My Research Project Finished With Corrections

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS
UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION MASTERS PROGRAMME IN EDUCATION WITH EMPHASIS ON ENGLISH DIDACTICS
Preschool stu e!ts" #!ter$ct#o! #! %$&es $! co!tests
BETSAB' APARICIO AGUILAR
Bo%ot() *+,,
Preschool stu e!ts" #!ter$ct#o! #! %$&es $! co!tests
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION JUSTIFICATION CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Teaching English ! chil"#en 2. Ga$es in lang%age lea#ning 3. M! i&a i!n 4. In e#ac i!n in he class#!!$ 5. Use !' s(anglish) c!"e s*i ching an" c!"e $i+ing CHAPTER , INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN 1. Pe"ag!gical in e#&en i!n2. The #ela i!nshi( *i h he #esea#ch .%es i!n3. Ins #%c i!nal !/0ec i&es4. De&el!($en 5. Me h!"!l!g16. Desc#i( i!n !' he ac i&i ies2-1R!le !' he s %"en s-
2-,-
R!le !' he eache#-
7. Res!%#ces 8. Achie&e$en s9. E&al%a i!n10. Sche"%leCHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 1- Resea#ch .%es i!n,- Rela e" .%es i!n3- Main !/0ec i&e4- S(eci'ic !/0ec i&es5- P#!/le$ s a e$en 2- Resea#ch a((#!ach6- T1(e !' s %"17- C!n e+ an" (a# ici(an s7-1 C!n e+ 7-, Pa# ici(an s7-,-1 7-,-, S %"en sTeache#-
8- Da a c!llec i!n ins #%$en s8-1 Fiel" n! es8-, Chec9 lis 8-3 A%"i! a(e #ec!#"ings6. DATA ANALIS:S 1. Ca eg!#ies #ela e" ! he #esea#ch .%es i!n1-1 C!$$%nica i&e !!ls-
a- Feeling;s e+(#essi!n/- C!$(#ehensi!n an" cla#i'ica i!n a$!ng s %"en sc- Usage !' $i$ics an" s(anglish1-, E.%i a/le (a# ici(a i!na- Desi#e ! (a# ici(a e/- G#!%( *!#9c- Gi&ing %#ns1-3 A((#!(#ia enessa- F!ll!*ing #%les/- Rele&ance2. Ca eg!#ies #ela e" ! he #ela e" .%es i!n,-1 I$(#!&e$en !' lang%agea- C!n'i"ence/- Fl%enc1,-, T1(e !' lang%agea- Ci#c%$s an ial/- S #a egic7. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS 8. LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH<I<LIOGRAPH:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First all, I want to thank THE LORD. He was present in all my process and development of my research pro ect s!pplyin" me with the intelli"i#ility and clearness. I also want to thank to the teachers $aria Fernanda Tell%& Tell%& and 'strid (! ez )ardo , who "!ided this process "ivin" me the ri"ht way to follow the correct way and achieve my "oal. Thanks a lot to my h!s#and, $ichael who was an !nconditional s!pport in this process. I am really "ratef!l with him and I do love him. To my son too. *ho "ave me the stren"th to complete this process despite of the diffic!lties. He is my inspiration. To my family Dad, $om and +rother , who constantly help me #y "ivin" me s!pport when I was tired. 'nd finally I want to thank 'n"lo 'merican ,chool and its directives for allowin" me to apply my pro ect and investi"ate there.

Games should be regarded as an integral part of the language syllabus, not as an amusing activity for Friday afternoon or for the end of the term. Games also help teachers create context in which language becomes useful and meaningful (Handfield, !!"# ta$en from playing to learn% &strid 'u(e) *ardo
INTRODUCTION N!*a"a1s i is #eall1 i$(!# an ! han"le English in !%# c!%n #1- N! !nl1 /eca%se !' he sch!!ling /% als! /eca%se !' he (#!'essi!nal li'e- In C!l!$/ia he /iling%alis$ is in 'ashi!n "%e ! he Na i!nal P#!g#a$ !' <iling%alis$ ,==4>,=18 ha la%nche" he Minis #1 !' E"%ca i!n- I is *ell 9n!*n ha English is a necessi 1? '!# ha #eas!n $!s !' he sch!!ls ha" change" hei# c%##ic%l%$s ! i$(#!&e eaching> lea#ning (#!cess !' ESL @ English as a '!#eign lang%ageA- F!# his g!al i is necessa#1 ! "e&el!( all he s9ills in he s %"en sT! c!n #i/% e ! his g!al I c!nsi"e# i$(!# an ! (#esen his #esea#ch (#!0ec /ase" !n he %se !' ga$es ! "e&el!( he s(ea9ing s9ill /1 $eans !' in e#ac i!n- This !!l *ill en#ich he (#!cess !' lea#ning English? (#i$a#il1 ! $1 s %"en s- I *ill "esc#i/e h!* ga$es an" c!n es s sha(e (#esch!!l s %"en s; in e#ac i!n a Angl!>A$e#ican sch!!l?
es(eciall1 in #ansi i!n s %"en s- The g!al !' his case s %"1 #esea#ch is ! (#!$! e he %se !' ga$es an" c!n es s in he (#!cess !' English eaching> lea#ning lang%age ! enc!%#age s %"en s; in e#ac i!n? since s %"en s a#e $!#e (#!"%c i&e *hen he1 in e#ac a$!ng he$T! "! his? eache#s sh!%l" "e&el!( $! i&a ing an" c!n e+ %aliBe" ac i&i ies- One e+a$(le is he %se !' ga$es /eca%se s %"en s ha&e he (!ssi/ili 1 ! a((l1 he lang%age s(!n ane!%sl1 an" *i h!% 'eeling s #esse"-
Wha le" $e ! c!n"%c his (#!0ec *as he necessi 1 ! c#ea e a /e e# en&i#!n$en '!# he s %"en s a Angl! A$e#ican sch!!l a&!i"ing he $echanical lea#ning !' an a$!%n !' &!ca/%la#1 an" s #%c %#es *i h!% a #eal c!n e+ - This ini ia i&e ca$e %( '#!$ he eache#sC c!n&e#sa i!ns in *hich *e $en i!ne" he /!#ing a i %"e !' he s %"en s in '#!n !' he English classes "%e ! he c!ns an #e(e i i!n an" he lac9 !' in e#ac i!n he1 ha&e- This sh!*s a necessi 1 ! $! i&a e s %"en s in English classes a angl! A$e#ican sch!!l an" gi&e he$ he !((!# %ni 1 ! en0!1 an" ha&e #eal e+(e#iences in class- O%# (e#ce( i!n as eache#s sh!*s %s ha '!# i$(#!&ing he eaching an" lea#ning (#!cess *e ha&e ! 'in" a %se'%l !!l *hich hel( %s ! "e&el!( he s(ea9ing s9ills? One !' he $!s
i$(!# an as(ec s a Angl! A$e#ican sch!!l an" '!# an1 English lea#ne#-
<ase" !n s!$e a# icles an" e&en (#!0ec s I #e&ie*e" ? a nee"s e&al%a i!n a/!% he s %"en s an" eache#s an" $1 (e#s!nal e+(e#ience *i h $1 9i"s? I c!nsi"e#e" i$(!# an ! "e&el!( "i''e#en $echanis$s h#!%gh *hich s %"en s can in e#ac in English %sing *ha he1 ha&e lea#n /% n! /1 a $echanic *a1? /% *i h a #eal c!n e+ - Since? he in e#ac i!n in a n!#$al class is "!ne /1 #!le (la1s? si$(le "ial!g%es !# 0%s /1 as9ing an" ans*e#ing? %s%all1 he as9e# is he eache#- H!*e&e#? a #eal c!n es *i h a s(!n ane!%s in e#ac i!n /e *een s %"en s !# *i h he eache# is ne&e# gi&en- I $ean? a si %a i!n *he#e he s %"en s can ch!!se '#!$ a se !' 9n!*le"ge *ha ! sa1? *i h!% ha&ing a (#e"e e#$ine s #%c %#eTa9ing in ! acc!%n his 'ac he $!s a"e.%a e s #a eg1 ! achie&e his g!al is he %se !' ga$es- Wi h his !!l i is (!ssi/le ! e&al%a e h!* he in e#ac i!n !' he s %"en s in ga$es is- Since he#e is a nee" '!# $! i&a i!n an" in e#ac i!n in English an" n! !nl1 '!# #e(e i i!n-
This (a(e# is "i&i"e" in si+ cha( e#s- The 'i#s is a/!% he The!#e ical '#a$e*!#9 in *hich he#e is a "isc%ssi!n !' eaching English ! 1!%ng lea#ne#sD s!$e in'!#$a i!n a/!% he /ene'i s !' ga$esD $! i&a i!n an" s %"en in e#ac i!n- In he sec!n" cha( e# *e 'in" he ins #%c i!nal "esign *hich incl%"es he (#!cess %se" ! i$(le$en he (e"ag!gical s #a eg1? ga$es an" he "e ail "esc#i( i!n !' he$- In he hi#" cha( e# *e 'in" he #esea#ch "esign *hich incl%"es he #esea#ch .%es i!n? !/0ec i&es? an" he c!n e+ ? (a# ici(an s an" "a a c!llec i!n ins #%$en s- The '!%# h cha( e# sh!*s he "a a anal1sis- The 'i' h cha( e# is c!nce#ne" *i h he c!ncl%si!ns an" he (e"ag!gical i$(lica i!ns- In he las cha( e# he li$i a i!ns an" '%# he# #esea#ch a#e "esc#i/e"-
JUSTIFICATION I is #eall1 i$(!# an '!# $e ha $1 s %"en s li9e lea#ning English? since in (#esch!!l he1 ac.%i#e" he 'i#s e+(e#iences *hich can $!"el hei# li9es an" "isli9es- S!? I
ha&e ! %se "i''e#en !!ls ! $! i&a e he$ ! lea#n he Lang%age- The c!n #i/% i!n !' his #esea#ch '!# $1 (e#s!nal e+(e#ience is ! 'in" a #ac i&e ac i&i ies *hich #aise he $! i&a i!n an" hel( $1 s %"en s ! %se he lang%age in a #eal c!n e+ in a s(!n ane!%s *a1? an" n! !nl1 /1 #e(ea ing- In his *a1? Me? as a eache# $a1 n! ice ha $1 s %"en s? es(eciall1 9i"s? can in e#ac %ns #%c %#e" ? en0!1 an" lea#n English /1 $eans !' ac i&i ies s%ch as ga$es an" c!n es s- In s%$? ga$es an" c!n es s can (#!&i"e a #eal c!n e+ in *hich s %"en s #ealiBe ha he lea#ning !' English is %se'%l an" '%n /1 in e#ac ing an" %sing hei# 9n!*le"geI c!nsi"e# ha s %"en s in Angl! A$e#ican Sch!!l *ill 'in" English $!#e en0!1a/le s! he1 *ill l!&e classes an" *ill change he #e(%lsi&e a i %"e he1 ha&e !*a#"s English classes- As *e ha&e 1= h!%#s (e# *ee9 a sch!!l? i is %s%al ha s %"en s s!$e i$es 'eel /!#e" *hen he1 see hei# English eache# *ice a "a1? al9ing in a "i''e#en lang%age an" $a9ing he$ 0%s #e(ea - Th#!%gh (la1'%l ac i&i ies as ga$es an" c!n es s? s %"en s *ill lea#n an" %se he lang%age in #eal c!n e+ an" s(!n ane!%sl1- This *ill c!n #i/% e ! a change !' a i %"e '#!$ he s %"en s? a /e e# (e#'!#$ance !' he lang%age s%/se.%en l1? a highe# le&el in English a Angl! A$e#ican sch!!lIn !%# c!%n #1 he#e a#e #es #ic e" #esea#ch s %"ies a/!% he %se !' ga$es in an"
eaching !' EFL- M!s !' he s %"ies al9s a/!% he "e&el!($en !' he s(ea9ing s9ills /1 $eans !' #e(e i i!n? "ial!g%es !# as9 E ans*e# .%es i!ns- M1 (%#(!se is ! sh!* (#esch!!l English eache#s ha ga$es a#e n! 'ille#s !# 0%s *a#$ing %(s /% ac i&i ies in *hich *e can /ene'i "i''e#en as(ec s !' he lang%age lea#ning (#!cess? as he i$(#!&e$en !' he s(ea9ing s9ill /1 in e#ac i!n /e *een s %"en s in a na %#al *a1? he %se !' he English *i h %ns #%c %#e" '!#$a an" a he sa$e i$e change he s %"en sC $in"s a/!% he (#!cess !'
