Professional Documents
Culture Documents
for the
Cambridge iGCSE Syllabus
B. Murphy
Contents
Topic Page Number
Topic 1 General Physics 2
Past Paper Questions 26
Topic 2 Thermal Physics 70
Past Paper Questions 83
Topic 3 Waves 108
Past Paper Questions 120
Topic 4 Electricity & Magnetism 146
Past Paper Questions 173
Topic 5 Atomic Physics 214
Past Paper Questions 221
Appendix
Syllabus 234
1
Topic 1:
General Physics
Length
It is measured in m/s.
It is measured in m/s
2
.
!b" Find the distance moved by the bike in the rst 20s.
0
3.75
7.50
11.25
15.00
0 5 10 15 20
Motion of a bike
S
p
e
e
d
(
m
/
s
)
time (s)
The Ticker$Timer
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
It is given by:
or
Stick to one set of units.
Water has a density of 1000 kg/!
3
or 1 g/c!
3
.
Materials with a smaller density than water will oat,
materials with a higher density than water will sink.
Density ( kg m
3
) =
mass(kg)
volume(m
3
)
Density ( g cm
3
) =
mass(g)
volume(cm
3
)
22
23
24
9
Density Calculation
Complete the following table:
Object
Density !kg/
m
3
"
Mass !kg" Volume !m
3
"
A 4000 2
B 8000 4
C 2000 1000
D 2000 4
a" Which object has the greatest mass?
b" Which has the smallest volume?
c" Which objects could be made of the same substance?
d" Which object would oat on water?
Irregular objects
Remain at rest
or
It is given by:
Moment(Nm) = Force(N) ! distance(m)
37
38
39
14
Example
Spanner
Nutcracker
Scissors
Centre of Mass
A burning match
A lightbulb
A petrol lawnmower
A car
Headphones
A microphone
A waterfall
Kinetic Energy
It is measured in joules.
KE =
1
2
mv
2
52
53
54
19
Gravitational Energy
It measured in joules.
GPE = mgh
The Principle of the
Conservation of Energy
The more useful energy that is produced, for the least input energy, the
more e&cient the process is.
It is calculated from:
or
Stick to one set of units
Pressure( N m
2
)=
Force(N)
Area(m
2
)
Pressure( N cm
2
)=
Force(N)
Area(cm
2
)
Examples
1. Calculate the Volume of the block.
2. Calculate the blocks density.
3. Calculate the blocks weight.
4. Calculate the area in contact with the ground.
1c!
1c!
2c!
20g
Examples
Generally, objects expand as they get hotter and contract as they get cooler.
Liquids expand more than solids on heating, and gases expand more than liquids.
Solids expand with the greatest force. Gases expand with the least force.
13
14
15
75
Questions on Expansion
The higher the temperature, the more energy the electrons will have, more
electrons will move and we get a greater voltage.
Transverse.
Longitudinal.
1
2
3
109
Transverse Waves
The mirror produces a virtual upright image behind the mirror, the same size as
the object and at the same distance as the object.
The distance between the lens and the focus is called the focal
length
focus focus
focal
length
focal
length
22
23
24
116
Sound travels at about 340 m/s in air. It travels faster in liquids and faster still in
solids.
Ultrasound is of a higher frequency than our ears can detect. #pre!natal scans, sonar$
Sound Waves
Low Frequency #Low pitch$ and Large
Amplitude #Loud$
Low Frequency #Low pitch$ and Small
Amplitude #Quiet$
High Frequency #High pitch$ and Large
Amplitude #Loud$
High Frequency #High pitch$ and Small
Amplitude #Quiet$
28
29
30
118
1
Wave Physics
Quantity and
symbol
Word equation / definition
Symbol
equation
units
Waves
Waves transfer energy from one place to
another without the mass movement of the
medium itself.
Transverse Waves
The oscillations are perpendicular to the
direction of wave travel. Examples include;
water waves, light, and any part of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Longitudinal Waves
The oscillations are parallel to the direction
of wave travel. Example is Sound.
Amplitude
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum
displacement of the particles from their
equilibrium position.
cm
m
Wave Speed, v
Speed is the rate of change of distance of the
wave. It can be calculated using the
speed/distance/time equation or,
Speed = frequency x wavelength
v = f !
cm/s
m/s
Wavelength, !
The distance between two adjacent crests, or
two adjacent troughs. Or the distance
between to adjacent points on a wave that are
in the same phase of motion.
Wavelength = speed
frequency
! = v
f
m
Frequency, f
The number of waves passing a point in 1
second, or the number of oscillations of a
particle or the source in 1 second
Frequency = speed
wavelength
f = v
!
Hertz, Hz
Time Period, T The time for one complete wave to pass a
point or the time for one complete oscillation
of a particle
Time Period =_____1________
frequency
T = _1_
f
seconds
Refection The angle of incidence is equal to the angle
of reflection.
i = r
Refraction Refraction is the change of direction that
occurs when waves enter, at an angle other
than 90
o
, a medium in which it travels at a
different speed.
Refractive Index, n Refractive index is
the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to
the sine of the angle of refraction (Snells
Law)
or the ratio of the speed of light in air or a
vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.
or the ratio of the real depth to the apparent
depth
n = sin i
sin r
n = c
v
n = R
A
No units,
its a
ration
119
2
Critical Angle, C The Critical Angle occurs inside the more
dense medium and is the angle of incidence,
at which the angle of refraction is 90
o
, i.e.
along the boundary between the mediums
n = ___1___
sin C
Total Internal
Reflection
Total internal reflection occurs at angles
greater than the critical angle inside a more
dense medium.
Diffraction Diffraction is the spreading out of waves as
they pass through a gap. The narrower the
gap the more diffraction there is.
Dispersion Dispersion is the splitting of light into the
colours of the spectrum, due to the different
speeds at which these colours travel in the
prism.
Speed of Light And all other waves in the electromagnet
spectrum
3.0 x10
8
m/s
Monochromatic Monochromatic means of one frequency.
Therefore if monochromatic light is passed
through a triangular prism dispersion will not
occur.
Speed of Sound 330 m/s
120
iGCSE Physics
Past Paper Questions
Paper 1 Compilation
Waves
121
9
0625/1/M/J/02
[Turn over
19 The diagrams show part of a water-heating system which is working by convection.
Which diagram shows the most likely flow of water in the system?
20 A drop of water from a tap falls onto the surface of some water of constant depth.
Water waves spread out on the surface of the water.
Which statement is true?
A The waves are longitudinal and travel at the same speed in all directions.
B The waves are longitudinal and travel more quickly in one direction than in others.
C The waves are transverse and travel at the same speed in all directions.
D The waves are transverse and travel more quickly in one direction than in others.
view from above
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
A
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
B
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
C
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
D
9
0625/1/M/J/02
[Turn over
19 The diagrams show part of a water-heating system which is working by convection.
Which diagram shows the most likely flow of water in the system?
20 A drop of water from a tap falls onto the surface of some water of constant depth.
Water waves spread out on the surface of the water.
Which statement is true?
A The waves are longitudinal and travel at the same speed in all directions.
B The waves are longitudinal and travel more quickly in one direction than in others.
C The waves are transverse and travel at the same speed in all directions.
D The waves are transverse and travel more quickly in one direction than in others.
view from above
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
A
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
B
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
C
hot
water
tank
boiler
heat
D
12
0625/1/M/J/02
25 A girl stands in front of a rock face.
The girl claps her hands once. The speed of sound in air is 330 m/ s.
How long is it before she hears the echo?
A s
B
s
C
s
D
s
26 Which diagram best shows the pattern of field lines around a bar magnet?
N S
A B
N S
N S
C D
N S
330
______
2 x 660
330
___
660
660
___
330
2 x 660
______
330
660 m
rock face
1.
2.
122
10
0625/1/M/J/02
21 A student measures how far a cork moves up and down on a wave in a tank of water.
Which quantity can he obtain from his measurement?
A amplitude
B frequency
C speed
D wavelength
22 Alpha-particles, beta-particles, gamma-rays and infra-red radiation may all be emitted from a
solid.
Which of these are included in the electromagnetic spectrum?
A alpha-particles and beta-particles
B alpha-particles and gamma-rays
C beta-particles and infra-red radiation
D gamma-rays and infra-red radiation
ruler
cork
direction
of wave
3.
4.
123
11
0625/1/M/J/02
[Turn over
23 The image of a clock face as seen in a plane mirror is shown.
What is the actual time on the clock?
A 1.25 B 1.35 C 10.25 D 10.35
24 Four sound waves W, X, Y and Z are displayed by an oscilloscope screen. The oscilloscope
settings are the same in each case.
Which two sounds have the same pitch?
