%(+ )here has the 100 inches forward of longitudinal reference *datum line+ been defined on the single engine piston helicopter 9CG=1, main rotor centreline 031 *For this question use annex 031%13.(1- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A TCT=1 1-99 -:7 ?-A-:"C Gage 2%1+ )here has the longitudinal reference *datum plane+ been defined on the twin engine transport helicopter TCT=1, 031 )ho determines the allowable centre%of%gravity range for a helicopter, 031 *For this question use annex 031%13.(3- or =CA6"4GTCF 1-:H-A 9CG=1 1-99 -:7 ?-A-:"C Gage 2%3+ )here is the longitudinal centre%of%gravity at basic empty mass * 7elivered )eight+ of the single engine piston helicopter 9CG=1 located, 031 The single point through which the resultant of all the individual mass components ma$ing up the loaded helicopter act in a vertical direction is the! 031 - helicopter in the hover that requires an excessive amount of forward and right cyclic may indicate the centre of gravity is too far 031 - helicopter in the hover that requires an excessive amount of aft and right cyclic may indicate the centre of gravity is too far! 031 Cxceeding the forward centre of gravity limit will result in! ..20 m forward of the main rotor centre. The manufacturer of the helicopter at 100.3 inches

7uring every yearly inspection. -fter every .00%hrs inspection. -fter every .00%hrs -t least every four years 7uring every yearly inspection inspection -t the centreline of the The longitudinal reference has -t the centre of gravity helicopter through the main not been defined rotor -t the most forward point of The longitudinal reference has -t the rotor mast the radom. not been defined The national aviation The pilot in command The licensed engineer authority carrying out weighing at the main rotor centre line at 113.01. inches at 3&.1 inches

"entre of #ravity aft and laterally too far to the left Forward and laterally too far to the left The helicopter being nose heavy and the pilot may run out of aft cyclic exceed its forward centre of gravity limits when

4perating 1ass aft and laterally too far to the right -ft and laterally too far to the left The helicopter being nose heavy and the pilot may run out of forward cyclic exceed its aft centre of gravity limits when ta$ing

"entre of helicopter forward and laterally too far to the left -ft and laterally too far to the right The helicopter being tail heavy and the pilot may run out of forward cyclic exceed its forward centre of gravity limits when ta$ing off

"entre of pressure forward and laterally too far to the right Forward and laterally too far to the right The helicopter being tail heavy and the pilot may run out of forward cyclic exceed its aft centre of gravity limits when landing

031 - helicopter with its fuel tan$s located aft of the centre of gravity is more prone to

MASS AND BALANCE

subj Domanda RispostaA landing with little fuel. /.0 $g 1.0/ $g 1.30 $g RispostaB off with its fuel tan$s less than half full. (3/ $g 1&2 $g 1/1 $g RispostaC with full fuel. 1300 $g 10(/ $g 1/0( $g RispostaD with little fuel. 13( $g 133 $g 1.. $g Check

031 The baggage compartment of a particular helicopter is 1 ( m wide by 1 . m long and has a maximum floor loading of &00 $g per square metre. )hat is the maximum capacity of the baggage compartment limited by maximum floor load only! 031 The baggage compartment of a particular helicopter is ( ( m wide by 1 . m long and has a maximum floor loading of ./0 $g per square metre. )hat is the maximum capacity of the baggage compartment limited by maximum floor load only! 031 The baggage compartment of a particular helicopter is 1 ( m wide by ( . m long and has a maximum floor loading of &(0 $g per square metre. )hat is the maximum mass capacity of the baggage compartment *limited by maximum floor load only+! 031 The baggage compartment of a particular helicopter is 1 1 m wide by 1 . m long and has a maximum floor loading of 300 $g per square metre. )hat is the maximum mass capacity of the baggage compartment *limited by maximum floor load only+! 031 The 7ry 4perating 1ass of a helicopter is the sum of the following! 031 The 7ry 4perating 1ass of a helicopter is the sum of the following! 031 The 8ero Fuel 1ass is the mass of the helicopter!

.2( $g

13& $g

0&0 $g

1(0 $g

031 The 8ero Fuel 1ass is the mass of the helicopter!

?asic Cmpty 1ass 5 crew 5 operating items ?asic Cmpty 1ass 5 crew 5 operating items 6ncluding traffic load and unusable fuel but excluding usable fuel Cxcluding usable fuel

?asic Cmpty 1ass5 crew 5 traffic load ?asic Cmpty 1ass5 crew 5 traffic load 6ncluding traffic load but excluding both usable and unusable fuel Cxcluding usable and unusable fuel

031 The Traffic Aoad is defined as!

031 The Traffic Aoad is defined as!

031 4verloading has the following effects on performance!

031 *For this question use annex 031%13.&0-+ For the following see%saw to be in balance 031 *For this question use annex 031%13.&1-+ For the following boom to be in balance 031 *For this question use annex 031%13.&(-+ For the following boom to be in balance! 031 *For this question use annex 031%13.&3-+ "alculate the position of the centre of gravity for the following loaded helicopter!

The total mass of passengers baggage and cargo including any non revenue load The total mass of passengers and their baggage plus any cargo 6ncreased ta$e off and landing distance reduced rate of climb and increased fuel consumption Fc ; Fa ' 3 ? ; Fa x - ' Fb - ; ? x Fb ' Fa . 1.

?asic Cmpty 1ass5 crew 5 traffic load 5 usable fuel ?asic Cmpty 1ass5 crew 5 traffic load 5 taxi fuel Cxcluding usable fuel and traffic load but including unusable fuel )hen weighed for issue or renewal of its weight schedule and excludes crew traffic load usable and unusable fuel The total mass of passengers The total mass of flight crew The total mass of crew and baggage cargo and usable passengers baggage cargo and passengers excluding any fuel usable fuel baggage or cargo The total mass of the helicopter prior to ta$e%off 6ncreased ta$e off and landing distance increased rate of climb and increased fuel consumption Fc ; 3Fa ? ; Fb x - ' Fa - ; ? 5 Fb ' Fa 1 /0 The total mass of the helicopter The total mass of flight prior to ta$e%off minus usable crew passengers and usable fuel fuel Feduced ta$e off and landing Feduced ta$e off and distance increased K:C and landing distance increased increased fuel consumption K:C and reduced rate of climb Fc ; Fa ' 3? ; % *Fa x - ' Fb+ - ; ? x Fa ' Fb ( .( Fc ; 3 ' Fa ? ; Fb 5 - ' Fa - ; ? * Fa 5 Fb+ . (.

?asic Cmpty 1ass5 crew 5 usable fuel ?asic Cmpty 1ass5 crew 5 taxi fuel Cxcluding both usable and unusable fuel and also excluding traffic load 6ncluding unusable and reserve fuel