lea#ning English-
T! (#!$! e he %se !' ga$es an" c!n es in English classes *ill
c!n #i/% e ! a /e e# s %"en s; (e#'!#$ance in he lang%age /eing a*a#e !' he g!als he1 can ha&e in a #eal c!n e+ *i h a na %#al (#!"%c i!n-
CHAPTER I THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
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C!nsi"e#ing ha !%# /ig c!nce#n as lang%age eache#s has /een ! $! i&a e !%# s %"en s en!%gh ! $a9e he$ (a# ici(a e $!#e ac i&el1 in class? es(eciall1 h!se *h! a#e sh1? i is necessa#1 ! 'in" an e''icien !!l- One e''ec i&e *a1 ! ai" in e#ac i!n is s(ea9ing an" (% ing in ! (#ac ice *ha he1 ha&e /een lea#ning- In (#esch!!l? s %"en s a#e $!#e
al9a i&e- Teache#s sh!%l" $! i&a e he$ ! s(ea9- As $1 (#!0ec is /ase" !n "ames an" he *a1 he1 sha(e st!dents- interaction *hen he1 a#e "!ing his 9in" !' ac i&i ies? i is necessa#1 ! al9 a/!% teachin" En"lish to yo!n" learners, in his case "e#i&e" '#!$ Halli*ell @188,A- .ames/ he!#1 *ill /e a9en in ! acc!%n !!- Ga$es /ene'i s an" h!* ! a((l1 he$ in a lang%age class /ase" !n Le*is an" <e"s!n @,==1A? U/e#$an @1887A? Lee S%e @1885A an" T! h @1858A a$!ng ! he#s- I is als! (e# inen ! al9 a/!% motivation s%((!# e" /1 C!!(e# @,==7A? O9a"a e al@1882A? D!#ne1 @1882A an" ! he#s- An" 'inall1? st!dent/s interaction in ga$es s%s aine" /1 Richa#" an" L!c9ha# @1884A? L!ng @1873A? G!!" an" P!*e# @1862A an" ! he#s- The#e is als! an e+(lana i!n !' span"lish acc!#"ing ! H!l$es? 0 @188,AThese a#e he $!s i$(!# an !(ics in $1 he!#e ical '#a$e*!#9 '!#
$1 #esea#ch an" he1 *ill a((ea# in he sa$e !#"e# as he1 *e#e na$e"1- Teaching English ! Chil"#en Teaching English ! 1!%ng lea#ne#s in&!l&es a ha#" *!#9? /eca%se i is "e$an"ingD h!*e&e# he 0!/ 1!% "! is als! #e*a#"ing- I can sa1 i *i h '%ll 9n!*le"ge !' he 'ac s- When eaching chil"#en? *e ha&e ! a9e in ! acc!%n ha he1 li9e e+(l!#ing he *!#l"? $a9ing hei# !*n "ecisi!ns /ase" !n he !( i!ns gi&en? lea#ning ne* hings a/!% hei# en&i#!n$en an" ha&ing '%n !n an1 si %a i!n- A his (!in ? I *ill lis an" "esc#i/e si+ s9ills a/!% he 1!%ng chil"#en in !#"e# ! a9e a"&an age !' he$ ! ac i&a e he lea#ning !' English11
Halli*ell @ 188,? ((- 3>8A s a e" si+ s9ills an" ins inc s a/!% he 1!%ng chil"#en ! lea#n a '!#eign lang%age) 0. children-s a#ility to "rasp meanin"1 2. children-s creative !se of limited lan"!a"e reso!rce1 3. instinct for interaction and talk1 4. children-s capacity for indirect learnin"1 5. children-s instance for play and f!n1 and 6. the role of ima"ination All hese as(ec s a#e essen ial *hen eaching ! a 1!%ng lea#ne# an" es(eciall1 *hen %sing ga$es? since *e can a9e a"&an ages !' hese 'ea %#es- In a ga$e? 9i"s easil1 %n"e#s an" $eaning an" %se lang%age ! in e#ac - <esi"es? he1 a#e ha&ing an in"i#ec lea#ning (#!cess /1 $eans !' a #!le he1 a9e in hei# i$agina i!n /1 (la1ing- <eca%se he1 (e#s!ni'1 hei# #!le an" ac s as hei# cha#ac e# s! i (e#$i s a $!#e s(!n ane!%s e+(#essi!nThe 'i#s s9ill children-s a#ility to "rasp meanin" #e'e#s ! he chil"#en;s ca(aci 1 ! %n"e#s an" *ha is /eing sai" *i h!% 9n!*ing he $eaning !' e&e#1 single *!#"- The1 %n"e#s an" he $essage /1 #ea"ing he eache#;s ges %#es !# in !na i!n- F!# his #eas!n? ges ic%la i!n is necessa#1 ! hel( s %"en s %n"e#s an"- Chil"#en;s c#ea i&e %se !' li$i e" lang%age is he c!$(e ence s %"en s "e&el!( ! (#!"%ce hei# !*n lang%age? es(eciall1 *hen he1 nee" i - Chil"#en a#e c#ea i&e *i h g#a$$a ical '!#$s an" c!nce( s in an ac i&i 1 ha "e$an"s e''!# ! c!$(le e i The sec!n" s9ill es a/lishe" he children-s creative !se of limited lan"!a"e reso!rce. Halli*ell? @188,? ((-4>5A "ecla#e" ha i is i$(!# an s %"en s "e&el!( lang%age #es!%#ce, by e+e#cising c#ea i&i 1 an" he /es *a1 is /1 gi&ing ! s %"en s si %a i!ns in *hich he1 $%s in e#ac *i h hei# (a# ne#s? $a9e he$ %se he s(eech? s! he1 'in" $echanis$s ! e+(#ess hei# 'eelings an" /%il" c!$$%nica i&e lang%age- Tha is *h1 ga$es a#e %se'%l an" i$(!# an - I is n! 0%s /eca%se he1 a#e '%n- I is (a# iall1 /eca%se he '%n ele$en c#ea es a "esi#e ! c!$$%nica e12
The hi#" s9ill ) 7hildren-s instinct for interaction and talk is #eall1 essen ial? /eca%se he1 li9e al9ing all he i$e an" he1 "! n! s%''e# '#!$ sh1ness 1e - E&en i' he1 "! n! 9n!* h!* ! sa1 s!$e hing? he1 %se he sec!n" s9ill na$e" (#e&i!%s /1 Halli*ell) creative !se of limited lan"!a"e reso!rce? ! c!$$%nica e hei# i"eas- This is !ne !' F he $!s (!*e#'%l $! i&a !# '!# %sing he lang%age- We a#e '!# %na e as lang%age eache#s ha *e can /%il" !n i G @Halli*ell? 188,? ((- 7A- Tha is *h1 i is i$(!# an ! a9e a"&an age !' ga$es an" "e&el!( all he 9i";s s9ills- F!# his #eas!n? I e+(ec ! (#!$! e he c#ea i&eness in he lang%age %se" /1 chil"#en h#!%gh he in e#ac i!n in ga$esChil"#en als! ha&e the capacity to learn indirectly, ha is he '!%# h s9ill s a e" /1 Halli*ell? since eaching lang%age (#!&i"es he !((!# %ni 1 ! %se "i''e#en 9in"s !' ac i&i ies in *hich chil"#en a9e a"&an age !' he$- The #eas!n is si$(le- Chil"#en a#e n! c!nce#ne" *i h he %se !' he lang%age /% *i h he c!$(le i!n !' he as9- F!# e+a$(le? in a g%essing ga$e? he s %"en *an s ! g%ess #igh ? s! heHshe "!es n! '!c%s !n he %sage !' lang%age (e# se- A he en"? heHshe is %nc!nsci!%sl1 %sing ne* e+(#essi!ns !# (h#asesD '!# his #eas!n ga$es a#e a g!!" !!l- In a""i i!n ! (#!&i"ing s %"en s *i h #eal *!#9? he1 e+(e#ience *i h he sense !' (la1ing an" ha&ing '%n? s! s %"en s "! n! n! ice he1 a#e lea#ning /1 (la1ing- Tha is he #eas!n '!# he 'i' h s9ill? s a e" /1 Halli*ell @188,A? children-s instinct for play and f!n- Chil"#en 0%s l!&e 'in"ing an" ge ing '%n !' an1 ac i&i 1 !# as9 (#esen e"- He#e he "#a$a is a g!!" ins #%$en '!# he$ an"? !' c!%#se '!# %s? /eca%se he1 gi&e a (e#s!nal 'ea %#e ! he lang%age he1 %se- This !ne is c!nnec e" *i h he si+ h s9ill $en i!ne" /1 Halli*ell) the role of ima"ination? *hich gi&es %s he chance ! enc!%#age he s %"en s ! in e#ac - The1 li9e i$aging si %a i!ns s! he1 can sha#e i"eas- Halli*ell @188,A gi&es he e+a$(le a/!% a $!ns e# c#ea e" /1 s %"en s %sing
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"i''e#en c!l!#s an" (a# s !' he /!"1 s! he1 'eel s! $! i&a e" ! sha#e i - The /! !$ line is ha he $! i&a i!n is a c#%cial as(ec in eaching English ! 1!%ng lea#ne#s an" *ha *e can %se ! achie&e his g!al is (#ecisel1 ga$es- I $eans /1 he ga$es i is (!ssi/le ! e+(l!i he si+ s9ills $en i!ne" /1 hi$,- Ga$es in Lang%age Lea#ning Ga$es a#e a &e#1 %se'%l English !!l "%e ! all he as(ec s #ela e" ! he$- A ga$e is n! 0%s a '%nn1 ac i&i 1- Ga$es ca##1 "i''e#en cha#ac e#is ics *hich hel( ! "e&el!( "i''e#en s9ills- A his (!in ? i is i$(!# an ! "e'ine he *!#" "ames an" gi&e s!$e a% h!#s; (e#ce( i!ns a/!% he /ene'i s !' %sing he$ in he class#!!$- I als! a9e in ! acc!%n s!$e 'ac !#s as a''ec i&e? c!gni i&e? class "1na$ics an" a"a( a/ili 1<esi"es? I incl%"e s!$e s%gges i!ns in !#"e# ! %se he$ $!#e e''ec i&el1-
In !#"e# ! "e'ine *ha a ga$e is? i is in e#es ing ! chec9 he e 1$!l!g1 !' his *!#" *hich e+(lains ha '#!$ Ol" English i is "amen an" in Ol" High Ge#$an is "aman. In /! h cases he $eaning is he sa$e) am!sement @ a9en '#!$ Me##ia$ We/s e# "ic i!na#1 !n line in ***-Me##ia$>We/s e#-C!$A- Then? *hen *e hin9 a/!% a ga$e? *e c!nsi"e# i 0%s as '%nn1 ac i&i 1 an" n! $!#e- H!*e&e#? he (%#(!se !' a lang%age "ame is n! !nl1 ha&ing '%n- I is !ne !' he $!s (!*e#'%l s #a egies ! engage an" $! i&a e he s %"en s ! lea#n English- <esi"es? i is a %se'%l !!l ! (#esen ? #e&ie* !# #ein'!#ce &!ca/%la#1 !# s #%c %#es- S!$e eache#s /elie&e ha he1 a#e %se" '!# $! i&a i!n !# ice /#ea9e#s-
H!*e&e#? Sil&e#s @187,A @as ci e" in U/e#$an?1887? (- ,=A s a e" F ha $an1 eache#s a#e en h%sias ic a/!% %sing ga$es as a eaching "e&ice? 1e he1 !' en (e#cei&e ga$es as $e#e i$e>'ille#s? a /#ea9 '#!$ he $!n! !n1 !' "#illing !# '#i&!l!%s ac i&i iesG- The#e'!#e?
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lang%age ga$es? /esi"es !' /eing '%nn1 ac i&i ies? a#e ac i&i ies *i h a se !' #%les g%i"ing ! a g!al *i h a s #a egic ele$en ha is he lang%age c!$(!nen - I $eans ha %se !' he chil"#en lang%age is he $!s i$(!# an g!al? $!#e han he c!$(e i i!n !# he #ec#ea i!n @G!#"!n an" <e"s!n? 1888A- M!#e!&e#? he s %"en s *hile en0!1ing he$sel&es? he#e is a /ig (!ssi/ili 1 ! enc!%#age he$ ! (#!"%ce he a#ge lang%age *i h!% 'eeling s #esse" /% c!$'!# a/le- Le*is @1888? ((- 5A a#g%e" ha he $ain #eas!n ! %se ga$es in he class#!!$ is ha F(la1ing ga$es is a &i al an" na %#al (a# !' g#!*ing %( an" lea#ningGTha is /eca%se since *e a#e /a/ies !%# (a#en s (la1 *i h %s in !#"e# ! each %s ! e+(l!#e he *!#l"- S!? *e sh!%l" a9e a"&an age !' ga$es ! i$(#!&e he eaching English as a '!#eign lang%age? a9ing in ! acc!%n ha i is a na %#al an" in/!#n ac i&i 1 in chil"#en- S! he1 *ill en0!1 i an" *e *ill $a9e he $!s !' i Ga$es ha&e a s #!ng /ene'i !n he TEFL (#!cess since s %"en s a#e c!nnec e" *i h he as9D h%s? he1 can %se he a#ge lang%age s(!n ane!%sl1- Lea#ning a '!#eign lang%age is n! !! eas1? s! *e as eache# ha&e ! %se $an1 !!ls ! each i ? es(eciall1 *hen he lea#ne#s a#e 9i"s- FLang%age lea#ning is ha#" *!#9 ---e''!# is #e.%i#e" a e&e#1 $!$en an" $%s /e $ain aine" !&e# a l!ng (e#i!" !' i$e- Ga$es hel( an" enc!%#age $an1 lea#ne#s ! s%s ain hei# in e#es an" *!#9G (W#igh ? <e e#i"ge an" <%c9/1? 1874-((-126A- F!# his g!al? chil"#en (% in ! (#ac ice "i''e#en s #a egies he1 "isc!&e# *i hin he$sel&es an" 'in" s!l% i!ns ! s!l&e he$? $ain aining hei# c!ncen #a i!n ! c!$(le e he ac i&i 1- Als! ga$es a#e highl1 $! i&a ing an" en e# aining? an" he1 can gi&e sh1 s %"en s $!#e !((!# %ni ies ! e+(#ess hei# !(ini!ns an" 'eelings- Since he1 0%s *an ! en0!1 he
ac i&i 1? he1 ge in&!l&e" in he ga$e *i h!% n! icing he1 inc#ease hei# lang%age s9illsGa$es (#!&i"e g#ea !((!# %ni ies ! $a9e all s %"en s ac i&e (a# ici(an s- Th%s? he
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s %"en can %se he lang%age *i h!% #ealiBing a/!% i - U/e#$an @1887A s a e" FThe1 Iga$esJ als! ena/le lea#ne#s ! ac.%i#e ne* e+(e#iences *i hin a '!#eign lang%age *hich a#e n! al*a1s (!ssi/le "%#ing a 1(ical less!n- F%# he#$!#e? ! .%! e Richa#">A$a !? he1? Ka"" "i&e#si!n ! he #eg%la# class#!!$ ac i&i ies? /#ea9 he ice? KI/% als!J he1 a#e %se" ! in #!"%ce ne* i"easG@ ((- ,=A- Tha is h!* i is (!ssi/le ! each /1 %sing a "i''e#en s #a eg1 *he#e s %"en s a#e ha&ing '%n an" he1 a#e "!ing hei# /es %sing he lang%age? I c!%l" sa1? %nc!nsci!%sl1- D%#ing he ga$es? i is (!ssi/le ! e&al%a e s %"en s; le&el !' c!$$%nica i!n an" ! i"en i'1 he s #a egies he1 a#e %sing ! in e#ac *i h hei# (a# ne#sThe a"&an ages !' %sing ga$es in he class#!!$ a#e a/%n"an - Lee @1885A s a e" s!$e !' he$ as '!ll!*s) 'i#s ? ga$es a#e inn!&a i&e *a#$ing %(s in a lang%age class ! /#ea9 he #!% ine- Sec!n"? he1 $! i&a e an" "e$an"- Thi#"? he1 hel( 9i"s ! c#ea e an" $ain ain he a e$( !' lea#ning- F!%# h? /1 %sing he$ *e can (#ac ice he "i''e#en a/ili ies as s(ea9ing? *#i ing? lis ening an" #ea"ing- Fi' h? i is a g!!" *a1 '!# s %"en s ! gi&e he$ c!n'i"ence ! in e#ac an" c!$$%nica e- Si+ h? he1 (#!&i"e a #eal c!n e+ '!# s %"en s ! %se he lang%age lea#n G @(-35A- We $%s a9e he $!s !' all hese /ene'i s? /eca%se h#!%gh ga$es s %"en s can e+(l!#e hei# a/ili ies- As Le*is @1888-(- 5A (!in e" !% ) F h#!%gh ga$es chil"#en e+(e#i$en ? "isc!&e#? an" in e#ac *i h hei# en&i#!n$en G-
Tha is *ha *e ha&e ! '!s e#? he %se !' ga$es hel(s ! (#!$! e "i''e#en a/ili ies in he s %"en s- The1 can i$(#!&e he$ *hile (la1ing an" ha&ing '%n- S %"en s a#e lea#ning a he sa$e i$e he1 "! hings he1 li9e-
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Lengeling an" Mala#che# @1886A als! ga&e s!$e /ene'i s !' %sing ga$es in class? he1 a#e a''ec i&eness? c!gni i&e?class "1na$ic? an" a"a( a/ili 1 ) Affective l!*e#s a''ec i&e 'il e#? enc!%#ages c#ea i&e an" s(!n ane!%s %se !' lang%age? (#!$! es c!$$%nica i&e c!$(e ence? $! i&a es? '%nC!"#itive #ein'!#ces? #e&ie*s an" e+ en"s? '!c%ses !n g#a$$a# c!$$%nica i&el1? C$%&& Dy#%'ic& s %"en cen e#e"? eache# ac s !nl1 as 'acili a !#? /%il"s class c!hesi!n? '!s e#s *h!le class (a# ici(a i!n? (#!$! es heal h1 c!$(e i i!nA(%)t%bi$ity easil1 a"0%s e" '!# age? le&el? an" in e#es s? % iliBes all '!%# s9ills-G @(-4,A
In his *a1? he %se !' ga$es hel( c!$(le el1 he "e&el!($en !' "i''e#en s9ills in s %"en s an" gi&e he$ "i''e#en e+(e#iences an" a sing%la# *a1 ! lea#n- U/e#$an @ 1887? (- ,=A "ecla#e" FGa$es enc!%#age? en e# ain? each? an" (#!$! e 'l%enc1- I' n! '!# an1 !' hese #eas!ns? he1 sh!%l" /e %se" 0%s /eca%se he1 hel( s %"en s see /ea% 1 in a '!#eign lang%age an" n! 0%s (#!/le$s ha a i$es see$ !&e#*hel$ing-G S!? /esi"es gi&ing all he (e"ag!gical a"&an ages $en i!ne" /e'!#e? ga$es can /e %se" n! !nl1 ! $! i&a e s %"en s /% als! ! l!&e lea#ning a '!#eign lang%age-
S! 'a#? he a"&an ages an" e''ec i&eness !' ga$es in lea#ning a '!#eign lang%age a#e e&i"en - As sai" /1 H%1en an" Nga @,==3A F'i#s ? ga$es /#ing in #ela+a i!n an" '%n '!# s %"en s? h%s hel( he$ lea#n an" #e ain ne* *!#"s $!#e easil1- Sec!n"? ga$es %s%all1 in&!l&e '#ien"l1 c!$(e i i!n an" he1 9ee( lea#ne#s in e#es e"- These c#ea e he $! i&a i!n '!# lea#ne#s !' English ! ge in&!l&e" an"
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(a# ici(a e ac i&el1 in he lea#ning ac i&i ies- hi#"? &!ca/%la#1 ga$es /#ing #eal *!#l" c!n e+ in ! he class#!!$? an" enhance s %"en sL %se !' English in a 'le+i/le? c!$$%nica i&e *a1G @(-2ATha is h!* he a"&an ages !' he ga$es c!n in%e inc#easing n! !nl1 in he s!cial c!nce#n /% in he lang%age c!nce#n- As sai" (#e&i!%sl1 s %"en s "e&el!( a heal h1 c!$(e i i!n an" an inc#ease !' &!ca/%la#1 an" %se !' he lang%age lea#n in a #eal in e#ac i!n-
Gi&ing a #eal c!n e+ ! s %"en s is #eall1 i$(!# an "%e ! he1 a#e in&!l&e" in i ? a9e a #eal #!le in he ga$e? an" #e ain $!#e in'!#$a i!n *hen he1 %se hei# 9n!*le"ge ! s!l&e a si %a i!n in e#ac ing *i h ! he#s- W#igh ? <e e#i"ge an" <%c9/1 @1874A $ain aine" ha ga$es (#!&i"e a %se'%l an" $eaning'%l c!n e+ - The s %"en s; "esi#e is ! (a# ici(a e an" ! "! i The1 $%s %n"e#s an" he ! he#s? s! he1 $%s s(ea9 !# *#i e in !#"e# !