A W and X
B W and Y
C X and Y
D X and Z
W X
Y Z
1 2
6
9 3
5.
6.
124
10
0625/01/M/J/03
22 Which statement is correct about the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?
A Ultra-violet waves have the greatest speed.
B Visible light waves have the greatest speed.
C Infra-red waves have the greatest speed.
D All electromagnetic waves have the same speed.
23 Which diagram correctly shows rays passing through a camera lens?
camera
film
image
lens
object
A
camera
film
image
lens
object
C
camera
film
image
lens
object
B
camera
film
image
lens
object
D
7.
125
11
0625/01/M/J/03
[Turn over
24 A sound wave passes through the air, in the direction shown.
8.
9.
126
10
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04
20 Water waves change direction when they move from shallow water to deep water.
shallow
water
deep
water
original
wave
direction
new wave
direction
What is the name of this effect?
A diffraction
B dispersion
C reflection
D refraction
21 A vertical stick is dipped up and down in water at P. In two seconds, three wave crests are
produced on the surface of the water.
P
X
Y
wave
crests
Which statement is true?
A Distance X is the amplitude of the waves.
B Distance Y is the wavelength of the waves.
C Each circle represents a wavefront.
D The frequency of the waves is 3Hz.
10.
11.
127
11
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04 [Turn over
22 A plane mirror is on a wall.
Which is a correct description of the image formed by the mirror?
A the right way up and smaller than the object
B the right way up and the same size as the object
C upside down and smaller than the object
D upside down and the same size as the object
23 The diagram shows a ray of light entering a block of glass.
1
2
3
4
normal
air
glass
ray of
light
Which numbered angles are the angles of incidence and of refraction?
angle
of incidence
angle
of refraction
A 1 3
B 1 4
C 2 3
D 2 4
12.
13.
128
12
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04
24 Three rays of light f all on a converging l ens as shown.
lens
Which di agram shows the path of the rays aft er passing through the l ens?
A B
C D
25 Which type of wave cannot travel through a vacuum?
A infra-red radi ation
B microwaves
C sound waves
D X-rays
14.
15.
129
13
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04 [Turn over
26 An engineer standing at P hears the sound of an explosion at X.
Z
Y
X
W
V
P
DANGER -
BLASTING
After the explosion, she hears two bangs. One bang is heard a fraction of a second after the
other.
The second bang is an echo from
A XY.
B PV.
C ZY.
D WX.
27 How can a permanent magnet be demagnetised?
A cool the magnet for a long time
B hit the magnet repeatedly with a hammer
C leave the magnet in a coil which carries direct current
D pass a small current through the magnet
28 An electromagnet is used to separate magnetic metals from non-magnetic metals.
Why is steel unsuitable as the core of the electromagnet?
A It is a good conductor of electricity.
B It forms a permanent magnet.
C It has a high density.
D It has a high thermal capacity.
9
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05 [Turn over
19 The di agram shows a block of ice pl aced in a warm room.
At which point is the t emperature the l owest?
table
clamp
ice
!
"
#
$
20 The drawing shows a wave.
Which l abell ed dist ance is the wavel ength?
A
B
C
D
21 Radio waves are received at a house at the bottom of a hill.
hill
The waves reach the house because the hill has caused them to be
A diffract ed.
B radi at ed.
C refl ect ed.
D refract ed.
16.
17.
130
10
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05
22 Which diagram correctly shows a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass block?
A B
C
D
23 The ray diagram shows how an image is formed by a converging lens.
24 cm 10 cm 8 cm
What is the focal length of this lens?
A 8 cm B 10 cm C 18 cm D 24 cm
9
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05 [Turn over
19 The diagram shows a block of ice placed in a warm room.
At which point is the temperature the l owest?
table
clamp
ice
!
"
#
$
20 The drawing shows a wave.
Which labelled distance is the wavelength?
A
B
C
D
21 Radio waves are received at a house at the bottom of a hill.
hill
The waves reach the house because the hill has caused them to be
A diffracted.
B radiated.
C reflected.
D refracted.
18.
19.
20.
131
11
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05 [Turn over
24 A fire al arm is not loud enough. An engineer adjusts it so that it produces a not e of the same pitch
which is louder.
What eff ect does this have on the amplitude and on the frequency of the sound?
amplitude frequency
A l arger l arger
B l arger same
C same l arger
D same same
25 To estimat e the width of a vall ey, a climber st arts a stopwatch as he shouts. He hears an echo
from the opposit e side of the vall ey aft er 1.0 s.
valley
sound
climber
The sound travels at 340 m / s.
What is the width of the vall ey?
A 85 m B 170 m C 340 m D 680 m
26 Which mat eri al is used for the core of an el ectromagnet?
A aluminium
B copper
C iron
D st eel
8
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06
19 Two pl astic cups are pl aced one inside the other. Hot wat er is poured into the inner cup and a lid
is put on top as shown.
lid
small spacer
small air gap
hot water
bench
Which st at ement is correct?
A Heat loss by radi ation is prevent ed by the small air gap.
B No heat passes through the sides of either cup.
C The bench is heat ed by convection from the bottom of the out er cup.
D The lid is used to reduce heat loss by convection.
20 Which is the best description of the speed of a wat er wave?
A the dist ance between one wave crest and the next
B the dist ance between the crest of a wave and a trough
C the dist ance that a particl e of wat er moves up and down in one second
D the dist ance that a wavefront moves along the surf ace in one second
21.
22.
23.
132
9
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06 [Turn over
21 Water waves travel more slowly in shallow water than in deep water.
Which diagram shows what will happen to plane waves in deep water when they enter shallow
water?
A
deep shallow
B
deep shallow
D
deep shallow
C
deep shallow
22 A ray of light passes through a window.
Which path does it take?
A
B
C
D
glass air air
24.
25.
133
10
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06
23 The diagram shows the image of a clock in a plane mirror.
What time is shown?
A 02:25 B 02:35 C 09:25 D 09:35
24 The diagram shows a man standing at X who shouts to a man standing at Y.
N
E
S
W
X
Y
The mans voice will be heard sooner and more clearly if the wind is blowing towards the
A north.
B south.
C east.
D west.
25 Sounds are made by vibrating objects. A certain object vibrates but a person nearby cannot hear
any sound.
Which statement might explain why nothing is heard?
A The amplitude of the sound waves is too large.
B The frequency of the vibration is too high.
C The sound waves are transverse.
D The speed of the sound waves is too high.
26.
27.
28.
134
9
0625/01/M/J/03
[Turn over
19 The diagram shows a heater used to heat a tank of cold water.
What is the main process by which heat moves through the water?
A conduction
B convection
C evaporation
D radiation
20 What causes refraction when light travels from air into glass?
A The amplitude of the light waves changes.
B The colour of the light changes.
C The frequency of the light waves changes.
D The speed of the light changes.
21 A woman tunes her radio to a station broadcasting on 200 m.
What does the 200m tell her about the radio wave?
A its amplitude
B its frequency
C its speed
D its wavelength
water
lagging
tank
heater
29.
9
0625/01/M/J/03
[Turn over
19 The diagram shows a heater used to heat a tank of cold water.
What is the main process by which heat moves through the water?
A conduction
B convection
C evaporation
D radiation
20 What causes refraction when light travels from air into glass?
A The amplitude of the light waves changes.
B The colour of the light changes.
C The frequency of the light waves changes.
D The speed of the light changes.
21 A woman tunes her radio to a station broadcasting on 200 m.
What does the 200m tell her about the radio wave?
A its amplitude
B its frequency
C its speed
D its wavelength
water
lagging
tank
heater
5.
30.
135
iGCSE Physics
Past Paper Questions
Paper 3 Compilation
Waves
136
7
0625/3/M/J/02 [Turn over
5 Fig. 5.1 shows an arrangement where a plane mirror is used in a shop to watch a display
counter. The arrangement is drawn to a scale of 1 cm : 1 m.
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) State the law of reflection.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) On Fig. 5.1, draw rays to show how much of the display cannot be seen from P.
Indicate this by shading in the part that cannot be seen.
[3]
(b) By construction on Fig. 5.1 and by using the scale, calculate how far the mirror must be
moved so that all of the display counter can be seen from P.
distance moved = .................................... [2]
(c) State the characteristics of an image seen in a plane mirror.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
display counter
wall
plane mirror
P
For
Examiners
Use
1.
137
8
0625/3/M/J/02
6 Observations of a distant thunderstorm are made.
(a) During a lightning flash, the average wavelength of the light emitted is 5 ! 10
7
m. This
light travels at 3 ! 10
8
m/s.
