EXPERIMENT NO.

6 TITLE: Determination of dryness fraction of steam OBJECTIVES: To determine dryness fraction of steam APPARATUS USED: Throttling and separating calorimeter, measuring flask, stop-watch THEORY: Dryness fraction: It is ratio of the mass of dry saturated steam to the mass of wet steam. It is generally denoted by X. Mass of wet steam is the total mass of the mixture of dry saturated steam and saturated liquid. Thus any mass of wet steam will consist of some dry saturated steam and some saturated liquid droplets in suspension. These liquid droplets are known as moisture. Thus, Dryness fraction =X= Mg/(Mg+Mf) =Mg/M Where, Mg=Mass of dry saturated steam in kg Mf=Mass of saturated liquid in kg M= (Mg+Mf) = mass of wet steam in kg Combined Separating and Throttling Calorimeter: The dryness fraction of steam can be determined with good accuracy by using this calorimeter, which is formed by combining in series the separating and throttling calorimeters. The arrangement is shown in figure. The calorimeter consists of three parts, the separating calorimeter, the throttling calorimeter and finally the condenser. Layout of Separating and Throttling Calorimeter:

PROCEDURE: The sample steam is taken from steam mains and is first passed through the separating calorimeter where major portion of moisture is mechanically separated from the steam sample and is collected at the bottom of the separator. The separation of water particles (moisture) occurs due to inertia of particles. This portion of water separated from steam in the separating calorimeter is then measured. The steam coming out of separating calorimeter is then throttled through the throttle valve and passed into throttling calorimeter where the pressure and temperature of the steam is measured. In the throttling, part steam is allowed to expand through a small orifice into a throttling chamber that is close to atmospheric pressure. Then the steam is passed into a small condenser where it is condensed. The mass of condensate is then measured. This method ensures that the steam becomes superheated after throttling. In the throttling chamber, the excess of heat liberated due to throttling serves first to evaporate any moisture present and then to superheat the steam at a lower pressure. OBSERVATIONS: T6: Temperature of steam before throttling in 0C T7: Temperature of steam after throttling in 0C P2: Steam pressure before throttling = P2g+Patm P3: Steam pressure after throttling = P3g+Patm Mws: Mass of water collected in separating chamber Msc: Mass of water collected in condensing chamber after throttling calorimeter

OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No. T6 0C T7 0C 1 2 3 4 Average

P2g (kg/cm2)

P3g (kg/cm2)

Mws (ml/min)

Msc (ml/min)

CALCULATIONS: For Separating Calorimeter: X1=Mass of dry steam / (Total mass of steam) X1= (Msc) / (Msc + Mws) X1= For Throttling Calorimeter: Enthalpy before throttling = Enthalpy after throttling hf,at P2 + X2 * hfg,at P2 = hg, at P3 + Cp (Tsup, at P3 Ts) X2 = TOTAL DRYNESS FRACTION: X= X1 * X2 = RESULT: The dryness fraction of the steam is

EXPERIMENT NO. 7 TITLE: Trial on boiler OBJECTIVES: To determine boiler efficiency, equivalent evaporation and Energy Balance APPARATUS USED: Boiler, stop-watch THEORY: Boiler Efficiency: Boiler efficiency is defined as the ratio of heat energy actually used in producing the steam in a certain period to the heat energy supplied by the fuel to produce the steam during the same period. Thus, Boiler Efficiency = Heat absorbed by water in the boiler / Heat supplied to the boiler Boiler Efficiency = Ms(h2-h1) / (MfC.V.) Where, Mw=Ms: Mass of water supplied to boiler=Mass of steam generated in boiler One revolution of flow meter = 10 liter Mf = Mass of fuel used in the same time h2 = Specific enthalpy of steam formed in kJ/kg (i.e. h at Pressure P1 and temperature T5) h1 = Specific liquid enthalpy or sensible enthalpy of feed water in kJ/kg corresponding to feed water temperature at inlet to boiler. = 4.18T1 C.V. = Calorific valve of fuel in kJ/kg. Equivalent Evaporation: This is defined as the amount of water evaporated from water at 100 0C at standard atmospheric pressure at sea level i.e. 1.01325 bar. In short it is defined as the amount of steam generated from and at 100 0C. This concept is used to compare the evaporation rates of two or more boilers. Different boilers operate under many different operating conditions of pressure, feed water temperature, quality of steam generated, degree of superheat and quality of fuel used. In such conditions, it is not possible to compare the different boilers for their performance. Therefore if we want to compare the evaporation rates of these boilers it becomes necessary to adopt some standard conditions under which the water is supposed to get evaporated. We can compare the actual rate of evaporation with the standard rate of evaporation. The standard commonly adopted is the equivalent evaporation of water from boiler at 100 0C. Under standard operating conditions, 1 kg of steam would require the energy equal to its enthalpy of evaporation or latent heat of vaporization (hfg) equal to 2256.9 kJ/kg. This quantity is known as Standard evaporation unit. If, M = Mass of steam formed in a given time in kg per kg of fuel burnt = Ms/Mf