c!$$%nica e s!$e hing- <% ! c!$$%nica e? he1 sh!%l" n! ha&e an1 (#ess%#e !' /eing e&al%a e"? s! he1 can c!$$%nica e *i h!% an1 s #ess-
We can %se "i''e#en 1(es !' ga$es *i h "i''e#en g!als? /% he $!s i$(!# an !ne is n! he ga$e i sel' /% he %se !' he lang%age- Acc!#"ing ! Le*is an" <e"s!n? @1888A he#e a#e *! 9in"s !' ga$es) C!$(e i i&e ga$es? in *hich (la1e#s !# ea$s #ace ! /e he 'i#s ! #each he g!al? an" c!>!(e#a i&e ga$es? in *hich (la1e#s !# ea$s *!#9 !ge he# !*a#"s a c!$$!n g!al- The e$(hasis in s%ch ga$es is !n s%ccess'%l c!$$%nica i!n #a he# han !n c!##ec ness !' lang%age- The#e'!#e? I ha&e ! al9 a/!% c!$$%nica i!n ga$es- Acc!#"ing ! Lee @1868A he c!$$%nica i!n ga$es "! n! nee" ! /e l!ng !# "i''ic%l - The i"ea is ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing ! he (a# ne#s /% n! ha he (a# ne#s
18
g%ess s!$e hing- This $%s 'acili a e" he "e&el!($en !' he ga$e ! 9ee( he s %"en s in e#es e" in- i $eans ha s %"en s $%s 'eel c!$'!# a/le an" n! '#%s #a e" *hen he1 a#e (la1ing- Als! gi&ing he$ a #ela+e" c!n e+ in *hich he1 can s!l&e he ac i&i 1 ! 'eel c!n'i"en -
G!#"!n an" <e"s!n @1888? ((- 6>15A na$e" s!$e s%gges i!ns ! %se he ga$es e''ec i&el1 in he class#!!$- These s%gges i!ns *ill /e (#esen e" in he ne+ cha# "esigne" /1 $e- In he 'i#s c!l%$n I *#! e i %n"e# he i le !' what @ i $eans *ha ! a9e in ! acc!%n acc!#"ing ! he a% h!#A - In a""i i!n? I a"" an! he# c!l%$n %n"e# he i le !' why @ i $eans s!$e #eas!ns a/!% h!se (#!(!sals acc!#"ing ! $eAC*%+t ,
S%gges i!ns an" Reas!ns !' he %se !' ga$es-
WHAT 1less!n-
WH:
Pla1 "i''e#en ga$es '#!$ less!n ! S %"en s l!se he $! i&a i!n *hen he ga$e is al*a1s he sa$e- The1 "! n! li9e $!n! !n1-
,- Ma#1 he !#"e# in *hich 1!% (la1 ga$es
N! al*a1s a he /eginning- I is (!ssi/le ! (la1 a ga$e an1 i$e ! s%#(#ise he s %"en s-
3- Thin9 ahea"
Ki"s nee" a &a#ie 1 !' ac i&i ies an" hei# /eha&i!# can $!"i'1 '#!$ an1 ga$e ! an! he#- I is i$(!# an ! ha&e a < (lan-
4- Ma9e ga$es a (a# !' he s1lla/%s
S %"en s can (a# ici(a e ! c#ea e he ga$es '!# hei# !*n class- I is %se'%l since he1 can %se he
19
lang%age
! gene#a e #%les an"
as(ec s in he ga$e- E&en h!%gh he $a e#ial %se" !n i 5- Ta9e in ! acc!%n he lang%age le&el S %"en s can 'eel '#%s #a e" i' he1 cann! c!$(le e he ac i&i 1- I is #ele&an ! chec9 n! !nl1 he le&el /% he age !' he s %"en s2- The class siBe @ %#n (la1e#s in ! ea$s? se %( "i''e#en ga$e s a i!nsA Ta9e in ! acc!%n all he s %"en s *an ! (a# ici(a e- Ga$e s a i!ns can hel( s %"en s ! (a# ici(a e ac i&el1 in "i''e#en ga$es? es(eciall1 i' he g#!%( is /ig6- S a e ga$e> (la1ing e#$s an" #%lesR%les a#e i$(!# an '#!$ he
/eginning? s! s %"en s 9n!* *ha ! "! an" *ha "! n! !- This can hel( he$ ! %n"e#s an" an" c!$$%nica e /e e#<ase" !n G!#"!n? L- an" <e"s!n? G- -@1888A- .ames for children- Res!%#ce /!!9s '!# eache#s- P(- 6>15 "esigne" /1 <e sa/N A(a#ici!-
In he cha# is eas1 #ea"a/le he hings *e ha&e ! a9e in ! acc!%n ! i$(le$en he ga$es in class an" he #eas!ns ! a9e his as(ec s in $in" ! ha&e a s%ccess'%l %se !' he ga$es-<esi"es he as(ec s $en i!ne" in he cha# ? i is necessa#1 ! "eal *i h he class !#ganiBa i!n /eca%se F(ai# *!#9 an" g#!%( *!#9 ha&e he a"&an age ha lea#ne#s a#e *!#9ing si$%l ane!%sl1 an"? he#e'!#e? n! !nl1 is lang%age (#ac ice i$e g#ea l1 inc#ease"? /% chil"#en a#e less li9el1 ! /ec!$e /!#e" !# l!ss in e#es /eca%se he1 a#e ac i&el1 in&!l&e"G @T! h? M? 1885? (- 2A- Ga$es a#e a g!!" !((!# %ni 1 ! "e&el!( he in e#ac i!n in he '!#eign lang%age *i hin he class#!!$? /eca%se he s %"en s ha&e ! achie&e a s(eci'ic
20
g!al? he1 a#e $! i&a e" ! "! i ? an" he $! i&a i!n has an i$(!# an #!le in he English lea#ning (#!cess3- M! i&a i!n In he '!ll!*ing (a#ag#a(hs? I *ill a9e s!$e in ! acc!%n as(ec s s%ch as he
i$(!# ance !' $! i&a i!n? se&en ele$en s ! ac i&a e he $! i&a i!n !n s %"en s- The "i''e#ence /e *een in eg#a i&e $! i&a i!n an" ins #%$en al $! i&a i!n an" he h#ee c!$(!nen s !' lang%age lea#ning $! i&a i!n *ill /e a""#esse" !!In 'ac ? he#e is !ne i$(e#a i&e as(ec in eaching lea#ning ! 1!%nge# chil"#en ha is he $! i&a i!nal 'ac !#? !/&i!%sl1 his is nee"e" in all he s ages !' eaching a '!#eign lang%age /% '!# (#esch!!le#s his is essen ial- Tha is /eca%se Fi' he1 ha&e a g!!" e+(e#ience !' lea#ning lang%age a his s age? he1 *ill #e$e$/e# i *i h '!n"ness? s! *ill 'in" i easie# ! lea#n lang%ages la e# in li'eG @C!!(e#? ,==7 ?(- 4A- Tha is h!* he $! i&a i!n #!le is s! i$(!# an es(eciall1 in he 'i#s e+(e#iences in he li'e- S! lea#ning !' English is n! he e+ce( i!n- Acc!#"ing ! he $! i&a i!nal 'ac !# he ha&e ? he lang%age *ill /e ac.%i#e" easie#- I /#ings a $a#9e" e+(e#ience in he li'eS!$e a% h!#s ag#ee *i h he high i$(!# ance !' $! i&a i!n- Since in he (#!cess !' lea#ning a lang%age his is "e e#$inan - T! his #es(ec O9a"a? O+'!#"? an" A/! @1882? (1=2A "ecla#e" ha FM! i&a i!n is i$(!# an in lang%age lea#ning /eca%se i hel(s
"e e#$ine he e+ en !' in&!l&e$en in lea#ning- @OA $! i&a i!n hel(s s %"en s ! $ain ain hei# lang%age a/ili 1 a' e# s %"en s lea&e he class#!!$G- This is /eca%se *hen a s %"en 'eels $! i&a e" $i+e" "i''e#en e$! i!nal as(ec s- An" i' he s %"en s; $! i&a i!n is high hei# 'eelings !*a#"s he class *ill /e (!si i&e- The1 *ill *an ! lea#n $!#e e&en i' he1
21
a#e n! in he class#!!$- This as(ec *ill 'acili a e he eaching "%e !? he#e is a 'ac !# insi"e hi$Hhe# ! (#!$! e he lea#ningC#!!9es an" S$i h @1881A? @in O9a"a? O+'!#"? an" A/!? 1882? (- 1=2A? a''i#$e" ha $! i&a i!n c!nsis s !' se&en ele$en s)
In e#es
Rele&ance
E+(ec anc1
High ac i&i 1 le&el
Decisi!n ! /e in&!l&e"
<elie' in '!# hc!$ing #e*a#"s
Pe#sis ence
Fig%#e 1- Ele$en s !' $! i&a i!n- Designe" /1 <e sa/N A(a#ici!F!# his #eas!n? he s %"en s *h! a#e #eall1 $! i&a e" can lea#n /e e# an" s !#e he in'!#$a i!n? /eca%se i' he1 a#e in e#es e" in lea#ning a '!#eign lang%age? he1 gi&e he #ele&ance i "ese#&es? an" he1 *ill /e e+(ec an all he i$e *ai ing '!# a #e*a#" *i h he "ecisi!n ! /e i$$e#se" !n i ? "!ing hei# /es in an1 ac i&i 1 Acc!#"ing ! Ga#"ne#? @1875A @as ci e" in O9a"a? O+'!#"? an" A/!? 1882?A lang%age lea#ning $! i&a i!n c!%l" /e "i&i"e" in ! *!- One is he in eg#a i&e $! i&a i!n an" he ! he# !ne is he ins #%$en al $! i&a i!n- The ins #%$en al $! i&a i!n #e'e#s ! an e+ #insic $! i&a i!nD ha is ! sa1? he nee" ! "! i /1 an i$(!si i!n !# !/liga i!n '!# e+a$(le '!# a 0!/ !# aca"e$ic #e.%i#e$en s- The in eg#a i&e $! i&a i!n is he ! he# *a1 a#!%n"- The
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(leas%#e ! ac.%i#e he lang%age 0%s /eca%se !' a "esi#e ! lea#n i - I is 0%s he "esi#e an" (leas%#e '!# lea#ning he lang%age- In (#esch!!le#s ha in #insic $! i&a i!n is sh!*n /1 hei# eage#ness ! lea#n an" he *a1 he1 en0!1 "!ing i - In his s age *e ha&e ! a9e a"&an age !' hei# si %a i!n an" each he$ *i h a (%#(!se '!# he$H!*e&e#? in eg#a i&e $! i&a i!n *!%l" /e 0%s !ne !' he h#ee c!$(!nen s !' lang%age lea#ning $! i&a i!n acc!#"ing ! Cle$en ? D!#n1ei an" N!els @1884 (- 441A @as ci e" in D!#n1ei an" P!l an? 1882? (- 64A- The#e a#e *! $!#e c!$(!nen s *hich a#e he ling%is ic sel'>c!n'i"ence an" he a((#aisal !' class#!!$ en&i#!n$en - The ling%is ic sel'>c!n'i"ence is he ass%#ance ha s %"en s ha&e ! %se he lang%age ? *hile he a((#aisal !' class#!!$ en&i#!n$en is he c!n"i i!ns in *hich he lang%age is s %"ie" in e#$s !' g#!%( c!hesi!n? c!$(e ence? eaching s 1le ? (e#s!nali 1 an" a #ac i&eness- In (#esch!!le# s %"en s? *e can "is ing%ish hese h#ee c!$(!nen s? since chil"#en ha&e he in #insic $! i&a i!n? hei# (leas%#e is e&i"en - <esi"es? he1 "! n! *!##1 a/!% he $is a9es he1 $a9eD c!n #a#1 ! his? he1 (a# ici(a e ac i&el1 /eca%se he1 ha&e a high sel'>c!n'i"ence- Finall1? he class#!!$ en&i#!n$en in (#esch!!le#s $%s /e a((#!(#ia e '!# s %"en s i' n! he eache# $%s *!#9 !n ha - I' hese h#ee as(ec s a#e *ell *!#9e" an" #eall1 s i$%la e" /1 he eache#? chil"#en *ill ha&e g#ea e# chances ! lea#n- One e''ec i&e *a1 ! $! i&a e he s %"en s is /1 $eans !' ga$es4- In e#ac i!n in he Class#!!$ I is *ell 9n!*n ha he (#!cess !' lea#ning a sec!n" lang%age is $e#el1 in e#ac i&e
/eca%se /1 $eans !' s!cialiBa i!n? s %"en s; (#!"%c i!n !' lang%age is (!ssi/leS %"en E eache#;s in e#ac i!n is as i$(!# an as s %"en >s %"en ;s in e#ac i!n- A
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his (!in ? I *ill (#esen he eache# E s %"en ;s in e#ac i!n a9ing in ! acc!%n he eache#;s ac i!n B!ne- Als!? as(ec s s%ch as in e#ac i!nal c!$(e ence #%les? he 1(e !' in e#ac i!n acc!#"ing ! he "i''e#en (e#s!nali ies an" he in"i&i"%al c!gni i&e s 1les *ill /e e+(!se" he#e- In he sa$e *a1 he a"&an ages !' *!#9 in (ai#s !# in g#!%(s an" s!$e '!#$%laic s(eech in ga$es *ill /e e+(laine"When al9ing a/!% eache# E s %"en ;s in e#ac i!n? *e ha&e ! #e'e# ! he teacher-s action &one - I has ! "! *i h !ne s(eci'ic sec !# in he class#!!$ ha calls he eache#;s a en i!n an" i "!es n! all!* he (a# ici(a i!n !' all he s %"en sRicha#"s an" L!c9ha# @1882A? e+(laine"? Fs %"en s @--A ha a#e li9el1 ! (a# ici(a e $!#e ac i&el1 in a less!n han s %"en s *h! 'all !% si"e he ac i!n B!ne- In $an1 class#!!$s? his B!ne incl%"es he $i""le '#!n #!* sea sO i' a eache# is eaching '#!$ he '#!n !' he class? s %"en s sea e" he#e a#e $!#e li9el1 ! ha&e he !((!# %ni 1 ! (a# ici(a e ac i&el1 in he less!n /eca%se !' hei# (#!+i$i 1 ! he eache# @(- 137>138AH!*e&e#? his B!ne "!es n! al*a1s #e'e# ! he (lace *he#e he s %"en is si %a e" /% ! !%# (#e'e#ences as eache#s *i h s!$e s(eci'ic 9i"s- F!# e+a$(le? *hen *e as9 a .%es i!n ! s %"en s ! ha&e a /e e# le&el ins ea" !' he !nes *h! "! n! ans*e# i ? !# 0%s *hen *e lea#n a s %"en ;s na$e 'as e# han ! he# s %"en ;s na$es- This c!%l" /e a #eas!n !' as9ing he#>hi$ $!#e '#e.%en ha ! he ! he#s- This #e(#esen s a "isa"&an age *i h
s %"en s *h! a#e n! in !%# ac i!n B!ne- F!# his #eas!n? he in e#ac i!n /e *een s %"en > s %"en is #eall1 i$(!# an an" #ele&an '!# he (#!cess !' lea#ning a lang%age- We sh!%l" gi&e s %"en s $!#e !((!# %ni ies ! (a# ici(a e %sing he a#ge lang%age a$!ng he$24
Ne&e# heless? i is #eall1 i$(!# an ! "e'ine he h!*? *hen an" *h1 *e all!* his English lang%age in e#ac i!n in a (#!(e# *a1- Gi&e s %"en s he (a#a$e e#s ! in e#ac in he class (e#$i ing an e.%i&alen chance ! a9e (a# in i - @Richa#"s an" L!c9ha# 1882 A FThis has /een "esc#i/e" as a lea#ne#;s in e#ac i!nal c!$(e ence? *hich in&!l&es lea#ning (a# ic%la# (a e#ns !' in e#ac i!n an" /eha&i!# /! h &is>Q>&is he ! he# s %"en s in he class as *ell as he eache#-G @(( 141A- The1 a#e #%les in *hich each lea#ne# has ! a9e in ! acc!%n "i''e#en as(ec s ! ha&e a s%ccess'%l in e#ac i!nal (#!'icienc1These c!n&en i!ns a#e calle" interactional competence acc!#"ing ! Ti9%n!'' @1875A @as ci e" in Richa#"s an" L!c9ha# ? 1882? ((- 141>144A? The #%les gi&en a#e) 1- 8nowin" the eti9!ette of classroom interaction ) i is i$(!# an ! se %( he
class#!!$ #%les in !#"e# ! $ain ain an a((#!(#ia e class#!!$ /eha&i!#D '!# e+a$(le? ! #aise he han" *hen s %"en s *an ! (a# ici(a e,- 8nowin" the r!les for colla#orative work and individ!al ) s!$e ac i&i ies !# ga$es "! n! (e#$i he hel( '#!$ ! he# s %"en sD '!# e+a$(le in a g%essing ga$e-
Al h!%gh he s %"en is (a# !' a ea$? i is n! (!ssi/le ! as9 '!# hel(- F!# his #eas!n? i is i$(!# an c!!(e#a i!n3- 8nowin" when to ask and answer 9!estions ) i is #eall1 i$(!# an he (a# ici(a i!n in he "i''e#en ac i&i ies !' he class#!!$? es(eciall1 ans*e#ing he .%es i!ns /eca%se i is a g!!" !((!# %ni 1 ! (#ac ice i - <% i is essen ial '!# s %"en s ! 9n!* *hen an" h!* he1 ha&e ! as9 !# ans*e#- I "e(en"s !n he ac i&i 1 !# ga$e! 9n!* *hen i is a((#!(#ia e ! l!!9 '!# ! he#s;
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Ti9%n!'' "esc#i/e" he h!*? *hen an" *h1 in e#ac /1 9n!*ing he h#ee as(ec s $en i!ne"- Since i is i$(!# an ! 9n!* he #!le as a (a# ici(an in an in e#ac i!nTha is *h1 chil"#en $%s 9n!* hei# #!le in he "i''e#en in e#ac i!ns he1 ha&eAl h!%gh in e#ac i!n is !ne !' !%# $a0!# c!nce#ns? i is *ell 9n!*n ha n! all he s %"en s li9e ! (a# ici(a e !# in e#ac since i "e(en"s !n he "i''e#en (e#s!nali ies an" hei# in"i&i"%al c!gni i&e s 1les- G!" an" (!*e# @1862A ? @in Richa#"s? 1882? (- 144 A #e(!# e" s!$e !' hese c!gni i&e s 1les an" hei# c!nse.%en in e#ac i!n)
De)e#(e#t &t.(e#t& !+ %.t*!+ity !+ie#te( $e%+#i#" &ty$e0 These s %"en s cann! *!#9 /1 he$sel&es he nee" he eache# a% h!#iBa i!n ! "! he ac i&i ies-
T%&- !+ie#te( &t.(e#t& !+ /it* c!#c+ete $e%+#i#" &ty$e- s %"en s *h! li9e an" ge (leas%#e '#!$ he sch!!l an" lea#ning- The1 a#e c!!(e#a i&e s %"en s? e+cellen lea"e#s- The1 a#e he (#!/le$> s!l&e#s-
S!ci%$ &t.(e#t& !+ /it* c!''.#ic%tive $e%+#i#" &ty$e- These s %"en s ha&e a high (e#s!nal in e#ac i!nThe1 li9e #aining !# % !#ing ! he#s in he g#!%( an" (a# ici(a e ac i&el1 al h!%gh hei# ans*e#s $a1 n! al*a1s /e c!##ec -
P*%#t!' &t.(e#t& !+ /it* %#%$ytic%$ $e%+#i#" &ty$e- These s %"en s "!n; (a# ici(a e ac i&el1 in less!ns an" #a#el1 ini ia e c!n&e#sa i!ns !# as9 '!# hel(- Thei# *!#9 is c!ns an -
Fig%#e ,- C!gni i&e s 1les an" #ela i!n *i h in e#ac i!n- Designe" /1 <e sa/N A(a#ici! S! 'a#? I ha&e (#esen e" s!$e 'ac !#s ha can sha(e s %"en s; in e#ac i!n as he eache# ac i!n B!ne? in e#ac i!nal c!$(e ence an" he (e#s!nali ies an" c!gni i&e s 1lesN!ne heless? he /ene'i s *hen he 9i"s *!#9 in (ai#s !# in g#!%(s a#e #ele&an ?