Calculate the average frequency of this light.
frequency = ...................................... [2]
(b) The interval between the lightning flash being seen and the thunder being heard is
3.6 s. The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
(i) Calculate the distance between the thunderstorm and the observer.
distance = ............................................
(ii) Explain why the speed of light is not taken into account in this calculation.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) A single ray of white light from the lightning is incident on a prism as shown in Fig. 6.1.
Fig. 6.1
Complete the path of the ray to show how a spectrum is formed on the screen. Label the
colours. [2]
ray of
light
prism
screen
For
Examiners
Use
2.
138
7
0625/3/M/J/03 [Turn over
6 Fig. 6.1 shows wavefronts of light crossing the edge of a glass block from air into glass.
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1
(i) draw in an incident ray, a normal and a refracted ray that meet at the same point on
the edge of the glass block,
(ii) label the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction,
(iii) measure the two angles and record their values.
angle of incidence = ..................................
angle of refraction = ..................................
[4]
(b) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.
refractive index = ..................................[3]
edge of glass
glass
air
direction in which
wavefronts
are moving
For
Examiners
Use
3.
139
8
0625/3/M/J/03
7 In a thunderstorm, both light and sound waves are generated at the same time.
(a) How fast does the light travel towards an observer?
speed = .................................. [1]
(b) Explain why the sound waves always reach the observer after the light waves.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The speed of sound waves in air may be determined by experiment using a source that
generates light waves and sound waves at the same time.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the arrangement of suitable apparatus for the
experiment.
(ii) State the readings you would take.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain how you would calculate the speed of sound in air from your readings.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
For
Examiners
Use
4.
140
8
0625/03 M/J/04
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a ray PQ of blue light incident on the side of a rectangular glass block.
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) By drawing on Fig. 6.1, continue the ray PQ through and beyond the block.
(ii) Mark the angle of incidence at CD with the letter i and the angle of refraction at CD
with the letter r.
[3]
(b) The speed of light in air is 3.0 x 10
8
m/s and the speed of light in glass is 2.0 x 10
8
m/s.
(i) Write down a formula that gives the refractive index of glass in terms of the
speeds of light in air and glass.
refractive index =
(ii) Use this formula to calculate the refractive index of glass.
refractive index =
[2]
(c) The frequency of the blue light in ray PQ is 6.0 x 10
14
Hz.
Calculate the wavelength of this light in air.
wavelength = ..[2]
A B
D C
Q
P
glass
air
Fig. 6.1
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2004
5.
141
9
0625/03 M/J/04 [Turn over
7 Fig. 7.1 shows the cone of a loudspeaker that is producing sound waves in air.
At any given moment, a series of compressions and rarefactions exist along the line XY.
Fig. 7.1
(a) On Fig. 7.1, use the letter C to mark three compressions and the letter R to mark three
rarefactions along XY. [1]
(b) Explain what is meant by
(i) a compression,
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) a rarefaction.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) A sound wave is a longitudinal wave. With reference to the sound wave travelling along
XY in Fig. 7.1, explain what is meant by a longitudinal wave.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) There is a large vertical wall 50 m in front of the loudspeaker. The wall reflects the
sound waves.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
Calculate the time taken for the sound waves to travel from X to the wall and to return
to X.
time = [2]
air
cone
wires
X Y
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2004
6.
142
9
0625/03/M/J/05 [Turn over
6 Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light OPQ passing through a semi-circular glass block.
Fig. 6.1
(a) Explain why there is no change in the direction of the ray at P.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the changes, if any, that occur to the speed, wavelength and frequency of the light
as it enters the glass block.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) At Q some of the light in ray OPQ is reflected and some is refracted.
On Fig. 6.1, draw in the approximate positions of the reflected ray and the refracted ray.
Label these rays. [2]
(d) The refractive index for light passing from glass to air is 0.67.
Calculate the angle of refraction of the ray that is refracted at Q into air.
angle = . [3]
30
Q
P
O
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2005
7.
143
10
0625/03/M/J/05
7 Fig. 7.1 shows the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Fig. 7.1
(a) Name one type of radiation that has
(i) a higher frequency than ultra-violet,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) a longer wavelength than visible light.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Some -rays emitted from a radioactive source have a speed in air of 3.0 x 10
8
m/s and
a wavelength of 1.0 x 10
12
m.
Calculate the frequency of the -rays.
frequency = . [2]
(c) State the approximate speed of infra-red waves in air.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
- rays and X - rays
ultra-
violet
infra-
red
radio
waves
v
i
s
i
b
l
e
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2005
8.
144
7
0625/03/M/J/06 [Turn over
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2006
6 Fig. 6.1 shows white light incident at P on a glass prism. Only the refracted red ray PQ is
shown in the prism.
P
Q
w
hite light
red ray
screen
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw rays to complete the path of the red ray and the whole path of the
violet ray up to the point where they hit the screen. Label the violet ray. [3]
(b) The angle of incidence of the white light is increased to 40. The refractive index of the
glass for the red light is 1.52.
Calculate the angle of refraction at P for the red light.
angle of refraction = ........................[3]
(c) State the approximate speed of
(i) the white light incident at P, speed = ........................ [1]
(ii) the red light after it leaves the prism at Q. speed = ........................ [1]
9.
145
8
0625/03/M/J/06
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2006
7 Fig. 7.1 shows how the air pressure at one instant varies with distance along the path of a
continuous sound wave.
air pressure
normal
air pressure
P X Y
distance in direction
of travel of the wave
Fig. 7.1
(a) What type of waves are sound waves?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) On Fig. 7.1, mark on the axis PY
(i) one point C where there is a compression in the wave, [1]
(ii) one point R where there is a rarefaction in the wave. [1]
(c) Describe the motion of a group of air particles situated on the path of the wave shown in
Fig. 7.1.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) The sound wave shown has speed of 340 m / s and a frequency of 200 Hz.
Calculate the distance represented by PX on Fig. 7.1.
distance = ........................[2]
10.
146
Topic 4:
Electricity & Magnetism
Charge
It consists of a metal !conductor" cap and rod with a thin piece of gold
foil !conductor" connected.
If R
1
is large compared to R
2
then it will have a much
bigger share of the voltage across it.
V
t
V
1
=IR
1
V
2
=IR
2
I
22
23
24
154
Simpler Design
Build an alarm clock for a deaf person that will light up at dawn.
Build a eco#friendly device that would tell you if your pool was too
cold for swimming. The device should light up when you press a
button.
Stroking
Heating
Hammering
AC coil
49
50
51
163
Permanent Magnets vs
Electromagnets
Microphone
Bicycle Dynamo
LDR
resistance of LDR p.d. across LDR
A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases
11.
12.
178
12
0625/01/M/J/03
26 A student wishes to use a magnetising coil to make a permanent magnet from a piece of metal.
Which metal should she use?
A aluminium
B copper
C iron
D steel
27 A metal rod XY is placed near a magnet. End X is attracted when it is placed near to the north pole
of the magnet, and also when it is placed near to the south pole.
How does end Y behave when it is placed, in turn, near to the two poles of the magnet?
X Y
N
S
attraction
X Y
N
S
attraction
metal
Y near north pole Y near south pole
A attraction attraction
B attraction repulsion
C repulsion attraction
D repulsion repulsion
13.
14.
179
13
0625/01/M/J/03
[Turn over
28 When the potential difference (p.d.) across a piece of resistance wire is changed, the current
through the wire also changes.
The temperature of the wire is kept the same.
Which graph shows how the p.d. and current are related?
29 Two faulty ammeters and two perfect ammeters are connected in series in the circuit shown.
The readings on the ammeters are
A
1
2.9 A
A
2
3.1 A
A
3
3.1 A
A
4
3.3 A
Which two ammeters are faulty?
A A
1
and A
2
B A
1
and A
4
C A
2
and A
3
D A
3
and A
4
30 Which electrical component would not normally be found in a battery-operated torch (flashlight)?
A B C D
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
0
0
p.d.
A
0
0
p.d.
B
0
0
p.d.
C
0
0
p.d.
D
current current current current
15.
16.
17.
180
14
0625/01/M/J/03
31 A student connects two lamps in the circuit shown.
Which switches must he close to light both lamps?
A 1 and 2
B 1, 2 and 3
C 1 and 3
D 2 and 3
32 A student makes four circuits.
In which circuit are both lamps protected by the fuse?
A B
C D
2
1
3
18.
19.
181
15
0625/01/M/J/03
[Turn over
33 Four lamps are labelled 60 W 240 V.
In which circuit are the lamps connected so that they all work at normal brightness?
34 The diagram shows a solenoid connected to a sensitive voltmeter.
Which of the following would give a zero reading on the voltmeter?