h2= Specific enthalpy of stem formed corresponding to a working pressure of boiler, kJ/kg. (i.e. h at Pressure P1 and temperature T5) h1 = Specific enthalpy of feed water, at feed water temperature, kJ/kg. = 4.18T1 Then, Energy received by the steam = Ms (h2-h1) kJ /min For wet steam, h2=hf + X*hfg For dry saturated steam, h2= hf + hfg = hg For superheated steam h2 = hg + Cp (Tsup Tsat) hf = specific enthalpy of liquid at boiler pressure, kJ/kg. X= Dryness fraction of steam. (Use Calculated by Separating-Throttling Calorimeter) hfg = Specific enthalpy of evaporation at boiler pressure, kJ/kg. hg = Specific enthalpy of dry saturated steam at boiler pressure, kJ/kg. Now, h1 = Specific heat of water (Cp) in (kJ/kgK) x Temperature of feed water in (0C) h1 = 4.187 x Temperature of feed water in 0C Here if specific enthalpy is zero at 0 0C. From this the amount of water at 100 0C which could be evaporated into dry saturated steam at 100 0C is determined. This is then, called the equivalent evaporation of the boiler, from water at 100 0C. Thus, Equivalent evaporation =Me= M(h2-h1)/2256.9 kg/kg of fuel Energy Balance Sheet or Heat Balance Sheet: Heat balance sheet represents an account of heat energy supplied by burning the fuel and the breakup of heat energy utilized or dissipated or lost. Thus based on the heat energy supplied and heat energy utilized or lost can be expressed in a tabular form, called heat balance sheet. The heat balance sheet is usually drawn either on the basis of kJ/min or on the percentage basis or on the basis of heat energy per kg of fuel burnt. BOILER SPECIFICATIONS: Rated steam generation: 800 kg/hr Working pressure of boiler: 12 bar Rated fuel consumption: 50 kg/hr Electricity supply: 50Hz, 230V AC, 3 Phase Blower motor: 3HP Feed water pump rotor: 1HP Fuel supply pump motor: 0.5 HP Condensate extraction pump motor: 0.5 HP

 Soft water feed water pump motor: 0.5 HP Pump motor for circulation of cold water into condenser: 3HP LAYOUT OF STEAM POWER PLANT

OBSERVATIONS: Ta : Ambient temperature 0C= -- 0C T1: Temperature of water at the inlet to economizer in 0C T2: Temperature of water at the outlet of economizer in 0C T3: Temperature of flue gases inlet to economizer in 0C T4: Temperature of flue gases outlet of economizer in 0C T5: Temperature of steam generated in boiler in 0C T6: Temperature of steam before throttling in 0C T7: Temperature of steam after throttling in 0C P1: Steam pressure inside the boiler P2: Steam pressure before throttling

P3: Steam pressure after throttling Mw=Ms: Mass of water supplied to boiler=Mass of steam generated in boiler One revolution of flow meter = 10 liter Mws: Mass of water collected in separating chamber Msc: Mass of water collected in condensing chamber after throttling calorimeter Mf: Mass of fuel supplied to the boiler FUEL TANK DETAILS: Calorific value of fuel=C.V.= 42000 kJ/kg Area of fuel tank: 0 .5 x 0.5 m2 Density of oil: 870 kg/m3 OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. No. P1g T1 T2 2 (kg/cm ) 0C 0C 1 2 3 4 Average CALCULATIONS: 1) Boiler Efficiency = Ms(h2-h1) / (MfC.V.) 2) Equivalent evaporation =Me= M(h2-h1)/2256.9 kg/kg of fuel M= Ms/Mf 3) Energy Balance Sheet or Heat Balance Sheet Heat Supplied (kJ/min) Heat Utilized (kJ/min) Heat Utilized in boiler to generate steam Q1=Msh (h is across boiler) Q=MfC.V. Heat Utilized in economizer Q2= MwCpT (T is across economizer for water T2-T1 ) Heat rejected by flue gas to atmosphere Q3=mgCpgT (T = T4-Ta ) Uncounted Heat= Q4=Q-(Q1+Q2+Q3) Total= Total=

T3 0 C

T4 0 C

T5 0 C

Time for 1 rev. of flow meter t1 (sec)

Mw=Ms =(10/t1)60 (kg/min)

Decrease in fuel level H (m) in 1 min

Mf=0.50.5 H870 (kg/min)

% Heat Utilized Q1/Q100 Q2/Q100

Q3/Q100

Q4/Q100 100%

To calculate mgCpg for flue gas Energy balance across Economizer: By neglecting heat loss to atmosphere through economizer Heat rejected by flue gas in economizer = Heat absorbed by water in economizer mgCpg(T3-T4) = MwCp(T2-T1) mgCpg= MwCp(T2-T1) / (T3-T4) kJ/min K

RESULT: The boiler efficiency is . The equivalent evaporation is