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/eca%se s %"en s ha&e he !((!# %ni 1 ! (#ac ice he lang%age %sing "i''e#en ling%is ic #es!%#ces in an %ns #esse" si %a i!n- F!# e+a$(le? in a (ai# in e#ac i!n? /! h L!ng @1873A an" K#asen @1875A @as ci e" in Richa#"s? 1882? ((-15,A #ega#"e" ha *hen English lea#ne#s (#ac ice hei# lang%age /1 $eans !' in e#ac i!n each s %"en !/ ains l! s !' /ene'i s as sh!*n in he '!ll!*ing "iag#a$)
C!$(#ehensi/l e in(% '#!$ his he# c!n&e#sa i!nal (a# ne# A"0%s $en !' he in(% ! $a ch he le&el !' he lea#ne#;s c!$(#ehen si!n
A chance ! as9 '!# cla#i'ica i !n as *ell as 'ee"/ac9 !n his he# in(%
e!e"#$% &" %$'%$ #!$e()*$#&! The !((!# %ni 1 ! "e&el!( ne* s #%c %#es an" c!n&e#sa i!nal (a e#ns h#!%gh his (#!cess-
Fig%#e 3- <ene'i s !' in e#ac i!n- Designe" /1 <e sa/N a(a#ici! L!ng @1873A @as ci e" in Richa#"s an" L!c9ha# ? 1884A (#esen e" a $!"el ! sh!* he #ela i!nshi( /e *een 1(e !' c!n&e#sa i!nal as9 an" lang%age ac.%isi i!n *he#e he#e is an e+change !' in'!#$a i!n /e *een he (a# ici(an s in /! h *a1s- This all!*s he s(ea9e# *i h less 'l%enc1 ! neg! ia e he a"a( a i!n !' he "ial!g%e? ! c!$(#ehen" he in'!#$a i!n an" ha&e a s%ccess'%l lang%age ac.%isi i!n- <% his is (!ssi/le 0%s *i h he s %"en >s %"en ;s in e#ac i!n-
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Cha# , M!"el !' he #ela i!nshi( /e *een 1(e !' c!n&e#sa i!nal as9 an" lang%age ac.%isi i!n-
+e(,)*&../!#*)$#& ! $)%0 #!1&-1#!2 ) $3&' 3)4 e5*6)!2e &" #!"&(.)$#&!
O77&($/!#$4 "&( -e%% *&.7e$e!$ %7e)0e( $& 7(&1#8e "ee8,)*0 &! 6#% &( 6e( -)*0 &" *&.7(e6e!%#&!
Ne2&$#)$#!2 .&8#"#*)$#&! &" $6e *&!1e(%)$#&!
C&.7(e6e!%#,e #!7/$
L)!2/)2e )*9/#%#$#&!
Long, (1983) as cited in Richa#"s? J- an" L!c9ha# ? C- @1884A-p. 153.
G#!%( *!#9 is als! signi'ican /eca%se a""i i!nal !' (ai# *!#9? g#!%( *!#9 has a n%$/e# !' a"&an ages- F!# e+a$(le? he eache# al9ing i$e an" "!$inance a#e #e"%ce"? s! he s %"en sC (a# ici(a i!n? (#ac ice an" %se !' he ne* lang%age a#e inc#ease"- <esi"es? i (#!$! es c!!(e#a i!n an" ea$*!#9 ena/ling he eache# ! *!#9 $!#e as a 'acili a !# an" c!ns%l an ? s! s %"en s ha&e $!#e ac i&e #!les in lea#ning @Richa#"s? 1884ANe&e# heless? i is n! $e#el1 a $a e# !' ha&ing he s %"en s *!#9ing in (ai#s !# in g#!%(s? i is necessa#1 ! a9e in ! acc!%n s!$e s%gges i!ns ! "! i s%ccess'%l- Fi#s ? *e ha&e ! a9e in ! acc!%n he g#!%( siBe? /eca%se i' he g#!%( is !! la#ge !nl1 s!$e s %"en s *ill (a# ici(a e- Sec!n"? he (%#(!se? he eache#;s nee"s ! se le a g!al an" he (#!ce"%#es ! achie&e i a9ing in ! acc!%n he i$e ! acc!$(lish he$ h%s? a#e signi'ican ! *!#9 *i h he lang%age '%nc i!n-
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A s %"en can in e#ac a9ing in ! acc!%n "i''e#en '%nc i!ns !' he lang%age- This "e(en"s !n he age !' lea#ne#s? he c!n en !' he class? an" he 1(e !' ac i&i 1 an" g!als "e&el!(e"- Ellis 1874 @as ci e" in Richa#"s 1884A na$es he$ '!#$%laic s(eech in class#!!$ in e#ac i!n? he1 a#e) FSi %a i!nal '!#$%las- Th!se ass!cia e" *i h a s(eci'ic si %a i!n) '!# e+a$(le) FFinishe"G @s(!9en a' e# c!$(le ing a as9 F&e#1 g!!"G @sel'>c!ng#a %la ing in a ga$e !# class#!!$ as9A S 1lis ic '!#$%las- Th!se ass!cia e" *i h a (a# ic%la# s(eech s 1le) '!# e+a$(le? a #a he# '!#$al #e.%es s%ch as) I *!n"e# i' I c!%l" ha&e an e#ase# (lease@ sai" /1 he lea#ne# #e.%es ing g!!"s '#!$ he eache# !# an! he# lea#ne#A Ce#e$!nial '!#$%las- h!se ass!cia e" *i h #i %alis ic in e#ac i!n) '!# e+a$(le? F H!* a#e 1!%RG @g#ee ingA? F e+c%se $e? $issG@ a #ac ing eache#;s a en i!nA- FOh n!SG @E+cla$a i!nA Ga$/i s) h!se %se" ! !#ganiBe" in e#ac i!ns an" ac i&i ies) '!# e+a$(le? F his !ne !# ha !neRG@i"en i'1ing na %#e !' class#!!$ classA FWha ;s hisRG @i"en i'1ing !/0ec A? FI "!n; 9n!*G @ #e'e##ing ! ei he# lac9 !' 9n!*le"ge !# ina/ili 1 ! #es(!n"A? !# F ha ;s all #igh G @c!n'i#$ing c!%#se !' ac i!nA Sec!n" lang%ages ac.%isi i!n #esea#che#s @OA ha&e a#g%e" ha in he ini ial s ages !' lang%age lea#ning? $an1 '%nc i!ns a#e e+(#esse" /1 s%ch 'i+e" e+(#essi!ns !# '!#$%la !' he 9in" lis e"O his can se#&e as %se'%l c!$$%nica i!n s #a egies '!# lea#ne#s? ena/ling
29
he$ ! $anage $an1 !' he c!$$%nica i&e "e$an"s !' he class#!!$ *hen he1 lac9 $!#e c!$(le+ ling%is ic $ean ! "! s!G @P- 182AWhen s %"en s nee" ! in e#ac an" s(eciall1 *hen he1 a#e in&!l&e" in a ga$e? he1 ha&e ! %se l! s !' hese '!#$%laic s(eech- The1 %se he$ ! c!$(le e he g!al he1 a#e s%((!se" ! "!- This in e#ac i!n "e(en"s !n he lea#ning s 1le !' each chil"- H!*e&e#? *hen he1 a#e in e#es e" in he ga$e he1 can "e&el!( ! he# 9in" !' in e#ac i!n $!#e s(!n ane!%sl1All he as9s !# ga$es "esigne" in an English class#!!$ sh!%l" /e ela/!#a e" *i h he eache#;s in en i!n- I $ean all !' he$ $%s ha&e a ling%is ic (%#(!se ! s %"en s s! he1 can (#ac ice hei# c!$$%nica i&e c!$(e ence- Richa#" @1882? (- 182A s a es ha FTeache# !' en selec lea#ning ac i&i ies ! gene#a e (a# ic%la# 1(es !' in e#ac i!n an" lang%age (#ac iceG- H!*e&e#? i is i$(!# an ! a9e in ! acc!%n he 1(es !' in e#ac i!n !# he
cha#ac e#is ics as seen /e'!#e ! a9e a"&an age !' he$ /ase" !n he classi'ica i!n $a"eA his (!in i is necessa#1 ! es a/lish he s %"en Ts #!les in ac i&i ies li9e ga$es !# c!n es in !#"e# ! ena/le an e+cellen in e#ac i!n5- Use !' S(anglish) c!"e S*i ching U C!"e Mi+ing One !' he $echanis$ %se" /1 s %"en s? s(eciall1 9i"s? ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing an" in e#ac in he class#!!$ is he %se !' he na$e" F s(anglishG !# c!"e s*i ching !# $i+ing- FIn ling%is ic e#$s? a c!"e is a *h!le lang%age !# a c!$(!nen !' a lang%age? li9e a *!#" !# s1lla/le- C!"e s*i ching !cc%#s *hen a s(ea9e# s*i ches '#!$ !ne lang%age ! an! he#- C!"e $i+ing a9es (lace *hen a s(ea9e# %ses s$all c!$(!nen s !' !ne lang%age *hile (#i$a#il1 s(ea9ing an! he#G @as ci e" /1 T#ac1? M @n-"A in
30
h ()HH(e!(le-h!*s %''*!#9s-c!$Hs(anglish-h $- #e #ie&e" !n Fe/#%a#1 15 h ,=1=A- Tha is *hen he lac9 !' &!ca/%la#1 !# e+(#essi!ns "!es n! (e#$i s %"en s ! c!$$%nica e an" in !#"e# ! "! n! /#ea9 he c!n&e#sa i!n he1 0%s %se" !ne !# s!$e *!#"s in hei# $! he# !ng%eH!l$es? J @188, (- 45> 5=A s a es ha he c!"e s*i ching !# c!"e $i+ing can !cc%# in "i''e#en (%#(!ses? *hen he !(ic "e$an"s i ? '!# a''ec i&e '%nc i!n !# $e a(h!#ical s*i ching- He e+(lains ha '!# !(ic is *hen he s(ea9e# is n! s%#e a/!% ce# ain echnical *!#"s s! heHshe $%s %se he $! he# !ng%e *!#"? /eca%se i is $!#e e''ec i&e '!# he %n"e#s an"ing- When he al9s a/!% a''ec i&e '%nc i!n he $eans *hen he s(ea9e# nee"s ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing a/!% hisHhe# 'eelings- H!*e&e#? he s(ea9e# can "! i /e e# in hisHhe# $! he# !ng%e- F!# ins ance? *hen s!$e!ne is ang#1? !# *an s ! in i$a e !# 0%s *an s ! e+(#ess a high le&el !' ha((iness an" i is i$(!ssi/le ! "! i in he a#ge lang%age i is 'easi/le ha he $! he# !ng%e /e %se"- An" 'inall1? he !ne #ela e" ! $e a(h!#ical s*i ching #e'e#s ! he F$i+ing %( !' c!"es in"isc#i$ina el1 !# (e#ha(s /eca%se !'
inc!$(e ence? *he#eas he s*i ches a#e &e#1 *ell>$! i&a e" in #ela i!n ! he s1$/!lic !# s!cial $eanings !' he *! c!"esG H!l$es? 0 @188, (-5=A- These a#e s!$e !' he (%#(!ses /% he (!in is ha chil"#en %se" i ! c!$$%nica e e''ec i&el1 0%s /!##!*ing s!$e *!#"s ! /e c!$(#ehen"-
Ta9ing in ! acc!%n he in'!#$a i!n in he he!#e ical '#a$e*!#9 i is necessa#1 ! es a/lish he 1(e !' s %"1 ha *ill /e %se" an" all he as(ec s #ela e" ! i - This *ill /e (#esen e" in he ne+ cha( e#-
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CHAPTER II INSTRUCTIONAL DESI1N
1- Pe"ag!gical In e#&en i!n I *ill /e %se" a (la1 '%ll ele$en as (e"ag!gical s #a eg1- This !ne is Fga$esG- Ga$e in a '!#eign lang%age class is n! 0%s he *a1 ! call s %"en s a en i!n !# ! s(en" e+ #a i$e in class- Ga$e '!# his (%#(!se acc!#"ing ! <1#ne @,===A @ as ci e" in Dees#i? ,==,Re #ie&e" '#!$ h ()HHi esl0-!#gHTechni.%esHDees#i>Ga$es-h $l-A I is a F'!#$ !' (la1 g!&e#ne" /1 #%les- The1 sh!%l" /e 0!1'%l an" '%n- The1 a#e n! 0%s a "i&e#si!n? a /#ea9 '#!$ #!% ine ac i&i ies? /% a *a1 !' ge ing he lea#ne# ! %se he lang%age in he c!%#se !' he ga$eG- S!? ga$es as (e"ag!gical s #a eg1 a#e #ele&an ! ge an e''ec i&e lea#ning !' he lang%age-
I /ase" he %se !' he ga$es in a (#inci(le" a((#!ach /1 D!%glas H- <#!*n @,==1A calle" an in e#ac i&e a((#!ach ! lang%age (e"ag!g1- '!# his a((#!ach i is a9ing in ! acc!%n c!gni i&e (#inci(les? a''ec i&e (#inci(les an" ling%is ic (#inci(les- in he c!gni i&e (#inci(les i is i$(!# an he a% !$a ici 1 ? ha is #ela e" ! he %se !' he lang%age in a #eal c!n e+ D $eaning'%l lea#ning a&!i"ing he ?$echanical less!nsD in #insic $! i&a i!n an" s #a egic in&es $en *hen selec ing he ga$es- he a''ec i&e (#inci(les na$e he sel' c!n'i"ence? #is9> a9ing an" he lang%age c%l %#e c!nnec i!n- an" 'inall1 he ling%is ic
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(#inci(les sh!*s he in e#lang%age an" he c!$$%nica i&e c!$(e ence- All his (#inci(les a#e a9ing in ! acc!%n *hen *e %se he ga$es as a lea#ning s #a eg1-
Le*is an" <e"s!n @1888A "i''e#en ia e" lang%age ga$es '#!$ ! he# c!$$%nica i&e ac i&i ies- The1 s a e" Fga$es a#e as9>/ase") English is a !!l '!# he chil"#en ! #each a g!al *hich is n! "i#ec l1 lang%age #ela e"O*ha "i''e#en ia es lang%age ga$es '#!$ ! he# ac i&i ies in he EFL class#!!$ is he (#esence !' a &isi/le se !' #%les *hich g%i"e he chil"#en;s ac i!ns? an" an ele$en !' s #a eg1 E chil"#en $%s s%ccess'%ll1 a((l1 hei# lang%age @an" ! he#A s9illsG @(2A- F!# his #eas!n? i is #eall1 %se'%l ! %se he ga$es *i h a (e"ag!gical (%#(!se *i h #%les es a/lishe" ! achie&e he g!al (#!(!se" an" n! 0%s as a 0!1'%l ele$en -
Sheliagh @ as ci e" in <#%$'i ? M!!n an" T!ng%e? 1881A "ecla#e" ha he #!le !' '%n an" ga$es ac i&i ies in eaching 1!%ng lea#ne#s is #eall1 i$(!# an /eca%se F i is a c!$$!n (lace ha 1!%ng chil"#en lea#n /e e# h#!%gh (la1 !# a leas can /e in"%ce" ! g! al!ng *i h eaching ha is e$(e#e" /1 V'%n; ac i&i iesG-@ (33A- The (e"ag!gical a"&an ages !' ga$es in he lang%age lea#ning a#e in&al%a/le /eca%se he1 c#ea e si %a i!ns in *hich s %"en s 'eel $!#e c!$'!# a/le an" e+ #!&e# ha he1 a#e %se" ! /e? in ha *a1 he1 %se he lang%age *i h!% n! icing i - <esi"es Richa#">A$a ! @1877? (g 146A a''i#$e" ha Fga$es can l!*e# an+ie 1? h%s $a9ing he ac.%isi i!n !' in(% $!#e li9el1G- In a""i i!n? ga$es (#!&i"e $! i&a i!n ! s %"en s an" l!*e# he s #ess !' he (#!"%c i!n gi&ing he$ an !((!# %ni 1 ! c!$$%nica e in a #eal *a1? 'eeling c!n'i"en ! s(ea9 *i h!% /eing
c!nsci!%s !' ha - F!# hese #eas!ns (#esen e" a/!&e? I c!nsi"e#e" #ele&an ! *!#9 !n ga$es33
,-
Rela i!n Wi h The Resea#ch W%es i!n A g!!" lea#ning a $!s(he#e is i$(!# an ! "e&el!( "i''e#en s9ills in he s %"en s?
