Biomaterials

HOMEWORK #1
Stuart Fairhurst
Student ID# 4312129 X500: fair0151

Stuart Fairhurst 2/8/2013

PROBLEM 1: Given:
o o o o Elastic Modulus = 107 GPa (15.5 x 106 psi) Diameter = 3.8 mm (0.15 in) Tensile Load = 2000 N (450 lbf) Max Elongation = 0.42 mm (0.0165 in)

Find:
Maximum length of the specimen before deformation.

Solution:
We know the following 3 equations:

To find the initial length of the specimen, we can rearrange the equations to find

The cross sectional area of the specimen can be found to be: ( ) Plugging in values gives: ( )

We can find the maximum length by adding the change in length to the initial length:

Stuart Fairhurst 2/8/2013

PROBLEM 2: Given:
o o o o Elastic Modulus = 140 GPa (20.3 x 106 psi) Diameter = 8 mm (0.31 in) Force = 15,700 N (3530 lbf) Diameter reduction = 5 x 10-3 mm (2 x 10-4 in)

Find:
Poissons ratio for this material.

Solution:
We know the following 4 equations:

We are trying to find Poissons ratio, so we start with the equation for , and substitute values in for , followed by substituting in the equation for (found by rearranging the first equation for . We then substitute the final equation for , and the equation for area. Then we simplify the expression. This process is shown below: ( )

Given values can be substituted directly into this equation to obtain ( ( ( (

Stuart Fairhurst 2/8/2013

PROBLEM 3: Given:
o Rod Length = 100 mm o Diameter = 10 mm o Tensile Load = 27,500 N o Does not deform under load o Max limit of diameter reduction = 7.5 x 10-3 mm

Find:
Which of these materials will not deform when the tensile load is applied AND will not have a diameter reduction greater than listed above:

Solution:
We know that a material will deform after the load causes enough stress to exceed the materials Yield Strength. Because Yield Strengths are listed for each material, we can determine which materials will deform, by calculating stress. To do this, area is substituted into the equation for stress, and known values are plugged in: (

( ) Which is equivalent to:

This value eliminates the Aluminum Alloy and the Brass Alloy as candidates, because 350.1 MPa is higher than their yield strengths and so they would deform. The second condition imposes a limit on diameter reduction. Diameter reduction is easily determined by rearranging the equation for Poissons ratio found in problem 2:

Stuart Fairhurst 2/8/2013 We use values given for Steel and Titanium to determine if the diameter reduction is within the given parameters. Steel: ( ( ( Titanium: (

The titanium will have a diameter reduction greater than 0.0075 mm and is therefore not a candidate. The steel will have a diameter reduction less than 0.0075 mm and is therefore a candidate. The only material that fits both requirements is: Steel

Stuart Fairhurst 2/8/2013

PROBLEM 4: Given:
Stress (%) Strain (MPa) 0.06 98 0.1 160 0.16 280 0.2 350 0.3 500 0.4 620 0.5 700 0.6 770 0.7 830 0.8 870 0.9 920 1 930

Find:
Stress Strain Plot Modulus of Elasticity 0.2% Offset Yield Strength Tensile Strength Fracture Strength Toughness

Solution:
Graphing the table above as a Stress vs Strain graph, we obtain:

Stress vs Strain
1000 900 800 700 600 Stress 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Strain 0.8 1 1.2 y = 1557.8x + 17.921 R = 0.9919

A best fit line has been applied to the linear portion of the graph, revealing the slope, which is also the modulus of elasticity: 1557.8

Stuart Fairhurst 2/8/2013

Stress vs Strain
1000 900 800 700 Stress 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Strain 0.8 1 1.2 y = 1557.8x + 17.921 R = 0.9919

The 0.2% offset Yield Strength is determined by placing a line of equivalent slope to the modulus of elasticity, and measuring the point of intersection. This is shown above and the Yield Strength can be estimated to be about 840 MPa

In order to evaluate the tensile strength of this material, we must measure the stress at which the curve peaks. This curve appears to peak at the final value in the table, and so the tensile strength is estimated to be about 930 MPa The fracture strength is determined by the last point on the graph, and so in this particular instance, the fracture strength is equivalent to the tensile strength at 930 MPa

The toughness was calculated by determining the area under the curve, which came out to be about 620

Stuart Fairhurst 2/8/2013

PROBLEM 5: Given:
o o o o Tensile Stress = 9.32 x 109 Pa Strain = 0.5 Duration = 100 s Elastic Modulus = 5 x 109 Pa

Find:
A time-dependent equation relating uniaxial strain to measurable parameters at constant stress during a creep experiment. The viscosity of the material above

Solution:
The Kelvin-Voight viscoelastic model is given by: ( Taking the derivative of this equation yields: ( ( ) ( (

This equation can be rearranged to find viscosity: (

( Substituting values we find: ( (

( )