A holding the magnet stationary inside the solenoid
B moving the magnet away from the solenoid
C moving the magnet towards the solenoid
D moving the solenoid towards the magnet
V
solenoid
magnet
S
N
A
240 V
B
240 V
C
240 V
D
240 V
20.
21.
182
16
0625/01/M/J/03
35 The diagram shows a transformer with an alternating voltage of 100 V applied to the primary coil.
What is the voltage produced across the secondary coil?
A 50 V B 100 V C 200 V D 8000 V
36 The diagram below shows the screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope tube.
The tube is placed between a pair of charged plates.
Which diagram shows the new position of the spot?
+
+
+
+
+
A
+
+
+
+
+
B
+
+
+
+
+
C
+
+
+
+
+
D
spot of light
primary coil
secondary coil
100 V (40 turns) (80 turns)
21.
22.
183
17
0625/01/M/J/03
[Turn over
37 An electrical component X is placed in water, as shown.
When the temperature of the water is increased, the reading on the ammeter increases.
What is component X?
A a capacitor
B a light-dependent resistor
C a reed relay
D a thermistor
38 Which type of radiation can be stopped by a sheet of paper?
A -particles
B -particles
C -rays
D X-rays
39 The half-life of a radioactive substance is 5 hours. A sample is tested and found to contain 0.48 g
of the substance.
How much of the substance was present in the sample 20 hours before the sample was tested?
A 0.03 g
B 0.12 g
C 1.92 g
D 7.68 g
X
A
thermometer
water
13
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04 [Turn over
26 An engineer standing at P hears the sound of an explosion at X.
Z
Y
X
W
V
P
DANGER -
BLASTING
After the explosion, she hears two bangs. One bang is heard a fraction of a second after the
other.
The second bang is an echo from
A XY.
B PV.
C ZY.
D WX.
27 How can a permanent magnet be demagnetised?
A cool the magnet for a long time
B hit the magnet repeatedly with a hammer
C leave the magnet in a coil which carries direct current
D pass a small current through the magnet
28 An electromagnet is used to separate magnetic metals from non-magnetic metals.
Why is steel unsuitable as the core of the electromagnet?
A It is a good conductor of electricity.
B It forms a permanent magnet.
C It has a high density.
D It has a high thermal capacity.
23.
24.
25.
184
14
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04
29 Which circuit shows how a voltmeter is connected to measure the potential difference across the
cell?
A B C D
V
V
V
V
30 A polythene rod repels an inflated balloon hanging from a nylon thread.
What charges must the rod and the balloon carry?
A The rod and the balloon carry opposite charges.
B The rod and the balloon carry like charges.
C The rod is charged but the balloon is not.
D The balloon is charged but the rod is not.
31 An electrical component is to be placed in the circuit at Z, to allow the brightness of the lamp to
be varied from bright to dim.
Z
What should be connected at Z?
A B C D
V
11
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05 [Turn over
24 A fire alarm is not loud enough. An engineer adjusts it so that it produces a note of the same pitch
which is louder.
What effect does this have on the amplitude and on the frequency of the sound?
amplitude frequency
A larger larger
B larger same
C same larger
D same same
25 To estimate the width of a valley, a climber starts a stopwatch as he shouts. He hears an echo
from the opposite side of the valley after 1.0 s.
valley
sound
climber
The sound travels at 340 m / s.
What is the width of the valley?
A 85 m B 170 m C 340 m D 680 m
26 Which material is used for the core of an electromagnet?
A aluminium
B copper
C iron
D steel
26.
27.
28.
29.
185
15
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04 [Turn over
32 The circuit shown cont ains four l amps and three switches.
lamp 1
lamp 2
lamp 3
lamp 4
switch 1
switch 3
switch 2
Which switches must be closed to light only l amps 1 and 3?
A switch 1 only
B switch 1 and switch 2 only
C switch 1 and switch 3 only
D switch 2 and switch 3 only
33 The di agram shows a torch cont aining two 2 V cells, a switch and a l amp.
plastic
case
brass
connecting
strip
switch
lamp
What is the circuit di agram for the torch?
C B A D
30.
31.
186
16
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04
34 Which statement is correct?
A A fuse is included in a circuit to prevent the current becoming too high.
B A fuse should be connected to the neutral wire in a plug.
C An electric circuit will only work if it includes a fuse.
D An earth wire is needed to prevent the fuse blowing.
35 A straight wire carrying a current produces a magnetic field.
Which diagram shows the correct shape of the field?
current current
current current
A B
C D
32.
33.
187
17
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04 [Turn over
36 A student carri es out an experiment to see the eff ect of a magnetic fi eld on a wire carrying a
current.
The wire moves upwards as shown.
direction
of current
N S
wire moves
upwards
What should the student do to make the wire move downwards?
A change the direction of the current
B move the pol es of the magnet closer together
C send a small er current through the wire
D use a stronger magnet
37 A beam of cathode rays passes through an el ectric fi eld between two parall el pl at es.
+ + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _
cathode rays
In which direction is the beam defl ect ed?
A into the page
B out of the page
C towards the bottom of the page
D towards the top of the page
34.
35.
188
12
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05
27 A brass rod is positioned in an east-west direction and a plotting compass is placed at each end.
N
plotting
compass
brass rod
Which diagram shows the positions of the needles of the plotting compasses?
A
B
C
D
28 How many of the following materials conduct electricity?
aluminium
silver
iron
plastic
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
36.
37.
189
13
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05 [Turn over
29 In which circuit does the voltmeter read the potential difference across the lamp?
C
V
D
V
A B
V
V
30 In the circuit below, X and Y are identical 6 V lamps.
switch
X
Y
6 V
What happens when the switch is closed?
A X lights more brightly than Y.
B Y lights more brightly than X.
C X and Y light with equal brightness.
D Neither X nor Y light.
38.
39.
190
14
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05
31 The diagram shows a circuit with three ammeters, X, Y and Z.
A
A
A
X
Y
Z
Which set of readings is possible?
X Y Z
A 2 A 3 A 5 A
B 3 A 2 A 5 A
C 3 A 3 A 3 A
D 5 A 2 A 3 A
32 A lamp is to be connected in a circuit so that the p.d. across it can be varied from 0 to 6 V.
Which circuit would be most suitable?
6 V
A
6 V
B
6 V
C
6 V
D
40.
41.
191
15
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05 [Turn over
33 A student makes the circuit shown.
5 A fuse
The fuse has blown and stopped the current.
What could have caused this?
A The current rating of the fuse was too high.
B The current was too l arge.
C The l amp was loose.
D The volt age was too small.
34 Which graph shows the output volt age from a simpl e a.c. generator?
0 A
time
voltage
0 B
time
voltage
0 C
time
voltage
0 D
time
voltage
42.
43.
192
16
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05
35 A transformer has 50 turns on its primary coil and 100 turns on its secondary coil. An a.c. volt age
of 25.0 V is connect ed across the primary coil.
25.0 V
primary coil
50 turns
secondary coil
100 turns
What is the volt age across the secondary coil?
A 12.5 V B 50.0 V C 175 V D 200 V
36 Two circuits are set up as shown. The iron rods are pl aced close together, and are free to move.
X
S
iron rod iron rod
What happens to the si ze of the gap at X when switch S is closed?
A It decreases.
B It decreases then increases.
C It increases.
D It does not change.
37 The di agram shows a simpl e cathode-ray tube.
Which part emits the el ectrons?
+
A B C
D
44.
45.
46.
193
11
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06 [Turn over
26 A student investigates which end of a magnetic compass needle is attracted to a bar magnet.
What does the investigation show?
A Both ends of the compass needle are attracted by the north pole of the magnet.
B Both ends of the compass needle are attracted by the south pole of the magnet.
C One end of the compass needle is attracted by the north pole and the other end by the south
pole.
D The compass needle is not attracted by either end of the magnet.
27 From which materials are the coil and the core of an electromagnet made?
coil core
A copper copper
B copper iron
C iron copper
D iron iron
28 What are the symbols used for the units of current and resistance?
unit of current unit of resistance
A A W
B A
C V W
D V
29 When a plastic comb is placed next to a small piece of aluminium foil hanging from a nylon
thread, the foil is repelled by the comb.
Why is this?
A The comb is charged and the foil is uncharged.
B The comb is uncharged and the foil is charged.
C The comb and the foil have charge of opposite signs.
D The comb and the foil have charge of the same sign.
47.
48.
49.
50.
194
12
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06
30 Which symbol represents an el ectrical component used to store energy?
B A C D
31 Four l amps and four switches are connect ed to a power supply as shown in the circuit di agram.
When all the switches are closed, all the l amps are lit.
When one of the switches is then opened, only one l amp goes out.
Which switch is opened?
A B
C D
32 Four resistors and an ammet er are connect ed to a batt ery as shown.
The ammet er reads 2 A.