s! he1 can (#!"%ce !# 0%s lea#n he lang%age $!#e easil1- Ga$es a#e an e''ec i&e *a1 ! #each a g!!" lea#ning (#!cess- S!$e (e!(le ha&e a "i''e#en (e#s(ec i&e !' he %se !' ga$es in he class#!!$- The1 c!nsi"e# ha he1 a#e a *as e !' i$e- H!*e&e#? in his #esea#ch? ga$es a#e %se" ! sh!* ha s %"en s a#e a/le ! (#!"%ce an" in e#ac in a #eal *a1 *hen he1 a#e i$$e#se" in a '%nn1 ac i&i 1? es(eciall1 i' hei# $! i&a i!n is high an" hei# s #ess is l!*- I is a $! i&a i!n '!# eache#s ! %se $!#e ga$es in class- In ha *a1? s %"en s *ill en0!1 English classes an" he1 *ill n! 'eel 'ea# !' (#ac icing he lang%ageTh%s? he1 *ill 'eel $!#e c!n'i"en ! (a# ici(a e3 Ins #%c i!nal O/0ec i&es Lea#ne#s *ill (a# ici(a e in ga$es /1 %sing he lang%age-
Lea#ne#s *ill s!l&e an ac i&i 1 in a ga$e /1 %sing hei# c!$$%nica i&e s9ills-
Lea#ne#s *ill c!!(e#a e *i h hei# ea$ ! achie&e he g!al !' he ga$e /1 (#ac icing ins #%c i!ns in English-
4- De&el!($en The#e *ill /e %se" si+ "i''e#en ga$es- Each !ne #e(#esen s a "i''e#en less!n- The ga$es incl%"e a &a#ie 1 !' !(ics an" lang%age achie&e$en s- Less!ns 1? ,? 3 *ill %se /asic c!$$an" an" &!ca/%la#1 an" he h#ee las less!ns *ill /e $!#e c!$(le+ in e#$s !' &!ca/%la#1? e+(#essi!ns an" s #%c %#es lea#n 34
LESSON PLAN N2 , 3ES4NO CHAIRS Ai' ! #ec!gniBe 9n!*n &!ca/%la#1 a/!% c!l!#s an" class#!!$ !/0ec s M%te+i%$&) *! chai#s an" (ic %#es ca#"s !# #eal !/0ec s? /!+es an" /allsD *his le Leve$ Chil"#en @<eginne#A L%#".%"e f!c.& i is a /!!9O he1 a#e (encilsO g!!" /1eO W%+'i#" 5.) ) eache# *ill in #!"%ce he Fhell! sch!!lG s!ng /1 %sing $i$ics an" #ealiaP+e)%+%ti!# eache# (% s he chai#s !ne in '#!n !' he ! he# !n ei he# si"e !' he class#!!$ an" e+(lains ha !ne chai# $eans F1esG an" he ! he# chai# $eans n!- Teache# "e$!ns #a es he ga$e /1 sh!*ing a 'lashca#" !'? '!# e+a$(le? a /!!9 *hile she sa1s a/le an" #%ns an" si "!*n !n chai# Fn!G- Teache# can (% s!$e hing ! he chai#s ! "i''e#en ia e he$- Then eache# "i&i"es he class in ! *! g#!%(s? g#een an" #e"- On he hi#" si"e !' he #!!$? eache# (% s a la#ge /!+ !' /alls- On he '!%# h si"e (% s a #e" /!+ an" a g#een /!+Activity) eache# calls !% !ne $e$/e# !' each g#!%( an" he1 s a1 in he cen e# !' he #!!$- Then eache# calls !% a *!#" an" sh!*s he 'lashca#"- Chil"#en ha&e !nl1 a &e#1 sh!# i$e ! "eci"e *he he# *ha i is sai" is 1es !# n!- Then eache# /l!*s he *his le- The 'i#s 9i" *h! si s !n he c!##ec chai# a9es a /all an" (% s i in hisHhe# ea$;s /!+- A he en" he ea$ *i h he $!s /alls *insEv%$.%ti!# %#( fee(b%c-) Teache# *ill ch!!se a chil" ! call !% s!$e ca#"s ! gi&e e+ #a (!in s- Each (a# ici(an *ill ha&e an !((!# %ni 1- I' sHhe calls !% ) wron", eache# *ill gi&e he !((!# %ni 1 ! he ea$ ! call i -
LESSON PLAN N2 6
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I spy Ai' ! /#%sh %( 9n!*n &!ca/%la#1 M%te+i%$&) lis *i h he !/0ec s '!# each ea$ an" #ealiaLeve$ Chil"#en @<eginne#A L%#".%"e f!c.& is i a O R 1es? i is O n!? i isn; - Al(ha/e W%+'i#" 5.) ) Teache# #e&ie*s all he &!ca/%la#1 %se" in his ga$e- Teache# in #!"%ces he chan One *! h#ee?O *ha can I seeR s!$e hing in his #!!$O- <eginning *i h <-P+e)%+%ti!# Teache# "i&i"es he class in ! *! ea$s an" ch!!ses !ne (a# ici(an !' each ea$ ! a9e a &!ca/%la#1 ca#" '#!$ a /ag-- s!$e hing /el!ngs ! he #!!$ an" he na$e s! heHshe 9n!*s he le e#Activity) he s %"en ch!!ses sa1s he (#e&i!%s chan acc!#"ing ! he ca#" a9en!% - O he#s @ he ! he# ea$A g%ess *ha he !/0ec is /1 sa1ing ) is i a OR An" he s %"en s ans*e#s) 1es? i is- !# n!? i isn; - he s %"en *h! g%esses a9es he %#n an" "! he sa$eEv%$.%ti!# %#( fee(b%c- ) eache# *#i es "!*n !n he /!a#" he (!in !' each ea$ an" he *!#" i g%esses s! gi&en e+ #a (!in s eache# as9s s %"en s ! s(ell he *!#"s-
LESSON PLAN N! 7 $emory "ame Ai' ! $a ch (ai# !' (ic %#es sa1ing he c!##ec &!ca/%la#1-
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M%te+i%$&) &i"e! /ea$? c" #!$? s(ea9e#sLeve$ Chil"#en @<eginne#A L%#".%"e f!c.& 'a$il1 &!ca/%la#1W%+'i#" 5.) ) Teache# enc!%#ages s %"en s ! sing he *he#e is 'a$il1 s!ngP+e)%+%ti!# Teache# "i&i"es he class in ! *! g#!%(s an" e+(lains he !/0ec i&e !' he ga$e ha is ! 'in" (ai#s !' (ic %#es an" sa1 he$ al!%" ! *in he (!in Activity) Teache#s ch!!ses !ne s %"en '#!$ each ea$ s! heHshe has ! clic9 !n *! "i''e#en ca#"s ! "isc!&e# he (ic %#es he1 ha&e? he 9i" has 0%s !ne chance an" i' he !# she "!esn; "isc!&e# a (ai# i is he ! he# (la1e# ea$ %#n- The1 c!n in%e li9e ha %n il he1 ha&e "isc!&e#e" all he (ai#s- The *inne# ea$ *ill /e he !ne *i h $!s !' he (ai#sEv%$.%ti!# %#( fee(b%c- ) A he en" he1 *ill "isc!&e# a (ic %#e /ehin" he (ai#s s! he1 ha&e ! "esc#i/e i -
LESSON PLAN N2 8 ,teppin" stones Ai' ! s(ell an" #ec!gniBe "i''e#en &!ca/%la#1M%te+i%$&) a #i&e# (ic %#e an" s !nes ! *#i e *!#"s? an" a /ag *i h "i''e#en *!#"s *#i en !n i Leve$ Chil"#en @<eginne#A
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L%#".%"e f!c.& s(elling he *!#"sW%+'i#" 5.) ) Teache# enc!%#ages s %"en s ! sing he A<Cs s!ngP+e)%+%ti!# Teache# "i&i"es he class in ! '!%# g#!%(s an" e+(lains he !/0ec i&e !' he ga$e ha is ! c#!ss he #i&e# /1 s e((ingX s !nesActivity) eache# ch!!ses !ne s %"en '#!$ each ea$ s! he1 ha&e "i''e#en *!#"s ! /e s(el - F!# each s !ne a *!#" has ! /e s(el - I' i is s(el c!##ec l1 i is (#in e" !n he s !neD i' inc!##ec l1? i is n! *#i en an" he ea$ $a9es n! (#!g#ess- W!#"s can /e gi&en ! chil"#en !' "i''e#en ea$s in %#n? /% he#e sh!%l" /e $!#e han !ne se !' s e((ing s !nes ? "i''e#en c!l!#s c!%l" /e %se"Ev%$.%ti!# %#( fee(b%c- ) A s(ells he *!#"s he1 ha&e s(el he en" each g#!%(
LESSON PLAN N2 9 The newspaper Ai' ! (#ac ice 'a$il1 $e$/e#s? c!l!#s an" class#!!$ !/0ec s M%te+i%$&) la/ele" 'lashca#"s? (a(e#s? (encils? c!l!#s? e#ase#sLeve$ Chil"#en @<eginne#A W%+'i#" 5.) ) Teache# enc!%#ages s %"en s ! sing he hell! $!$ s!ngP+e)%+%ti!# Teache# se s a la#ge n%$/e# !' he 'lashca#"s !% si"e !' he class#!!$ !n he *all- An" she (#e(a#es !ne "es9 '!# each (ai# !n a "i''e#en si"e !' he #!!$- Teache# gi&es ! !ne s %"en !' he (ai# a (iece !' (a(e# s! he !# she *ill /e he sec#e a#1-
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Activity) eache# e+(lains ha !ne (a# ici(an is he #e(!# e# an" he !# she has ! g! !% an" $e$!#iBe he $!s !' he 'lashca#" !n he *all ! ell his>he# (a# ne#? s! he sec#e a#1 can c!(1 he $!s !' he *!#"s as (!ssi/le- Each #e(!# e# can g! !% an" en e# he i$es she he *an s in !#"e# ! chec9 a *!#"- A' e# ce# ain i$e eache# *ill s !( an" he *!#"s *ill /e c!%n - The (ai# *i h he $a0!#i 1 !' he c!##ec *!#"s *ins-
Ev%$.%ti!# %#( fee(b%c- ) eache# *ill c!(1 he *!#"s !n he /!a#" an" call !ne (a# ici(an !' each g#!%( ! "#a* he c!##es(!n"ing (ic %#e-
LESSON PLAN N2 : O#stacle race Ai' ! (#ac ice (#esen c!n in%!%s? (#e(!si i!ns an" class#!!$ !/0ec s M%te+i%$&) chai#s? a/les? /!!9s ? ! he# class#!!$ !/0ec s? sc!#e/!a#"Leve$ Chil"#en @<eginne#A W%+'i#" 5.) ) Teache# enc!%#ages s %"en s ! sing he /ac9(ac9 s!ngP+e)%+%ti!# Teache# "i&i"es he class in ! *! g#!%(s an" e+(lains he !/0ec i&e !' he ga$e ha is ! g! h#!%gh an !/s acle #ace *i h &a#i!%s as9s as .%ic9l1 as (!ssi/le ! a9e !ne !/0ec an" gi&e i /ac9 ! he eache# an" sa1 i na$e-
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Activity) eache# "esc#i/es he #!% e ! he chil"#en- The (!ssi/ili ies incl%"e) C#a*l %n"e# he a/le? h!( a#!%n" he chai#? /alance a /!!9 !n 1!%# hea"? a##ange" c!l!#e" (ens in a ce# ain !#"e# a9e 1!%# sh!es an" s!c9s ! (% he$ again *hen c!$ing /ac9 The#e $%s /e *! #!% es- Each chil" has ! "esc#i/e *ha is sheHhe "!ing- The 'i#s *h! gi&es an" na$e he !/0ec $en i!ne" /1 he eache# is he *inne#Ev%$.%ti!# %#( fee(b%c- ) The ea$ "esc#i/es *ha is ha((ening *i h he (a# ici(an ? he is #%nning? he is h!((ing 5Me h!"!l!g1
These ac i&i ies a#e "e&el!(e" a9ing in ! acc!%n he ga$es #%les? se a he /eginning !' each less!n- In !#"e# ! $! i&a e $!#e he s %"en s? each less!n has a *a#$ing %( as a chan !# s!ng !# a sh!# ga$e- I is i$(!# an ! $en i!n ha each less!n incl%"es a ga$e an" s %"en s #ecei&e 'ee"/ac9 a' e# he less!n- Fee"/ac9 is "!ne h#!%gh sh!# ga$es !# a$%sing ac i&i ies /eca%se (#esch!!l 9i"s #e.%i#e "i''e#en an" al e#na e" ac i&i ies2- Desc#i( i!n !' ac i&i ies 2-1 R!le !' he S %"en s The s %"en s *ill a9e an ac i&e #!le in each less!n since he1 *ill "e&el!( he ac i&i ies The s %"en s *ill (#!&i"e s!l% i!ns /1 %sing all he s9ills he1 nee" ! achie&e a g!al The s %"en s *ill *!#9 c!!(e#a i&e in hei# g#!%(s ! s!l&e he ac i&i 1-
The1 *ill c!##ec he $is a9es $a"e /1 he$sel&es-
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2-, R!le !' he Teache# The eache# *ill /e a 'acili a !# in he c!$$%nica i!n /e *een he s %"en s-
The eache# *ill /e a g#!%( !#ganiBe# an" $anage# in !#"e# ! he ga$e "e&el!( in a c!##ec *a1-
The eache# *ill /e a $! i&a !# ! i$(#!&e s %"en s sel' s ea$-
6- Res!%#ces
The #es!%#ces %se" in hese ac i&i ies a#e chai#s? (ic %#es ca#"s? #eal !/0ec s? /!+es? /alls? *his le? a #i&e# (ic %#e an" s !nes ! *#i e *!#"s? a /ag *i h "i''e#en *!#"s *#i en7- Achie&e$en s T! i$(le$en ga$es as he *a1 ! $! i&a e he s %"en s; in e#ac i!n-
T! "e&el!( a $! i&a ing s #a eg1 @ga$esA (#!$! ing he %se !' he lang%age-
T! 'acili a e he !#al (#!"%c i!n /1 $eans !' a $! i&a e" a $!s(he#e-
8- E&al%a i!n Th#!%gh!% he less!ns? he eache# *ill e&al%a e he s %"en s; (a# ici(a i!n /1 $eans !' !#al (#!"%c i!n an" a9ing in ! acc!%n he %sage !' he s #%c %#es lean - <esi"es? i *ill /e e&al%a e "e "e&el!($en !' he ac i&i 1 ! achie&e he g!al !' he ga$e-
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Ta9ing in ! acc!%n
he (#e&i!%s as(ec an" $1 e+(e#ience
I c!nsi"e# (e# inen
he
ac i&i ies ch!sen in !#"e# ! h#!* he in'!#$a i!n nee"e" '!# his #esea#ch- The1 *e#e *ell s #%c %#e" ! $a9e he$ s%i a/le '!# he (%#(!se1=- Sche"%le The #esea#ch (#!0ec *as "e&el!(e" "%#ing !ne aca"e$ic e#$ in "i''e#en sessi!ns? /ase" !n he s %"en s; English sche"%le- Each sessi!n !!9 45 $in% esA(#il 1s ) 1s a((lica i!n A(#il 15 h) ,n" a((lica i!n A(#il ,8 h ) 3#" a((lica i!n Ma1 5 h ) 4 h a((lica i!n Ma1 13 h ) 5 h a((lica i!n Ma1 18 h ) 2 h a((lica i!n Ta9ing in ! acc!%n his (#!cess !' a((l1ing he less!ns *i h all he ac i&i ies an" i s ! ge he
"e&el!($en *i h all he cha#ac e#is ics (#e&i!%sl1 e+(laine" I e+(ec
in'!#$a i!n ! "e&el!( $i #esea#ch (#!0ec - N!*? I a$ g!ing ! e+(lain he #esea#ch "esign I ch!se ! achie&e $1 (#!0ec -
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESI1N This cha( e# (#esen s he #esea#ch .%es i!ns? #esea#ch !/0ec i&es? #esea#ch a((#!ach? 1(e !' s %"1? he (!(%la i!n an" c!n e+ an" c!llec ing "a a echni.%es a$!ng ! he# #ela e" 'ac s,0 Re&e%+c* ;.e&ti!# H!* "! ga$es sha(e (#esch!!l s %"en sC in e#ac i!nR 60 Re$%te( <.e&ti!# Wha 9in" !' in e#ac i!n 'ea %#es "! s %"en s sh!* *hen *!#9ing ga$esR
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70 M%i# Ob=ective T! anal1Be h!* c!n es s ga$es sha(e (#esch!!l s %"en s; in e#ac i!n-
80 S)ecific !b=ective& T! !/se#&e an" "esc#i/e *ha 1(e !' in e#ac i!n a9es (lace *hen s %"en s (la1 ga$es T! "esc#i/e he in'l%ence !' c!n es ga$es in s %"en s; class (a# ici(a i!n T! i$(le$en he %se !' ga$es in EFL classes-
90 P+!b$e' St%te'e#t I is a necessi 1 ! '!c%s he s %"en s; a en i!n !n lang%age classes? /% i is e&en $!#e i$(!# an ha he s %"en s (#!"%ce he lang%age /1 he$sel&es *i h!% 'eeling
'#%s #a e"- Tha is *h1 I c!nsi"e# #ele&an ! %se "i''e#en s #a egies *hich le" s %"en s in ! he s(!n ane!%s (#!"%c i!n an" %nc!nsci!%s %se !' he lang%age he1 ha&e lea#n - In ha *a1 s %"en s *ill 'eel $!#e c!$'!# a/le an" c!n'i"en in he classes s! he1 *ill (a# ici(a e *i h n! 'ea#:0 Re&e%+c* A))+!%c* Resea#ch a((#!ach
44
F!# his (#!0ec i *as selec e" he .%ali a i&e a((#!ach a9ing in ! acc!%n s!$e cha#ac e#is ics !' i - Acc!#"ing ! Li ch$an @,==2A? a .%ali a i&e a((#!ach is cha#ac e#iBe" /eca%se he F#eali 1 is c!ns #%c e" /1 he !/se#&e#- I<esi"es? he #!le !' he #esea#che# is cen #al /eca%seJ he in e#(#e a i!ns a#e /ase" !n #esea#che#;s e+(e#ience an" /ac9g#!%n"The#e is n! i$(!# an ! gene#aliBe? i is $!#e i$(!# an ha (e!(le 9n!*s he e+(e#ience ! /e a((lie"- The g#!%( ! /e s %"ie" is s$all- Ta9ing in ! acc!%n he &a#ia/les? i is i$(!# an ! s %"1 all !' he$ an" n! !nl1 a 'e* !' he$- The (%#(!se !' .%ali a i&e #esea#ch is ! %n"e#s an" an" in e#(#e s!cial in e#ac i!nsG @(- 6AAcc!#"ing ! <!g"an an" <il9en @1887A? he .%ali a i&e #esea#ch has he '!ll!*ing cha#ac e#is ics) Na %#alis ic Ac i!n can /e %n"e#s !!" *hen i is !/se#&e" in he se ing in *hich i !cc%#s- W%ali a i&e #esea#che# *an s ! 9n!* *he#e? *hen? h!* an" %n"e# *ha ci#c%$s ances /eha&i!# c!$es in ! /eing- Each ac ? *!#"s an" ges %#e a#e signi'ican he "a a in .%ali a i&e #esea#ch a9es he '!#$ !' *!#"s !# (ic %#es #a he# han n%$/e#s- Da a can incl%"e) #ansc#i( i!ns? 'iel" n! es? (h! !g#a(hs? &i"e! #ec!#"ings? a%"i! #ec!#"ings? (e#s!nal "!c%$en s an" $e$!s @OAThe1 n! ice ges %#es? 0!9es? !ne !' &!ice? @OA an" $%l i %"e !' ! he# "e ails !' hei# s %"iesC!nce#n *i h (#!cess> .%ali a i&e #esea#che#s a#e c!nce#ne" *i h (#!cess #a he# han si$(le !% c!$es A .%ali a i&e #esea#che# anal1Bes hisHhe# "a a in"%c i&el1- The1 "! n! se !% ! 'in" "a a ! (#!&e !# "is(#!&e h1(! heses ha he1 ha&e (#i!# ! hei# s %"1- The .%ali a i&e #esea#che#sL he!#1 is g#!%n"e" in he "a a- The he!#1 e$e#ges as a (iece !' a# ha is 1e ! /e c#ea e"? #a he# han a (%BBle *he#e he i$age is al#ea"1 9n!*n-
Desc#i( i&e "a a
P#!cess In"%c i&e
Ta9en '#!$ ) ***-'#ancesc!ianni-c!$HDigi alY,=P!# '!li!H("' Y,='ilesHEDU68==Y,=W%ali a i&eY,=Resea#chY,='!#Y,=E"%ca i!n-("' >0 Ty)e !f &t.(y The 1(e !' s %"1 %se" in his #esea#ch *ill /e he case s %"1- V O he .%ali a i&e case s %"1 can /e "e'ine" as an in ensi&e? h!lis ic "esc#i( i!n an" anal1sis !' a single en i 1? (hen!$en!n? !# s!cial %ni - Case s %"ies a#e (a# ic%la#is ic? "esc#i( i&e? an"
45
he%#is ic an" #el1 hea&il1 !n in"%c i&e #eas!ning in han"ling $%l i(le "a a s!%#ces; @ Me##ia$ 1887 ci e" /1 N%nan ,==6? (-66A- ha is i$(!# an /eca%se he "a a *e#e- The case s %"1 'i s in his #esea#ch /eca%se F O in&!l&es he "e aile" "esc#i( i!n an" anal1sis !' an in"i&i"%al s%/0ec ? '#!$ *h!$ !/se#&a i!ns? in e#&ie*s? an" his !#ies (#!&i"e he "a a/aseG @ D!/s!n e al- 1871- Ci e" /1 N%nan@,==6A)62A ?0 C!#te@t %#( )%+tici)%#t& 7-1 C!n e+ The Angl!>A$e#ican sch!!l is l!ca e" in he n!# h !' <!g! Z- The s %"en s *h! g! he#e a#e '#!$ s #a a 3 ! 5- I has a (#!g#a$ !' in ensi&e English *he#e #ansi i!n s %"en s ha&e nine h!%#s (e# *ee9- The English (#!g#a$ !' he sch!!l is /ase" !n he c!$$%nica i&e a((#!ach a9ing in ! acc!%n he '!%# h s9ills) lis ening? s(ea9ing? #ea"ing an" *#i ing- <esi"es? i "eals *i h g#a$$a# ha is !ne !' he $!s i$(!# an as(ec s? since all he s %"en s ha&e ! ans*e# in a c!$(le e *a1- I $eans in a l!ng *a1 *i h he c!$(le e s #%c %#es- Sch!!l (#!&i"es eache#s *i h "i''e#en a%"i!H&is%al $a e#ial7-, (a# ici(an s 7-,-1 St.(e#t&
Eigh s %"en s *e#e selec e" a #an"!$ '#!$ a class !' ,2 - The1 a#e si+ an" se&en 1ea# !l" s %"en s- Al h!%gh eigh s %"en s *e#e selec e"? he *h!le class (a# ici(a e" in all he *!#9sh!(s7-,-,- Te%c*e+ Teache# has *! #!les) eache# an" #esea#che#- As eache# she "esigns an" c!n"%c s he ac i&i 1 /1 gi&ing he ins #%c i!ns an" he #%les !' he "i''e#en ga$es an" c!n #!lling
46
e&e#1 hing is all #igh - As a #esea#che#? she has ! "esign he "a a c!llec i!n a# i'ac s an" a((l1 he$ a he sa$e i$e she is in he class#!!$- She has ! /e an e+cellen !/se#&e# ! (e#cei&e he #ele&an /eha&i!# in he s %"en s ha can /e %se'%l '!# he #esea#ch-
A0 D%t% C!$$ecti!# I#&t+.'e#t& The ins #%$en s %se" ! c!llec "a a *e#e 'iel" n! es? chec9 lis ? s%#&e1 an" a%"i! a(e #ec!#"ingsA0, Fie$( #!te& Acc!#"ing ! /%#ns @,==3A he 'iel" n! es F O a#e "esc#i( i!ns an" acc!%n s !' e&en s in he #esea#ch c!n e+ *hich a#e *#i en in a #ela i&el1 'ac %al an" !/0ec i&e s 1leThe1 gene#all1 incl%"e #e(!# s !' n!n>&e#/al in'!#$a i!n? (h1sical se ings? g#!%( s #%c %#es an" #ec!#"s !' c!n&e#sa i!ns an" in e#ac i!ns /e *een (a# ici(an sG @(-76A- This *ill /e a9en in ! acc!%n in each class ! s%((!# he a(esc#i( sA06 C*ec- $i&t Chec9 lis *as a %se'%l ins #%$en since i *as a((lie" in all he less!ns- Galle1? $ @N-DA Re #ie&e" '#!$) h ()HH***-e#g!n!$ics4sch!!ls-c!$HlB!neHchec9lis s-h $ sai" ha i is i$(e#a i&e ! c!$(#ehen" he (%#(!se an" he e$(l!1 !' his !!ls? in s(i e he1 a#e
#!%/le> '#ee $an1 i$es- The chec9 lis is s%((!se" ! sh!* #%s *!# hiness !' he #es%l as he sa$e as g%a#an ee !' in'!#$a i!n !' he c%s !$e#s e&a"ing he $is%n"e#s an"ingGalle1 als! al9e" a/!% he '!#$ !' he chec9lis sa1ing ha a#e i e$s ! c!nsi"e#
(#esen e" in .%es i!ns !# e&en s ! /e ca##ie" !% - This i e$s $%s /e sc!#e !# c!llec e" in !/se#&e n! es- In his #esea#ch he chec9 lis has eigh i e$s ! /e 'ille" /1 he eache#
47
a9ing in ! acc!%n each !' he eigh ch!sen s %"en s- I *as a g#ea a# i'ac since he#e *e can see he e&i"ence he (#!g#ess !' each s %"en /1 $eans !' he i e$s achie&e" in each classA07 A.(i!t%)e +ec!+(i#"& <eca%se !' Angl!a$e#ican sch!!l (!li ics i *as n! (!ssi/le ! ha&e &i"e! a(e #ec!#"ings- F!# his #eas!n? I selec e" he a%"i! a(e #ec!#"ing- a%"i! an" &i"e! #ec!#"ing a#e a echni.%e '!# ca( %#ing in "e ail na %#alis ic in e#ac i!ns an" &e#/a i$ % e#ances- @OA he1 a#e? @OA &e#1 &al%a/le s!%#ces !' acc%#a e in'!#$a i!n !n (a e#ns !' in e#ac i!nal /eha&i!# *hich $a1 n! /e !/&i!%s "%#ing he ac %al eaching (#!cess-G @<%#ns? ,==3- P 84AThis is &e#1 %se'%l /eca%se i (#!&i"es a""i i!nal in'!#$a i!n an" s%((!# s he
in'!#$a i!n c!llec e" in 'iel" n! es-
48
CHAPTER IB DATA ANAL3SIS In !#"e# ! anal1Be he "a a c!llec e" *i h he ins #%$en s $en i!ne" in he (#e&i!%s cha( e# I %se" he "ro!nded approach $en i!ne" an" e+(laine" /1 Allan? G @,==3A- This $e h!" c!nsis s in '!%# s ages) S age 7odes 7oncepts 7ate"orie s Theory P%#(!se I"en i'1ing anch!#s ha all!* he 9e1 (!in s !' he "a a ! /e ga he#e" C!llec i!ns !' c!(e& !' si$ila# c!n en ha all!*s he "a a ! /e g#!%(e" <#!a" g#!%(s !' si$ila# c!#ce)t& ha a#e %se" ! gene#a e a t*e!+y A c!llec i!n !' e+(lana i!ns ha e+(lain he s%/0ec !' he #esea#ch
In his (#!0ec ? he in'!#$a i!n *as c!llec e" "%#ing !ne aca"e$ic e#$- A$!ng he in'!#$a i!n c!llec e" he#e a#e h#ee a%"i! casse es *hich *e#e #ansc#i/e"- The !/se#&a i!ns an" ann! a i!ns '#!$ he 'iel" n! es an" he chec9 lis als! *e#e ga he#e" an" analiBe"- All !' he$ *e#e a9en in ! acc!%n - The '!%# s e(s !' he "ro!nded approach a((lie" ! his #esea#ch *e#e "e&el!(e" as '!ll!*s) 1- C!"es) all he c!llec e" in'!#$a i!n *as e+a$ine" since he casse e #ansc#i( i!ns ! he 'iel" n! es i"en i'1ing (a e#ns ! classi'1 he$,- C!nce( s) a' e# i"en i'1 he c!llec i!ns !' c!"es his in'!#$a i!n *as g#!%(e" *i h he si$ila# !nes 3- Ca eg!#1) A' e# g#!%(ing he (a e#ns an" "e&el!(ing "a a #e"%c i!n? he ca eg!#ies *e#e la/ele"-
49
4-
The!#1) Finall1? he ca eg!#ies *e#e s%((!# e" /1 he he!#1 ! /e 0%s i'ie" /1 gi&ing he c!##es(!n"ing e&i"ence-
CATEGORIES The ca eg!#ies '!%n" *e#e 'i&e /1 '!ll!*ing he g#!%n"e" he!#1- The 'i#s h#ee ca eg!#ies ha&e ! "! *i h he #esea#ch .%es i!n- These a#e "i&i"e" in ! *! an" h#ee (a e#ns #es(ec i&el1- The ne+ *! ca eg!#ies a#e ass!cia e" ! he #ela e" .%es i!n- These
ca eg!#ies a#e s%/"i&i"e" in ! *! (a e#ns each !ne- The1 a#e as '!ll!*)
Re&e%+c* <.e&ti!#
C%te"!+ie&
P%tte+#& a- Feelings; e+(#essi!n /- C!$(#ehensi!n an" cla#i'ica i!n a$!ng s %"en s c- Use !' $i$ics an" S(anglish a- Desi#e ! (a# ici(a e /- G#!%( *!#9 c- Gi&ing %#ns A- F!ll!*ing #%les <- Rele&ance P%tte+#& a- C!n'i"ence /- S(!n anei 1 a- Ci#c%$s an ial /- S #a egic
H!* "! ga$es sha(e (#esch!!l s %"en sC 1- C!$$%nica i&e !!ls in e#ac i!nR
,- E.%i a/le (a# ici(a i!n
3- A((#!(#ia eness Re$%te( <.e&ti!# C%te"!+ie&
Wha 9in" !' in e#ac i!n 4- I$(#!&e$en !' he 'ea %#es "! s %"en s lang%age sh!* *hen *!#9ing ga$esR 5- T1(e !' lang%age %se"
,0 C%te"!+ie& +e$%te( t! t*e +e&e%+c* <.e&ti!#
50
The ca eg!#ies ha I i"en i'ie" *e#e he '!ll!*ing) C!$$%nica i&e !!ls? e.%i a/le (a# ici(a i!n? an" a((#!(#ia eness- Each !ne !' hese ca eg!#ies a#e s%/"i&i"e" in ! *! !# h#ee (a e#ns- The ca eg!#ies an" (a e#ns a#e e+(laine" as '!ll!*s)
,0, C!''.#ic%tive t!!$& This ca eg!#1 al9s a/!% he a/ili ies ha he s %"en s %se ! $a9e he$ %n"e#s an"? ! in e#ac *i h he ! he# s %"en s- The1 'in" $echanis$s ! e+(#ess he$sel&es-
a- Feelings; e+(#essi!n
This c!nce#n #e'e#s ! he *a1 s %"en s e+(#ess *ha he1 a#e 'eeling /1 %sing he sec!n" lang%age- Halli*ell? @188,? ((-4>5A "ecla#e" ha Fi is i$(!# an s %"en s "e&el!( lang%age s9ills e+e#cising c#ea i&i 1 an" he /es *a1 is /1 gi&ing s %"en s si %a i!ns in *hich he1 $%s in e#ac *i h hei# (a# ne#s- We can see an e&i"ence !' %se !' he lang%age? s! he1 'in" $echanis$s ! e+(#ess hei# 'eelings an" /%il" c!$$%nica i&e lang%age-
In he '!ll!*ing e+ce#( s I can see h!* he s %"en s %se he lang%age ! e+(#ess *ha he1 *e#e 'eeling in ha $!$en - The1 a#e eage#Ta(esc#i( ,) T) hin9 a/!% a *!#" /eginning *i h c S4) ashhh? $$$$ @ hin9ingA S3) is /l%e? is /l%eO- L!!9O @sh!*ing *i h he 'inge#A .%ic9l1--.%ic9l1-- (!# 'isO T) (leaseO silence -- n! hel(O (&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 96 t! 99D
51
Fiel" n! es 5
S %"en 7 is s! e+ci e"? he %s%all1 "!es n! s(ea9 -- /% he sa1s ! he (a# ne# ne+ - F si n! l! hace &e#1? &e#1 'as O /1e? /1e (!in - (fift* fie$( #!te& , '%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,65,7D
In a(esc#i( 3)
S7) n%$/e# 2T) !9 %#n i S7) @ clic9 !n he (ic %#eA T) !9 &e#1 g!!" 1!% '!%n" a (ai#O e+cellen SSS S2) @ gi&es a h%g ! hi$ /1 sa1ingA) &e#1 g!!"? !ne (!in -- &e#1 g!!"(t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& A6 t! A:D
Fiel"n! es 2
The s %"en 3 is &e#1 ha((1 he sa1s ! he '#ien" ne+ ! hi$- FOne (!in ? !ne (!in G /1 h%gging hi$ an" sh!% ing- (&i@t* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6>56?D
Ta(esc#i( 4) T) !9 le ;s "! i again /eca%se i is a "#a*S2) (e#! sin #a$(a $iss T) !9 [ \ - /% n! s(anish- N! #ic9 S2) !9 n! #ic9-- (!# .%eO $$ I a$ ang#1T) n! (lease? /eha&e *ell52
(f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& A8 t! A?D
Fiel"n! es ,
E eache# is as9ing ! !ne s %"en ! c!$e in '#!n /% he "!esn; *an @ s3A she is s! ang#1 an" !ne !' he (a# ne# sa1s ) n! eache# n! .%ie#e- Ang#1(&ec!#( fie$(#!te&, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,>5,?D
In a(esc#i( 5
S,) $$$ (e#! "ic a$el! /ien T) (lease-- "!n; s(ea9 in s(anish S,) ashhh (e#! [ \ n! se ac%e#"a-- l!!9--l!!9-- #%nO ! #a &eB .%e &a$!s a (e#"e#O#%nO S1) @ #%ns ! see he *!#" againA (fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6A t! 76D
Fiel"n! es 5)
S, is s! an+i!%s /eca%se he cann! %n"e#s an" ! his (a# ne# ha he #e(ea s se&e#al i$es F#%n an" l!!9G *hile his (a# ne# #e(ea s he sa$e(fift* fie$(#!te&, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,>5,?D
These a#e he e&i"ences a/!% he e+(#essi!n !' 'eelings !' he 9i"s- S! I can n! ice ha *hen he1 a#e $! i&a e" an" e+ci e" he1 #1 ! %se $!#e English e+(#essi!ns !