Which of the four l abell ed points in the circuit is the only one where the current is l ess than 2 A?
B
A
C
D
A
51.
52.
53.
195
13
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06 [Turn over
33 Why is a fuse used in an electrical circuit in a house?
A to increase the circuit resistance
B to keep the power used to a minimum value
C to prevent a short-circuit from occurring
D to stop the cables from carrying too much current
34 An electric power tool is being used outdoors in a shower of rain.
What is the greatest hazard to the user?
A The cable gets hot and causes burns.
B The circuit-breaker cuts off the current.
C The current passes through water and causes a shock.
D The tool rusts.
35 A current-carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a turning effect.
N S
variable power supply
How can the turning effect be increased?
A increase the number of turns on the coil
B reduce the size of the current
C reverse the direction of the magnetic field
D use thinner wire for the coil
54.
55.
56.
196
14
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06
36 A transformer is to be used to produce a 6 V output from a 24 V input.
24 V 6 V
coil Y coil X
What are suitable numbers of turns for coil X and for coil Y?
number of turns
on coil X
number of turns
on coil Y
A 240 60
B 240 240
C 240 960
D 960 60
37 A cathode-ray tube has an anode and an earthed cathode.
Which line in the table shows the charge and the temperature of the anode?
anode charge anode temperature
A negative cool
B negative hot
C positive cool
D positive hot
57.
58.
197
iGCSE Physics
Past Paper Questions
Paper 3 Compilation
Electricity & Magnetism
198
9
0625/3/M/J/02 [Turn over
7 (a) Two non-conducting spheres, made of different materials, are initially uncharged. They
are rubbed together. This causes one of the spheres to become positively charged and
one negatively charged.
Describe, in terms of electron movement, why the spheres become charged.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Once charged, the two spheres are separated, as shown in Fig. 7.1.
Fig. 7.1
On Fig. 7.1, draw the electric field between the two spheres. Indicate by arrows the
direction of the electric field lines. [2]
(c) A conducting wire attached to a negatively charged metal object is connected to earth.
This allows 2.0 10
10
electrons, each carrying a charge of 1.6 10
19
C, to flow to
earth in 1.0 10
3
s.
Calculate
(i) the total charge that flows,
charge .....................................
(ii) the average current in the wire.
current .....................................
[3]
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
For
Examiners
Use
1.
199
10
0625/3/M/J/02
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a transformer and a rectifier used in a battery charging circuit for a 12 V
battery.
Fig. 8.1
(a) The transformer produces an output of 15 V across the secondary coil.
Calculate a suitable turns ratio for the transformer.
turns ratio = ................................ [2]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows the 15 V output across the secondary coil.
Fig. 8.2
On the same axes, sketch the graph of the potential difference across the terminals T
1
and T
2
before the battery is connected. [2]
(c) Explain how the circuit converts an a.c. supply into a d.c. output.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) On Fig. 8.1, draw in a battery connected so that it may be charged. [1]
time
potential
difference
240V a.c.
primary secondary
T
1
T
2
For
Examiners
Use
2.
200
11
0625/3/M/J/02 [Turn over
(e) When fully charged, the 12V battery can supply a current of 2.0 A for 30 hours (1.08 !
10
5
s).
Calculate
(i) the battery power when supplying a current of 2.0 A,
power = ......................................
(ii) the total energy that the battery will supply during the 30 hours.
energy = ......................................
[4]
9 Fig. 9.1 shows three resistors connected across a low voltage d.c. supply, and a c.r.o.
Fig. 9.1
(a) Explain how you would use a 1 V d.c. supply to calibrate the c.r.o.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) On Fig. 9.1, draw in the connections between the c.r.o. and the circuit so that the
potential difference between points C and D may be measured. [2]
(c) The potential differences between A and F, B and C, C and D, and D and E are
measured.
State the relationship between them.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
Y input
A F
B C D E
d.c.
supply
For
Examiners
Use
3.
201
9
0625/3/M/J/03 [Turn over
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a battery with a resistor connected across its terminals. The e.m.f. of the
battery is 6.0 V.
Fig. 8.1
The battery causes 90 C of charge to flow through the circuit in 45 s.
(a) Calculate
(i) the current in the circuit,
current = ..................................
(ii) the resistance of the circuit,
resistance = ..................................
(iii) the electrical energy transformed in the circuit in 45 s.
energy = ..................................
[6]
(b) Explain what is meant by the term e.m.f. of the battery.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
6.0V
For
Examiners
Use
4.
202
10
0625/3/M/J/03
9 A transformer has an output of 24 V when supplying a current of 2.0 A. The current in the
primary coil is 0.40 A and the transformer is 100% efficient.
(a) Calculate
(i) the power output of the transformer,
power = ..................................
(ii) the voltage applied across the primary coil.
voltage = ..................................
[4]
(b) Explain
(i) what is meant by the statement that the transformer is 100% efficient,
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) how the transformer changes an input voltage into a different output voltage.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
For
Examiners
Use
5.
203
11
0625/3/M/J/03 [Turn over
10 Fig. 10.1 and Fig. 10.2 show two views of a vertical wire carrying a current up through a
horizontal card. Points P and Q are marked on the card.
Fig. 10.1 Fig. 10.2
(a) On Fig. 10.2,
(i) draw a complete magnetic field line (line of force) through P and indicate its
direction with an arrow,
(ii) draw an arrow through Q to indicate the direction in which a compass placed at Q
would point.
[3]
(b) State the effect on the direction in which compass Q points of
(i) increasing the current in the wire,
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) reversing the direction of the current in the wire.
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Fig. 10.3 shows the view from above of another vertical wire carrying a current up
through a horizontal card. A cm grid is marked on the card. Point W is 1 cm vertically
above the top surface of the card.
Fig. 10.3
State the magnetic field strength at S, T and W in terms of the magnetic field strength
at R. Use one of the alternatives, weaker, same strength or stronger for each answer.
at S ........................................................................
at T ........................................................................
at W........................................................................ [3]
R S
T
W
vertical
wire carrying
current
P
Q
vertical
wire
view from above the card
For
Examiners
Use
6.
204
10
0625/03 M/J/04
8 Fig. 8.1 shows a 240 V a.c. mains circuit to which a number of appliances are connected and
switched on.
Fig. 8.1
(a) Calculate the power supplied to the circuit.
power = ..[1]
(b) The appliances are connected in parallel.
(i) Explain what connected in parallel means.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two advantages of connecting the appliances in parallel rather than in series.
advantage 1...............................................................................................................
advantage 2...............................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Calculate
(i) the current in the refrigerator,
current = ..
(ii) the energy used by the fan in 3 hours,
energy = ..
(iii) the resistance of the filament of one lamp.
resistance = ..
[7]
1.2 kW 200 W
60 W 60 W
refrigerator
fan
240 V a.c.
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2004
7.
205
11
0625/03 M/J/04 [Turn over
9 Electromagnetic induction can be demonstrated using a solenoid, a magnet, a sensitive
ammeter and connecting wire.
(a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set up to demonstrate
electromagnetic induction. [2]
(b) State one way of using the apparatus to produce an induced current.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Explain why your method produces an induced current.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Without changing the apparatus, state what must be done to produce
(i) an induced current in the opposite direction to the original current,
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) a larger induced current.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2004
8.
206
12
0625/03 M/J/04
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the faces of two ammeters. One has an analogue display and the other
a digital display.
Fig. 10.1
State what is meant by the terms analogue and digital.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) (i) Name the components from which logic gates are made.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) In the space below, draw the symbol for an AND gate.
Label the inputs and the output. [1]
(iii) Describe the action of an AND gate with two inputs. [2]
2 3
4
5
1
0
A
A
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2004
9.
207
11
0625/03/M/J/05 [Turn over
8 A student has a power supply, a resistor, a voltmeter, an ammeter and a variable resistor.
(a) The student obtains five sets of readings from which he determines an average value
for the resistance of the resistor.
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a circuit that he could use.
[3]
(b) Describe how the circuit should be used to obtain the five sets of readings.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Fig. 8.1 shows another circuit.
Fig. 8.1
When the circuit is switched on, the ammeter reads 0.50 A.
(i) Calculate the value of the unknown resistor.
resistance = . [2]
(ii) Calculate the charge passing through the 3.0 resistor in 120 s.
charge = . [1]
(iii) Calculate the power dissipated in the 3.0 resistor.
power = . [2]
6.0 V
resistor
3.0
resistor of
unknown value
A
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2005
10.
208
12
0625/03/M/J/05
9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows an a.c. supply connected to a resistor and a diode.
Fig. 9.1
(i) State the effect of fitting the diode in the circuit.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 9.2, sketch graphs to show the variation of the a.c. supply voltage and the
output voltage with time.
Fig. 9.2
[2]
(b) (i) In the space below, draw the symbol for a NOT gate.
[1]
(ii) State the action of a NOT gate.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
a.c. supply
voltage
time
time
0
0
output
voltage
a.c. supply output
resistor
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2005
11.
209
14
0625/03/M/J/05
11 Fig. 11.1 shows a flexible wire hanging between two magnetic poles. The flexible wire is
connected to a 12 Vd.c. supply that is switched off.
Fig. 11.1
(a) Explain why the wire moves when the supply is switched on.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State the direction of the deflection of the wire.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) When the wire first moves, energy is changed from one form to another. State these two
forms of energy.
from ........................................................... to ............................................................ [1]
wire fixed here
wire fixed here
12 V d.c.
+
N S
# !ray emitted.
#!ray
Properties of Radioactivity
Nature
Penetration
Ionisation
Dangerous
Speed
4
5
6
216
Detecting Radioactivity
LDR
resistance of LDR p.d. across LDR
A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases
1.
2.
3.
4.
223
17
0625/1/M/J/02
39 The diagram shows a radioactivity experiment.
When a piece of paper is used as the absorber, the count rate drops to the background count
rate.
What radiation is the source emitting?
A alpha only
B beta only
C gamma only
D alpha, beta and gamma
40
22
10
Ne represents an atom of neon.
How many neutrons does it have?
A 10 B 12 C 22 D 32
absorber counter
radiation detector source
5.
6.
7.
224
18
0625/01/M/J/03
40 An atom of lithium contains three protons and three electrons.
The nucleon number (mass number) of the atom is 7.
How many neutrons are there in the atom?
A 3 B 4 C 7 D 10
17
0625/01/M/J/03
[Turn over
37 An electrical component X is placed in water, as shown.
When the temperature of the water is increased, the reading on the ammeter increases.
What is component X?
A a capacitor
B a light-dependent resistor
C a reed relay
D a thermistor
38 Which type of radiation can be stopped by a sheet of paper?
A !-particles
B "-particles
C #-rays
D X-rays
39 The half-life of a radioactive substance is 5 hours. A sample is tested and found to contain 0.48 g
of the substance.
How much of the substance was present in the sample 20 hours before the sample was tested?
A 0.03 g
B 0.12 g
C 1.92 g
D 7.68 g
X
A
thermometer
water
8.
9.
10.
225
18
UCLES 2004 0625/01/M/J/04
38 Which line correctly describes -particl es?
el ectric charge
penetrat es 1 cm
of aluminium?
A negative yes
B negative no
C positive yes
D positive no
39 A small amount of a radioactive isotope cont ains 72 billion unst abl e nucl ei. The half-lif e of the
isotope is 4 hours.
How many unst abl e nucl ei would remain aft er 12 hours?
A 6 billion
B 9 billion
C 18 billion
D 24 billion
40 How many nucl eons are in a nucl eus of K
39
19
?
A 19 B 20 C 39 D 58
11.
12.
13.
226
17
UCLES 2005 0625/01/M/J/05
38 Which type of radi ation has the great est ionising eff ect?
A -particl es
B -particl es
C -rays
D all have the same ionising eff ect
39 A powder cont ains 400 mg of a radioactive mat eri al that emits -particl es.
The half-lif e of the mat eri al is 5 days.
What mass of that mat eri al remains aft er 10 days?
A 0 mg B 40 mg C 100 mg D 200 mg
40 In the symbol below, A is the nucl eon number and Z is the proton number.
X
A
Z
What is represent ed by the symbol?
A an el ectron
B a neutron
C a nuclide
D an X-ray
16
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department
of the University of Cambridge.
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06
40 The nucleus of a neutral atom of lithium is represented by Li.
7
3
How many protons, electrons and neutrons does the atom contain?
protons electrons neutrons
A 7 7 3
B 3 7 3
C 3 4 4
D 3 3 4
14.
15.
16.
17.
227
15
UCLES 2006 0625/01/M/J/06 [Turn over
38 The diagram shows five atoms in a radioactive substance. The atoms each give out an -particle.
atom
1
atom
5
atom
4
atom
3
atom
2
1st particle
2nd particle
Atom 1 is the first to give out a particle. Atom 3 is the second to give out a particle.
Which atom will give out the next particle?
A atom 2
B atom 4
C atom 5
D impossible to tell
39 A Geiger counter detects radiation from radioactive sources.
A radioactive source is inside a thick aluminium container as shown.
radioactive source
2 m
Geiger counter
thick aluminium container
Which type of radiation from this source is being detected?
A -particles
B -particles
C -rays
D radio waves
18.
19.
20.
228
iGCSE Physics
Past Paper Questions
Paper 3 Compilation
Atomic & Nuclear Physics
229
12
0625/3/M/J/02
10 Some liquid from an atomic power station is known to be radioactive. A sample of this liquid
is tested in a laboratory.
(a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the test apparatus used to verify that
-particles are emitted from the liquid. [2]
(b) Explain how the apparatus may be used to estimate the quantity of -radiation being
emitted from the sample.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) State any two safety precautions that the technician might take whilst making the test.
precaution 1 .....................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
precaution 2 .....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
For
Examiners
Use
230
12
0625/3/M/J/03
11 (a) A radioactive isotope emits only -particles.
(i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to
prove that no -particles or -radiation are emitted from the isotope.
(ii) Describe the test you would carry out.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain how your results would show that only -particles are emitted.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[6]
(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a stream of -particles about to enter the space between the poles of a
very strong magnet.
Fig. 11.1
Describe the path of the -particles in the space between the magnetic poles.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
N
S
-particles
For
Examiners
Use
231
13
0625/03 M/J/04
11 (a) !-particles can be scattered by thin gold foils.
Fig. 11.1 shows part of the paths of three !-particles.
Complete the paths of the three !-particles. [3]
Fig. 11.1
(b) What does the scattering of !-particles show about atomic structure?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) State the nucleon number (mass number) of an !-particle.
nucleon number = [1]
!-particle 1
!-particle 2
!-particle 3
gold nuclei
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2004
232
13
0625/03/M/J/05 [Turn over
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 is the decay curve for a radioactive isotope that emits only !-particles.
Fig. 10.1
Use the graph to find the value of the half-life of the isotope.
Indicate, on the graph, how you arrived at your value.
half-life . [2]
(b) A student determines the percentage of !-particles absorbed by a thick aluminium
sheet. He uses a source that is emitting only !-particles and that has a long half-life.
(i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus required, set up to
make the determination.
[2]
(ii) List the readings that the student needs to take.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
0 10
100
0
200
300
400
20
time / min
count rate
counts / min
30 40
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2005
233
12
0625/03/M/J/06
For
Examiners
Use
UCLES 2006
11 Fig. 11.1 shows a beam of radiation that contains !-particles, "-particles and #-rays. The
beam enters a very strong magnetic field shown in symbol form by N and S poles.
beam of
radiation
N
S
Fig. 11.1
Complete the table below.
radiation
direction of deflection,
if any
charge carried by
radiation, if any
!-particles
"-particles
#-rays
[6]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department
of the University of Cambridge.
234
PHYSICS 0625 IGCSE 2007
5
CURRICULUM CONTENT
Students can follow either the Core curriculum only or they may follow the Extended curriculum, which
includes both the Core and the Supplement. Students aiming for grades A* to C must follow the
Extended curriculum. Students are expected to have adequate mathematical skills to cope with the
curriculum.
Reference should also be made to the summary list of symbols, units and definitions of quantities.
Throughout the course, attention should be paid to showing the relevance of concepts to the students'
everyday life and to the natural and man-made world. In order to encourage such an approach and to
allow flexibility in teaching programmes to meet the more generalised Aims, the specified content of the
syllabus has been limited. In this wider sense, as well as in the literal sense, the following material
should be regarded as an examination syllabus rather than a teaching syllabus.