53
c!$$%nica e *ha he1 a#e 'eeling in ha $!$en - An! he# i$(!# an (#!cess in he in e#ac i!n /e *een he s %"en s is *hen !ne !' he$ "!es n! ge he i"ea an" his (a# ne# #ies ! e+(lain hi$ in he a#ge lang%age-
/- c!$(#ehensi!n an" cla#i'ica i!n a$!ng s %"en s
In his (a e#n I see h!* s %"en s e+(lain s!$e 'ac s a$!ng he$- S(eciall1 in he case !' a (a# ne# *h! "!es n! %n"e#s an"- <! h L!ng @1873A an" K#asen @1875A @as ci e" in Richa#"s? 1882? ((-15,A #ega#"e" ha *hen English lea#ne#s (#ac ice hei#
lang%age /1 $eans !' in e#ac i!n each s %"en !/ ains l! s !' /ene'i s as '!ll!*s) C!$(#ehensi/le in(% '#!$ hisHhe# c!n&e#sa i!nal (a# ne# A chance ! as9 '!# cla#i'ica i!n as *ell as 'ee"/ac9 !n hisHhe# in(% -
Tha is *ha I can see in he '!ll!*ing s %"en sC in e#&en i!ns *hen he1 a#e in&!l&e" in a ga$e- S!$e !' he s %"en s as9 '!# cla#i'ica i!n ! c!$(#ehen" ha ga$e /1 $eans !' hei# (a# ne#sTa(esc#i( 1 Ss) @ s!$e ss ans*e# 1es s!$e n!A T) 1!% "!n; %n"e#s an"R --n!R 1!% "!n; %n"e#s an"R En en"is eR @ "i#igiNn"!se al s ,Aen en"is eR S,)sa1s n! /1 $!&ing he hea" S4) @e+(lains ! !ne !' he$ in S(anishA se sien a en 1es ! en n!- $]#a$eO T) in English (leaseO S4) #%n an" si "!*n-- 1es !# n! @ /1 sh!*ing he , chai#sA T- eas1R S,) 1es-
54
(fi+&t %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& 6? t! 7:D Fiel" n! es 5 S2 is #1ing ! c!(1 *ha s5 is s(elling /% she cann! -- s! s2 sa1s ! he eache# ha she @s5A "!esn; %n"e#s an"-- eache# as9s he# ! e+(lain ! he# (a# ne#? s! s5 gi&es he (a(e# an" s an"s %( ! l!!9 he *!#" an" s(ell i ! he#- (fift* fie$( #!te&, M%y! 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6>56AD
Ta(esc#i( 3) S6) #%ns an" !%ch !ne (ic %#e T) an" he ! he#R [\ S6) #e %#ns ! his si T) [\ !ne is $issing - ell $e !ne $!#e S6) n! se S2) n!!!!? "!s ? s!n "!sT) n! S(anish (lease S2) *!? 'al a !neO (t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 66 t! 6AD 'iel" n! es 3 O *hile !ne s %"en !' he 1ell!* g#!%( is %#ning *! (ic %#es? S5 is sa1ing ! s7) F $i#a? $i#a? l!!9-- la se&enO se&en -- /%en!RG he ans*e#s hi$-- .%e hacesR 1 el s5 le "ice F se&en 1 la ! #a /%en!R--(t*i+( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7?58CD
Ta(esc#i( 4 T) le ;s c!%n he (!in s S6) (e#! $e !ca T) n! ha ga$e is !&e# S6) si 1! sig!- M1 %#n T) n!- i is !&e# S2) !1eO 'inish-?- !&e#
55
S6) ahhhSS :a n! $asO 'inish S2) 1esS (f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,765,7AD
Fiel"n! es 4 When eache# *ill c!%n he (!in s !ne !' he s %"en s !' he /l%e ea$ *an s ! c!n in%e (a# ici(a ing- Teache# e+(lains ha he ga$e is !&e# /% he c!n in%es %n il !ne !' his (a# ne#s !l" hi$ ha is 'inishe"(f!.+t* fie$(#!te& , M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& :85::D
a(esc#i( 2 T) #%n? #%nO .%ic9l1 S,) n!!!!!? "!*nO "!*nO S3) @l!!9ing a s, as9sA ) "!*nR S,) 1es ?? 1es-- (!nl! ha1 -- "!*n(&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 79 t! 7?D
'iel"n! es 2
T! cla#i'1 he s e(s s3 as9s a/!% he$ /1 as9ing s!$e .%es i!ns as "!*nR U(R Un"e#R An" his (a# ne#s ans*e#s 1es !# n!(t*i+( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e&7?57AD
He#e he#e is a clea# e&i"ence !' *ha can an e''ec i&e c!$$%nica i!n "!- In his case he1 0%s *an ! hel( a '#ien" !' hei# ea$ /1 e+(laining *ha he !# she "!es n! %n"e#s an"-
56
Ta9ing in ! acc!%n he1 a#e *!#9ing as a ea$? he s!li"a#i 1 inc#eases an" he (a# ici(an s l!!9 '!# $echanis$s T! e+(lain an" cla#i'1 in'!#$a i!n ! an1 (a# ne#- The#e is ! he# $echanis$s %se" /1 s %"en s ! e+(lain ! hei# (a# ne#s- The1 a#e he %se !' he $i$ics an" s(anglish- This c!nce#n *ill /e e+(laine" as '!ll!*s-
c- Use !' $i$ics an" s(anglish The las (a e#n *hich s%((!# s he 'i#s ca eg!#1 has ! "! *i h he $i$ics "!ne /1 s %"en s ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing an" he %se !' he $! he# !ng%e ! $a9e he$ %n"e#s an"- G!" an" P!*e# @ 1862A ? @as ci e" in Richa#"s? 1882A #e(!# e" s!$e c!gni i&e s 1les an" hei# c!nse.%en in e#ac i!n- One !' he$ is Phan !$ s %"en s !# *i h anal1 ical lea#ning s 1le- These s %"en s "!n n! a9e (a# ac i&el1 in less!ns an" ha#"l1 e&e# /egin e+changes !# #e.%es '!# ai"- H!*e&e# as I c!%l" see in hese 1(esc#i( s? *hen he1 $a9e %se !' he $i$ics he1 *e#e s! $! i&a e"- In s(i e !' /eing sh1 s %"en s- he1 *an ! ge in&!l&e" in he ga$e s! he1 "! i /1 $eans !' $i$ics- An" s!$e ! he# s %"en s 0%s "! i /eca%se he1 "! n! 9n!* he a((#!(#ia e *!#"Ta(esc#i( , T) s!$e hing in his #!!$ /eginning *i h # S,) s!$e hing in his #!!$ /eginning *i h #O T)!9 angelO g! ahea" S6) $$$$$ i is a @ $a9ing a $i$ics *i h his han"sA T) a *ha RRRR Tell $e -S6) $$$$ es .%eO ashhhhO a OT) #%O-
57
S6) $$$ si #%le#(&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& A6 t! AAD
Fiel" n! es 1 Os5 c!%l"n; "! he e+e#cise- S6 sa1s *ha ! "! /% $a9ing he $i$ic ! "! n! l!se he (!in (fi+&t %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& 8958:D
Ta(esc#i( 3 T) [\ !9- G! ahea" - #e$en$/e# ! ch!!se *!- O9R S6) a0a T) "! i - Ch!!se *! !' he$S2) @ hesi a ing? sh!*ing *i h he 'inge#AS6) 1es @an" "!ing $!&e$en s *i h he han" ! %#n i A S6)@ sh!* an! he#A-S2) n!? @ "!ing he sa$e $!&e$en *i h han"sA S6) ahhh? 1aO !9 (t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& >: t! ?7D
Fiel" n! es 4 S3 #ies ! hel( his (a# ne# /1 sh!*ing he le e# FLG *i h his han"s- He calls hi$ an" $a9es a sign *i h his 'inge#s $an1 i$es- (f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7857:D
Ta(esc#i( 2) S1) (!# "!n"e $iss T) I "!n; 9n!* S3) $a9ing $!&e$en s *i h he# /!"1- @ $i$ic li9e c#a*lingA S1) ahh + "e/a0! T) n! S(anishO S1) $$$$$ %n"e#R (&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7? t! 86D
58
Fiel" n! es 5) O hen? S1 as9 ! his (a# ne# s3 F c!$!RG an" he s %"en 3 sa1s) F.%e l! F*#i ingG ins ea" !' *#i e i O/% s1 "!n; %n"e#s an" an" she $a9es he $i$ic !' *#i ing *i h he# han"sO(fift* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6C56,D
Fiel" n! es 3 S5 cann! g%ess he *!#" s! s2 sa1 hi$ ha is F la $a$a "el /#! he#G- Then she $a9es $i$ic !' a (#egnan $!$(&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e&8>58:D S!? *e c!%l" sa1 ha his 9in" !' n!n&e#/al c!$$%nica i!n hel(s a l! *hen he s %"en s #1 ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing i$(!# an an" he1 cann! "! i in a &e#/al *a1- Seagal?
s$i h an" 0a''ell @N-DA a''i#$e" ha FN!n&e#/al c!$$%nica i!n? !# /!"1 lang%age? is a &i al '!#$ !' c!$$%nica i!n- When *e in e#ac *i h ! he#s? *e c!n in%!%sl1 gi&e an" #ecei&e c!%n less *!#"less signalsGRe #ie&e" '#!$)
h ()HH***-hel(g%i"e-!#gH$en alHe.2^n!n&e#/al^c!$$%nica i!n-h $ - S!? /1 hei# lac9 !' &!ca/%la#1 !# 0%s '!# (e#s!nali 1 s %"en s (#e'e# %se a /!"1 lang%age as $i$ics-
O he# 9in" !' s #a eg1 %se" /1 he s %"en s ! c!$$%nica e is /1 %sing lang%age $i+e" *i h he a#ge lang%age
he $! he#
! c!$$%nica e $!#e e''ec i&el1- C!"e
s*i ching !cc%#s *hen a s(ea9e# s*i ches '#!$ !ne lang%age ! an! he#- C!"e $i+ing a9es (lace *hen a s(ea9e# %ses s$all c!$(!nen s !' !ne lang%age *hile (#i$a#il1 s(ea9ing an! he#- He#e as he s %"en s a#e s! $! i&a e" an" e+ci e" he1 "! n! ca#e ! $i+
59
S(anish an" English- The1 0%s *an ! in e#ac an" e+(#ess *an he1 *an - This is sh!*n in he ne+ e+ce#( s)
Ta(esc#i( 1) T) #%nO#%n ! si S3) (e#!O es .-- es .OT) 1!% ha&e ! #%n an" si in he chai# 1es !# n!-S3) ahhh $e sien ! en la chai# "e 1es ! n!-(fi+&t %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& ?, t! ?8D
Fie$( #!te& :
When a (a# ne# !' his ea$ *as (assing /1 he !/s acle #ace s7 #ies ! hel( hi$ /1 sa1ing-(asa el n! e/!!9 (!# la chai#O (&i@t* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,75,8D
Ta(esc#i( , S2) es alg! #e"!n"i !? ci#cle "e c!l!# /l%eR T) "! n! s(ea9 in s(anish (lease? 1es $!#e !# less S6) ci#cle 1 /l%eR- IsO isO alg! /igR (&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& >: t! >?D
Fiel" n! es ,) The s, 0%s #1 ! ans*e# an" sa1) l%nch/!+ neg#aO (&ec!#( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7:57>D
Ta(esc#i( 4 T) !9? #en$en/e# ha 1!% ha&e ! "! i s! 'as !9 S6) si $iss? s! 'as SSSS T) a#e 1!% #ea"1R S6 an" s3) 1es $iss T) !9? !ne *!-60
S3) @in e##%( sA s(e#a? es(e#a $iss? el n! e/!!9 #e" T) #e" n! e/!!9 S3) 1es? l! (!ng! %n"e# la chai#R T) 1es %n"e# he chai# S6) #ea"1? 1a--- en en"is e [\-- &a$!s a (la1-- "aleO (f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ?, t! ACD
Fiel" n! es 5) S6 s(ea9s in s(anish all i$e s! he eache# *a#ns a/!% ! l!se a (!in -- Then s %"en 6 sa1s) .%e l! c!(1-- (fift* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,C5,,D
Ta(esci( 2) S,) (e#! (!# .%e n! l! sal as eR S1- Miss [ \ es a ha/lan"! en es(a_!l T) !9 *ha a/!% 1!%R N! S(anishS S1) &es .%e n! ha/les en S(anish S,) ashh n!s hicis e (e#"e#? n! (la1 he ga$e(&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& >:5?CD
Fiel"n! es 1
Teache# is c!%n ing he (!in an" !ne !' he$ is s! ha((1 /eca%se he1 *in an" sa1 ) Fs!$!s l!s *inne#s ehhhG(fi+&t fie$( #!te& , A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& 8:58>D
The (#e&i!%s e+a$(le is an e&i"ence !' he *a1 s %"en s l!!9 '!# !!ls ha he1 can %se ! c!$$%nica e *ha he1 *an - Since e+(#essing hei# 'eeling ! e+(lain s!$e hing !