TOPIC CORE SUPPLEMENT
All students should be able to: In addition to what is required for the
Core, students following the Extended
curriculum should be able to:
1. General Physics
1.1 Length and time -use and describe the use of rules and
measuring cylinders to determine a length
or a volume
-use and describe the use of clocks and
devices for measuring an interval of time
-use and describe the use of a mechanical
method for the measurement of a small
distance
-measure and describe how to measure a
short interval of time (including the period
of a pendulum)
1.2 Speed, velocity and
acceleration
-define speed and calculate speed from
time total
distance total
-plot and interpret a speed/time graph or a
distance/time graph
-recognise from the shape of a speed/time
graph when a body is (a) at rest, (b)
moving with constant speed, (c) moving
with changing speed
-calculate the area under a speed/time
graph to determine the distance travelled
for motion with constant acceleration
-demonstrate some understanding that
acceleration is related to changing speed
-state that the acceleration of free fall for
a body near to the Earth is constant
-distinguish between speed and velocity
-recognise linear motion for which the
acceleration is constant and calculate the
acceleration
-recognise motion for which the
acceleration is not constant
-describe qualitatively the motion of bodies
falling in a uniform gravitational field with
and without air resistance (including
reference to terminal velocity)
1.3 Mass and weight
-show familiarity with the idea of the mass
of a body
-state that weight is a force
-demonstrate understanding that weights
(and hence masses) may be compared
using a balance
-demonstrate an understanding that mass
is a property which 'resists' change in
motion
-describe, and use the concept of, weight
as the effect of a gravitational field on a
mass
1.4 Density -describe an experiment to determine the
density of a liquid and of a regularly
shaped solid and make the necessary
calculation
-describe the determination of the density
of an irregularly shaped solid by the
method of displacement and make the
necessary calculation
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PHYSICS 0625 IGCSE 2007
6
TOPIC CORE SUPPLEMENT
1.5 Forces
(a) Effects of forces
-state that a force may produce a change
in size and shape of a body
-plot extension/load graphs and describe
the associated experimental procedure
-describe the ways in which a force may
change the motion of a body
-find the resultant of two or more forces
acting along the same line
-interpret extension/load graphs
-state Hookes Law and recall and use the
expression F = k x
-recognise the significance of the term 'limit
of proportionality' for an extension/load
graph
-recall and use the relation between force,
mass and acceleration (including the
direction)
-describe, qualitatively, motion in a curved
path due to a perpendicular force
(F = mv
2
/ r is not required)
(b) Turning effect -describe the moment of a force as a
measure of its turning effect and give
everyday examples
-describe, qualitatively, the balancing of a
beam about a pivot
-perform and describe an experiment
(involving vertical forces) to verify that
there is no net moment on a body in
equilibrium
-apply the idea of opposing moments to
simple systems in equilibrium
(c) Conditions for
equilibrium
-state that, when there is no resultant force
and no resultant turning effect, a system is
in equilibrium
(d) Centre of mass -perform and describe an experiment to
determine the position of the centre of
mass of a plane lamina
-describe qualitatively the effect of the
position of the centre of mass on the
stability of simple objects
(e) Scalars and vectors -demonstrate an understanding of the
difference between scalars and vectors
and give common examples
-add vectors by graphical representation to
determine a resultant
-determine graphically a resultant of two
vectors
1.6 Energy, work and power
(a) Energy
-demonstrate an understanding that an
object may have energy due to its motion
or its position, and that energy may be
transferred and stored
-give examples of energy in different
forms, including kinetic, gravitational,
chemical, strain, nuclear, internal,
electrical, light and sound
-give examples of the conversion of energy
from one form to another and of its transfer
from on place to another
-apply the principle of energy conservation
to simple examples
-recall and use the expressions
k.e.= mv
2
and p.e. = mgh
236
PHYSICS 0625 IGCSE 2007
7
TOPIC CORE SUPPLEMENT
(b) Energy resources -describe how electricity or other useful
forms of energy may be obtained from
(i) chemical energy stored in fuel
(ii) water, including the energy stored in
waves, in tides, and in water behind
hydroelectric dams
(iii) geothermal resources
(iv) nuclear fission
(v) heat and light from the Sun
-show an understanding that energy is
released by nuclear fusion in the Sun
-show a qualitative understanding of
efficiency
(c) Work -relate, without calculation, work done to
the magnitude of a force and the distance
moved
-describe energy changes in terms of work
done
-recall and use W = Fd = E
(d) Power -relate, without calculation, power to work
done and time taken, using appropriate
examples
-recall and use the equation P = E/t in
simple systems
1.7 Pressure -relate, without calculation, pressure to
force and area, using appropriate
examples
-describe the simple mercury barometer
and its use in measuring atmospheric
pressure
-relate, without calculation, the pressure
beneath a liquid surface to depth and to
density, using appropriate examples
-use and describe the use of a manometer
-recall and use the equation p = F/A
-recall and use the equation p = hg
2. Thermal Physics
2.1 Simple kinetic molecular
model of matter
(a) States of matter
-state the distinguishing properties of
solids, liquids and gases
(b) Molecular model -describe qualitatively the molecular
structure of solids, liquids and gases
-interpret the temperature of a gas in terms
of the motion of its molecules
-describe qualitatively the pressure of a
gas in terms of the motion of its molecules
-describe qualitatively the effect of a
change of temperature on the pressure of a
gas at constant volume
-show an understanding of the random
motion of particles in a suspension as
evidence for the kinetic molecular model of
matter
-describe this motion (sometimes known as
Brownian motion) in terms of random
molecular bombardment
-relate the properties of solids, liquids and
gases to the forces and distances between
molecules and to the motion of the
molecules
-show an appreciation that massive
particles may be moved by light, fast-
moving molecules
(c) Evaporation -describe evaporation in terms of the
escape of more-energetic molecules from
the surface of a liquid
-relate evaporation and the consequent
cooling
-demonstrate an understanding of how
temperature, surface area and draught
over a surface influence evaporation
(d) Pressure changes -relate the change in volume of a gas to
change in pressure applied to the gas at
constant temperature
-recall and use the equation pV = constant
at constant temperature
237
PHYSICS 0625 IGCSE 2007
8
TOPIC CORE SUPPLEMENT
2.2 Thermal properties
(a) Thermal expansion
of solids, liquids and
gases
-describe qualitatively the thermal
expansion of solids, liquids and gases
-identify and explain some of the everyday
applications and consequences of thermal
expansion
-describe qualitatively the effect of a
change of temperature on the volume of a
gas at constant pressure
-show an appreciation of the relative order
of magnitude of the expansion of solids,
liquids and gases
(b) Measurement of
temperature
-appreciate how a physical property which
varies with temperature may be used for
the measurement of temperature and state
examples of such properties
-recognise the need for and identify fixed
points
-describe the structure and action of liquid-
in-glass thermometers
-demonstrate understanding of sensitivity,
range and linearity
-describe the structure of a thermocouple
and show understanding of its use for
measuring high temperatures and those
which vary rapidly
(c) Thermal capacity -relate a rise in temperature of a body to an
increase in internal energy
-show an understanding of the term
thermal capacity
-describe an experiment to measure the
specific heat capacity of a substance
(d) Melting and boiling -describe melting and boiling in terms of
energy input without a change in
temperature
-state the meaning of melting point and
boiling point
-describe condensation and solidification
-distinguish between boiling and
evaporation
-use the terms latent heat of vaporisation
and latent heat of fusion and give a
molecular interpretation of latent heat
-describe an experiment to measure
specific latent heats for steam and for ice
2.3 Transfer of thermal
energy
(a) Conduction
-describe experiments to demonstrate the
properties of good and bad conductors of
heat
-give a simple molecular account of heat
transfer in solids
(b) Convection -relate convection in fluids to density
changes and describe experiments to
illustrate convection
(c) Radiation -identify infra-red radiation as part of the
electromagnetic spectrum
-describe experiments to show the
properties of good and bad emitters and
good and bad absorbers of infra-red
radiation
(d) Consequences of
energy transfer
-identify and explain some of the everyday
applications and consequences of
conduction, convection and radiation
3. Properties of waves,
including light and
sound
3.1 General wave properties -describe what is meant by wave motion as
illustrated by vibration in ropes, springs and
by experiments using water waves
-use the term wavefront
-give the meaning of speed, frequency,
wavelength and amplitude
-recall and use the equation v = f
238
PHYSICS 0625 IGCSE 2007
9
TOPIC CORE SUPPLEMENT
-distinguish between transverse and
longitudinal waves and give suitable
examples
-describe the use of water waves to show
(i) reflection at a plane surface
(ii) refraction due to a change of speed
(iii) diffraction produced by wide and
narrow gaps
-interpret reflection, refraction and
diffraction using wave theory
3.2 Light
(a) Reflection of light -describe the formation, and give the
characteristics, of an optical image by a
plane mirror
-use the law angle of incidence = angle of
reflection
-perform simple constructions,
measurements and calculations
(b) Refraction of light -describe an experimental demonstration of
the refraction of light
-use the terminology for the angle of
incidence i and angle of refraction r and
describe the passage of light through
parallel-sided transparent material
-give the meaning of critical angle
-describe internal and total internal
reflection
-recall and use the definition of refractive
index n in terms of speed
-recall and use the equation sin i /sin r = n
-describe the action of optical fibres
(c) Thin converging
lens
-describe the action of a thin converging
lens on a beam of light
-use the term principal focus and focal
length
-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the
formation of a real image by a single lens
-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the
formation of a virtual image by a single lens
-use and describe the use of a single lens
as a magnifying glass
(d) Dispersion of light -give a qualitative account of the dispersion
of light as illustrated by the action on light
of a glass prism
(e) Electromagnetic
spectrum
-describe the main features of the
electromagnetic spectrum and state that all
e.m. waves travel with the same high
speed i n vacuo
-state the approximate value of the speed
of electro-magnetic waves
-use the term monochromatic
3.3 Sound -describe the production of sound by
vibrating sources
-describe the longitudinal nature of sound
waves
-state the approximate range of audible
frequencies
-show an understanding that a medium is
required in order to transmit sound waves
-describe an experiment to determine the
speed of sound in air
-relate the loudness and pitch of sound
waves to amplitude and frequency
-describe how the reflection of sound may
produce an echo
-describe compression and rarefaction
-state the order of magnitude of the speed
of sound in air, liquids and solids
4. Electricity and magnetism
4.1 Simple phenomena of
magnetism
-state the properties of magnets
-give an account of induced magnetism
-distinguish between ferrous and non-
ferrous materials
-describe methods of magnetisation and of
demagnetisation
239
PHYSICS 0625 IGCSE 2007
10
TOPIC CORE SUPPLEMENT
-describe an experiment to identify the
pattern of field lines round a bar magnet
-distinguish between the magnetic
properties of iron and steel
-distinguish between the design and use of
permanent magnets and electromagnets
4.2 Electrical quantities
(a) Electric charge -describe simple experiments to show the
production and detection of electrostatic
charges
-state that there are positive and negative
charges
-state that unlike charges attract and that
like charges repel
-describe an electric field as a region in
which an electric charge experiences a
force
-distinguish between electrical conductors
and insulators and give typical examples
-state that charge is measured in coulombs
-state the direction of lines of force and
describe simple field patterns
-give an account of charging by induction
-recall and use the simple electron model
to distinguish between conductors and
insulators
(b) Current -state that current is related to the flow of
charge
-use and describe the use of an ammeter
-show understanding that a current is a
rate of flow of charge and recall and use
the equation l = Q/t
-distinguish between the direction of flow of
electrons and conventional current
(c) Electro-motive force -state that the e.m.f. of a source of
electrical energy is measured in volts
-show understanding that e.m.f. is defined
in terms of energy supplied by a source in
driving charge round a complete circuit
(d) Potential difference -state that the potential difference across a
circuit component is measured in volts
-use and describe the use of a voltmeter
(e) Resistance -state that resistance = p.d./ current and
understand qualitatively how changes in
p.d. or resistance affect current
-recall and use the equation R = V/I
-describe an experiment to determine
resistance using a voltmeter and an
ammeter
-relate (without calculation) the resistance
of a wire to its length and to its diameter
-recall and use quantitatively the
proportionality between resistance and the
length and the inverse proportionality
between resistance and cross-sectional
area of a wire
(f) Electrical energy
-recall and use the equations P = I V and
E = I V t
4.3 Electric circuits
(a) Circuit diagrams
(b) Series and parallel
circuits
-draw and interpret circuit diagrams
containing sources, switches, resistors
(fixed and variable), lamps, ammeters
voltmeters, magnetising coils,
transformers, bells, fuses and relays
-understand that the current at every point
in a series circuit is the same
-give the combined resistance of two or
more resistors in series
-state that, for a parallel circuit, the current
from the source is larger than the current in
each branch
-state that the combined resistance of two
resistors in parallel is less than that of
either resistor by itself
-draw and interpret circuit diagrams
containing diodes and transistors
-recall and use the fact that the sum of the
p.d.s across the components in a series
circuit is equal to the total p.d. across the
supply
-recall and use the fact that the current
from the source is the sum of the currents
in the separate branches of a parallel
circuit
-calculate the effective resistance of two
resistors in parallel
240
PHYSICS 0625 IGCSE 2007
11
TOPIC CORE SUPPLEMENT
(c) Action and use of
circuit components
(d) Digital electronics
-state the advantages of connecting lamps
in parallel in a lighting circuit
-describe the action of a variable potential
divider (potentiometer)
-describe the action of thermistors and light
dependent resistors and show
understanding of their use as input
transducers
-describe the action of a capacitor as an
energy store and show understanding of its
use in time delay circuits
-describe the action of a relay and show
understanding of its use in switching
circuits
-describe the action of a diode and show
understanding of its use as a rectifier
-describe the action of a transistor as an
electrically operated switch and show
understanding of its use in switching
circuits
-recognise and show understanding of
circuits operating as light sensitive
switches and temperature operated
alarms (using a relay or a transistor)
-explain and use the terms digital and
analogue
- state that logic gates are circuits
containing transistors and other
components
-describe the action of NOT, AND, OR,
NAND and NOR gates
-design and understand simple digital
circuits combining several logic gates
-state and use the symbols for logic gates
(the American ANSI#Y 32.14 symbols will
be used)
4.4 Dangers of electricity -state the hazards of
(i) damaged insulation
(ii) overheating of cables
(iii) damp conditions
-show an understanding of the use of fuses
and/or circuit-breakers
4.5 Electromagnetic effects
(a) Electromagnetic
induction
-describe an experiment which shows that
a changing magnetic field can induce an
e.m.f. in a circuit
-state the factors affecting the magnitude of
an induced e.m.f.
-show understanding that the direction of
an induced e.m.f. opposes the change
causing it
(b) a.c. generator -describe a rotating-coil generator and the
use of slip rings
-sketch a graph of voltage output against
time for a simple a.c. generator
(c) Transformer
-describe the construction of a basic iron-
cored transformer as used for voltage
transformations
-recall and use the equation
(V
p
/ V
s
) = (N
p
/ N
s
)
-describe the use of the transformer in
high-voltage transmission of electricity
-give the advantages of high voltage
transmission
-describe the principle of operation of a
transformer
-recall and use the equation V
p
l
p
= V
s
I
s
(for 100% efficiency)
-discuss energy losses in cables
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(d) The magnetic effect
of a current
- describe the pattern of the magnetic field
due to currents in straight wires and in
solenoids
-describe applications of the magnetic
effect of current, including the action of a
relay
-state the qualitative variation of the
strength of the magnetic field over salient
parts of the pattern
-describe the effect on the magnetic field of
changing the magnitude and direction of
the current
(e) Force on a current-
carrying conductor
-describe an experiment to show that a
force acts on a current-carrying conductor
in a magnetic field, including the effect of
reversing:
(i) the current
(ii) the direction of the field
-describe an experiment to show the
corresponding force on beams of charged
particles
-state and use the relative directions of
force, field and current
(f) d.c. motor -state that a current-carrying coil in a
magnetic field experiences a turning effect
and that the effect is increased by
increasing the number of turns on the coil
-relate this turning effect to the action of
an electric motor
-describe the effect of increasing the
current
4.6 Cathode ray oscilloscopes
(a) Cathode rays -describe the production and detection of
cathode rays
-describe their deflection in electric fields
-state that the particles emitted in
thermionic emission are electrons
(b) Simple treatment of
cathode-ray
oscilloscope
-describe in outline the basic structure and
action of a cathode-ray oscilloscope
(detailed circuits are not required)
-use and describe the use of a cathode-ray
oscilloscope to display waveforms
5. Atomic Physics
5.1 Radioactivity
(a) Detection of
radioactivity
-show awareness of the existence of
background radiation
-describe the detection of -particles, -
particles and -rays
(b) Characteristics of the
three kinds of
emission
-state that radioactive emissions occur
randomly over space and time
-state, for radioactive emissions:
(i) their nature
(ii) their relative ionising effects
(iii) their relative penetrating abilities
-describe their deflection in electric fields
and magnetic fields
-interpret their relative ionising effects
(c) Radioactive decay -state the meaning of radioactive decay,
using equations (involving words or
symbols) to represent changes in the
composition of the nucleus when particles
are emitted
(d) Half-life -use the term half-life in simple calculations
which might involve information in tables or
decay curves
(e) Safety precautions -describe how radioactive materials are
handled, used and stored in a safe way
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5.2 The nuclear atom
(a) Atomic model -describe the structure of an atom in terms
of a nucleus and electrons
-describe how the scattering of -particles
by thin metal foils provides evidence for the
nuclear atom
(b) Nucleus -describe the composition of the nucleus
in terms of protons and neutrons
-use the term proton number Z
-use the term nucleon number A
-use the term nuclide and use the nuclide
notation X
A
Z
(c) Isotopes -use the term isotope
-give and explain examples of practical
applications of isotopes
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