61
hei# (a# ne#s an" %se $i$ics an" s(anglish- Tha is a sa$(le !' *ha s %"en s can "! *hen he1 a#e $! i&a e" an" in&!l&e" in he ga$e s! he1 0%s *an ! (la1 /% he1 "! n! #ealiBe ha he1 a#e s(ea9ing in he a#ge lang%age *i h!% an1 9in" !' s #ess- An! he# ca eg!#1 '!%n" *as he !ne a/!% he (a# ici(a i!n in he ga$es ha *ill /e e+(laine",06 E<.it%b$e )%+tici)%ti!# The sec!n" ca eg!#1 has ! "! *i h he ac i&e (a# ici(a i!n !' all !' he (a# ici(an sIn he ga$es is easie# ha all !' he s %"en s can (a# ici(a e- E&en i' he1 a#e sh1 s %"en s? he1 ha&e ! (a# ici(a e /eca%se !' he ea$- This ca eg!#1 is "i&i"e" in ! h#ee s%/ca eg!#ies an" he1 a#e) he "esi#e '!# (a# ici(a ing? he g#!%( *!#9 an" gi&ing %#ns-
a- Desi#e T! Pa# ici(a e This c!nce#n is #ela e" ! he $! i&a i!n ha each s %"en sh!*s *hen heHshe "eci"e ! (a# ici(a e /1 he$sel&es- Es(eciall1 in he c!n e+ *he#e he#e is n! s #ess- W#igh ? <e e#i"ge an" <%c9/1 @1874A s a es ha ga$es (#!&i"e a %se'%l an" $eaning'%l c!n e+ The s %"en s; "esi#e is ! (a# ici(a e- H!*e&e#? i' he1 *an ! (a# ici(a e he1 sh!%l" %n"e#s an" hei# (a# ne#s- S!? he1 $%s s(ea9 !# *#i e in !#"e# ! c!$$%nica e *ha he1 *an - <% ! c!$$%nica e? he1 sh!%l" n! ha&e an1 (#ess%#e !' /eing e&al%a e"? s! he1 can c!$$%nica e *i h!% an1 s #ess- Tha is *ha he e+ce#( s sh!* a/!% he s %"en sIn an en&i#!n$en *he#e s %"en "eci"es ! (a# ici(a e? he (#!"%c i!n is $!#e na %#al an" $!#e signi'ican - H%1en an" Nga @,==3A s a e) F'i#s ? ga$es /#ing in #ela+a i!n an" '%n '!# s %"en s? h%s hel( he$ lea#n an" #e ain ne* *!#"s $!#e easil1- Sec!n"? ga$es %s%all1 in&!l&e '#ien"l1 c!$(e i i!n an" he1 9ee( lea#ne#s in e#es e"- These c#ea e he $! i&a i!n '!# lea#ne#s !' English ! ge in&!l&e" an" (a# ici(a e ac i&el1 in he lea#ning ac i&i ies- Thi#"? &!ca/%la#1 ga$es /#ing #eal *!#l" c!n e+ in ! he class#!!$? an" enhance s %"en sL %se !' English in a 'le+i/le? c!$$%nica i&e *a1G @(-2A62
He#e I *ill n! ice h!* s %"en s 0%s (a# ici(a e !# sa1 "i''e#en hings *i h!% a9ing ca#e !' he #es%l in e#$s !' e&al%a i!n? 0%s in e#$s !' (#!"%c i!nTa(esc#i( 1 S1) ashhh n! $iss 1! n! (lease T) *h1- T#1 ! "! i O c!$e !n S1 ) n!O (leaseO T) !9 S4) ashhhh $e? $e $iss-- si-- $e-- $e T) !9 (fi+&t %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& 97 t! 9?D
Ta(esc#i( 3 T) /% i is #eall1 eas1? i al#ea"1 a((ea#s S4) $eO$e- I *an ! (a# ici(a e T) /% i is he /l%e ea$;s %#n S4) ashhh - 1! $e la se $iss T) /% i is n! 1!%# %#n S4) ash hell!s n! sa/en -- I *an ! (a# ici(a eO
Ta(esc#i( 4 S2) "ale .%e 1a casi $e !9a "es(%es "e i S5) siii T) (lease ? n! s(anish S2) !9 $is /e s1 aO 1! ne+ O ehhhh O &!1 a gana#O (f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 8: t! 8AD
Fiel"n! es 4)
S %"en 2 *as s! c!$(e i i&e an" $! i&a e in his ga$e s! he *an s ! (a# ici(a e ! *in(f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6C56,D
63
Ta(esc#i( 4 T) s!##1 O !9 *h! *an s ! (a# ici(a e S1) $e -- $iss /e s1O S,) n! -- ` n! sa/esO T) (lease [\ ? le hi$-S1) siii 1! seO is O he1 a#e s*e e#sO T) &e#1 g!!"O c!%l" 1!% s(ell i R (f!+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,,6 t! ,,>D Fiel" n! e 5 M!s !' he s %"en s *e#e s! $! i&a e" - in s(ecial s %"en 1 *h! as9e" '!# (a# ici(a i!n all i$e(fift* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,7t* 6C,CD Fiel" n! es 4 S7 is s! .%ie ? he ha#"l1 e&e# (a# ici(a es- H!*e&e# !"a1 he sh!*s a /ig in e#es in he ga$e an" he as9e" ! (a# ici(a e $an1 i$es(f!.+t* fie$( #!te&, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 97598D
a(esc#i( 2 S4) $iss O "e0a$e a $i? si (leaseO- P!#'is 1! 9ie#! se# el #e(!# e#O S3) (e#a $e !9a T) !9 "! n! 'igh - 1!% /! h a#e g!ing ! (a# ici(a e S4) ashhh "e0a$e a $i (#!i$e#! si[ \R T) in english (leaseS S4) $e? $e? $e !ne O 1esR (&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 68 t! 6AD Fiel" n! es 2 S4 is s! an+i!%s '!# (a# ici(a e- He as9e" ! his (a# ne# le hi$ (ass /e'!#e hi$? he e+(#esses ha he ga$e is s! eas1 (&i@t* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& A5,CD
64
I c!%l" see h!* s %"en s (a# ici(a e in he ga$e *i h!% a eache#;s call- I $ean eache# "!es n! nee" ! $a9e he$ (a# ici(a e- The1 $a9e he "ecisi!n /1 he$sel&es /eca%se he1 *an ! (a# ici(a e- Tha sh!*s ha he (a# ici(a i!n *ill /e 'ai#? /eca%se all !' he$ *an !- An! he# *a1 ! sh!* ha all he s %"en s (a# ici(a e is /eca%se he1 *!#9 in g#!%(s- This is he ne+ as(ec ! /e e+(laine")
/- G#!%( W!#9When I al9 a/!% he ea$ *!#9? i $eans ha all he s %"en s ha&e ! /e (a# !' he "e&el!($en !' he ac i&i 1 ! achie&e ce# ain g!al- Richa#"s s a es ha ) Fg#!%( *!#9 has a n%$/e# !' a"&an ages- F!# e+a$(le? he eache#;s al9ing i$e an" "!$inance is #e"%ce"? s! he s %"en s; (a# ici(a i!n? (#ac ice an" %se !' he ne* lang%age is inc#ease"- <esi"es? i (#!$! es c!!(e#a i!n an" ea$*!#9 ena/ling he (#!'ess!# ! *!#9 $!#e as a 'acili a !# an" c!ns%l an s! s %"en s ha&e $!#e ac i&e #!les in lea#ningG @Richa#"s? 1884 (( 153AIn he ne+ in e#&en i!ns i is (!ssi/le ! see he e&i"ence !' he ac i&e #!le !' he s %"en s /1 *!#9ing in g#!%(sTa(esc#i( 1 T) !9 *e a#e g!ing ! "! , ea$s 1ell!* an" /l%e S,) . $e !.%e c!n [\ T) *h1? i "!esn; $a e#- Wh!e&e# is s! g!!" S,) (e#! es . T) n! S(anish S,) $$$ *e in 1ell!* @ h%gging a '#ien"A (fi+&t %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& :? t! >7D
Fiel"n! es 1)
The s %"en 'inall1 *e#e s! ha((1 *i h he ea$s he1 /el!ng !- (fi+&t fie$(#!te, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e 77D
65
Ta(esc#i( ,)
T) (lease /e .%ie - Le hi$ al!ne [\ 1!% 9n!* hi ans*e#R S,) 0%$$$- C!$! es $issR T) i is s!$e hing? /ig? /#!*n an" he sha(e is #ec angleS,) ashh c!$! esO $$$$ S3) "e0enl! el sa/eO $an"e$!sle ene#gia T) [\ n! s(anish (leaseS S3) ene#g1 @$!&ing he han"s !*a#"s he# '#ien"A ene#g1 (&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 8959,D
Fiel"n! es,
The eache# is as9ing ! !ne '#ien !' he 1ell!* ea$ an" !ne !' he s %"en s s a#s ! sa1 ) ene#g1? ene#g1- T! gi&e hi$ s%((!# (&ec!#( fie$( #!te& , %)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6?56AD
Ta(esc#i( 5 S3) c%an !s &an O? 1ell!* ea$-- c%an !s &anR S,) h#eeO h#ee-- an" 1!%R S3) '!%#O $! he#? /a/1? sis e#O S,) ashhh esa n!s hace 'al aO /a/1O c!(1O S3) [ \ #%nO !ne-- "i %na g!-- g! -- n!s 'al a (fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,> t! 6CD Fiel" n! es 4 The ea$ *!#9 is s! a"&ance- The1 hel( each ! he# an" #1 ha e&e#1 le e# $%s /e c!##ec ( f!+t* fie$( #!te&, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7A58,D
66
Ta(esc#i( 5) T) 1!% ha&e ! lea#n he $!s *!#"s as 1!% canO /1 $in" g! ahea"S2) [ \ #e(ea O /a/1? 'a he#? $! he# S5) /a/1? 'a he#? $! he#S2) 1a se !"!s al $is$! ie$(!-- /a/1 All /l%e ea$) /a/1 S2) #e(ea ) $! he# All) $! he#O (fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& :8 t! >CD
Ta(esc#i( 2 S,) "i#igien"!se al s %"en 4-- (#i$e#! c!0es el n! e/!!9-- 1 0%$(O n! !l&i"es l!s sh!es-- lis !O S4) /%en!? "ig! !9 T) #ea"1 g#!%( 1ell!* All) 1es S3) lis ! "e0e$!sl! &a$!s a #as-- 1!% can "! i O 1!% can "! i All 1ell!* ea$) 1!% can "! i O (&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& >6 t! >?D
Fiel" n! es 2 The 1ell!* ea$ cl!se- The1 *!#9 !ge he# an" he1 a#e chec9ing he s e(s '!# he ga$e- The1 #e(ea all !' he$(&i@t* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e ,:5,> D
I c!%l" #ealiBe h!* he ea$ *!#9 hel(s in he (a# ici(a i!n !' all he s %"en s? /eca%se all !' he$ a#e ac i&e (a# ici(an s an" he1 a#e s! i$(!# an ! c!ncl%"e he ga$eF(ai# *!#9 an" g#!%( *!#9 ha&e he a"&an age ha lea#ne#s a#e *!#9ing si$%l ane!%sl1 an"? he#e'!#e? n! !nl1 is lang%age (#ac ice i$e g#ea l1 inc#ease"? /% chil"#en a#e less li9el1 ! /ec!$e /!#e" !# l!ss in e#es /eca%se he1 a#e ac i&el1 in&!l&e"G @T! h? M? 1885?
67
(- 2A- An! he# *a1 ! sh!* ha all he s %"en s (a# ici(a e e.%i a/le is /1 gi&ing %#ns- This in'!#$a i!n is e+(laine" as '!ll!*s)
c- Gi&ing T%#ns S!$e i$es he ga$e %#ns s! e+ci e" an" he#e a#e s!$e s %"en s *h! *an ! (a# ici(a e $!#e- An" as he1 a#e he lea"e#s i is (!ssi/le ha he1 (a# ici(a e $!#e han he ! he#s- He#e is *hen eache# en e#s ! /alance he ga$e- A$!ng he /ene'i s ha Lengeling an" Mala#che# @1886A gi&e is ha !ne !' he Fclass "1na$ics) @ *he#eA s %"en cen e#e"? eache# ac s !nl1 as 'acili a !#? /%il"s class c!hesi!n? '!s e#s *h!le class (a# ici(a i!n? (#!$! es heal h1 c!$(e i i!nG- @(-4,A s! he eache# he#e has ! /e he "i#ec !# !' he ga$e? s! his *ill /e e''ec i&e- Le*is? @1888? ((- 6>15A na$e" s!$e s%gges i!ns ! %se he ga$es e''ec i&el1 in he class#!!$- FThe class siBe @ %#n (la1e#s in ! ea$s? se %( "i''e#en ga$e s a i!nsA- Ta9e in ! acc!%n all he s %"en s *an ! (a# ici(a eG- In his case as each g#!%( has 0%s '!%# (a# ici(an s i is easie# ! gi&e %#ns '!# (a# ici(a i!n- In he ne+ in e#&en i!ns I *ill e&i"ence h!* he eache# $anage" his si %a i!n-
Ta(esc#i( ,) T) ne+ ) S3) $e T) n! [\ 1!% al#ea"1 (a# ici(a e"-- is he [\;s %#nS3)ashhhhhhh 1! .%e#iaO [\ O-- 1!%O "aleO !9-- &a$!sO (&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ?7 t! ?:D
Fiel" n! es 4
68
In his class he s %"en s sh!* a g#ea $! i&a i!n in he class s! all !' he$ (a# ici(a e" in an ac i&e *a1- The1 "e$!ns #a e" ha he ac i&i 1 *as &e#1 a #ac i&eAn" he eache# ha" ! c!n #!l he (a# ici(a i!n /eca%se all he$ *an s ! (a# ici(a e again an" again(f!+t* fie$( #!te&, M%y 9t* 6C,CD
Ta(esc#i( 3) S6) $e !9a T) i ;s $1 %#n- N! S(anish (lease-- sa1 i ;s $1 %#nS6) s!##1? i ;s $1 %#nO $e !ca S2) n!!!!? % 1aO [\ is 1!%# %#nO T) !9? 1es i ;s [\;s %#n? 1!% al#ea"1 (a# ici(a e" (t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 96 t! 9:D
Fiel" n! es , This ac i&i 1 (e#$i e" ha he all he s %"en s (a# ici(a e" in a $! i&a e" *a1 *i h he eache#;s hel(- The1 ha&e he !((!# %ni 1 ! (a# ici(a e $an1 i$es(&ec!#( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,CD
Ta(esc#i( 4
T) !9? le s s a# /1 gi&ing %#ns !9 S3) (#i$is? (#i$is T) "! n! s(ea9 in S(anish S3) !ne? !ne T) !9 ge in line an" I gi&e 1!% he %#ns *i h his (a(e#s(f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6656:D
Fiel"n! es 4)
69
In his ac i&i 1 ! !#ganiBe he %#ns as al*1s (as 'i#s he sa$e s %"en s- Teache# gi&e each s %"en a (a(e# *he#e he#e is a n%$/e# ha c!##es(!n"s ! he %#n in he ga$e(f!.+t* fie$( #!te& , M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,?5,AD
Wi h his 'inal (a e#n i is a 'ac ha he (a# ici(a i!n !' all he s %"en s *as s! e.%i a/le in each ga$e- The "esi#e he1 sh!*e"? he ea$ *!#9 an" he #!le !' he eache# as a 'acili a !# in he gi&ing %#ns "e$!ns #a e ha ga$es a#e s! e''ec i&e *hen *e *an s %"en sC (a# ici(a i!n an" c!nse.%en l1 in e#ac i!n in a high le&el-
Finall1? he hi#" ca eg!#1 #ela e" ! he #esea#ch .%es i!n is he a((#!(#ia e /eha&i!#- I is e+(laine" as '!ll!*s,07 A))+!)+i%te#e&& This ca eg!#1 #e'e#s ! a #ele&an (e#'!#$ance in '#!n !' ce# ain si %a i!ns /1 %sing c!##ec l1 he lang%age an" #es(ec ing he #%les gi&en /1 he eache#- I $eans /eha&e acc!#"ing ! he #%les an" %se he a((#!(#ia e &!ca/%la#1 an" s #%c %#es ! ha&e a s%ccess'%l in e#ac i!n in he ga$es-
a- '!ll!*ing #%les As sai" (#e&i!%sl1? his (a e#n #e'e#s ! he (#!(e# /eha&i!# in !#"e# ! '!ll!* he gi&en #%les ! ha&e a g!!" in e#ac i!n- In e#ac i!nal c!$(e ence gi&en /1 Ti9%n!'' @1875A @as ci e" in Richa#"s an" L!c9ha# ? 1882? ((- 141>144A e+(lains i as F9nowin" the eti9!ette of classroom interaction ) i is i$(!# an ! se %( he class#!!$ #%les in !#"e# ! $ain ain an a((#!(#ia e class#!!$ /eha&i!#- F!# e+a$(le? ! #ise he han"
70
*hen s %"en s *an ! (a# ici(a eG-@(-141A- This as(ec is s! i$(!# an in he in e#ac i!n in he class#!!$ an" es(eciall1 in he ga$es- This (e#$i s ha he in e#ac i!n is s%ccess'%l e&en *hen *!#9ing in g#!%(s- The in e#ac i!nal c!$(e ence he!#1 gi&en /1 Ti9%n!'' @1875A @as ci e" in Richa#"s an" L!c9ha# ? 1882? ((- 141>144A s%gges s an! he# signi'ican 'ac ) F9nowin" the r!les for colla#orative work and individ!al ) s!$e ac i&i ies !# ga$es "! n! (e#$i he hel( '#!$ ! he#s s %"en sD '!# e+a$(le in a g%essing ga$e- Al h!%gh? he s %"en a#e (a# !' a ea$? i is n! (!ssi/le ! as9 '!# hel(- F!# his #eas!n? i is i$(!# an ! 9n!* *hen i is a((#!(#ia e ! l!!9 '!# ! he#s; c!!(e#a i!nG- Tha $eans ha '!# he in e#ac i!n i is i$(!# an ! se he #%les an" '!# he s %"en s ! '!ll!* he$- In he
'!ll!*ing in e#ac i!n I can see his-
Ta(esc#i( 1 T) !9 1!% ha&e ! *ai '!# 1!%# %#n? (lease "!n; sh!% ? "!n; s(ea9 i' i is n! 1!%# %#n? /e .%ie s! 1!%# (a# ne# can /e c!ncen #a e"S,) $iss? *i h han"sR @"!ing $i$ics *i h han"sA T) n!O- 1!% cann! (fi+&t %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& >8 t! >>D Ta(esc#i( 4 T) n!? n!? n! (lease "!n; sc#ea$ li9e ha S5) ashhh $iss 1! n! '%i T) I "!n; as9 1!% *h!O 1!% can; /eha&e li9e ha -- s!##1 /l%e ea$ l!s he !((!# %ni 1 S6) ashhhh &esR [ \ O sin g#i a#O - n! S(anish !# /1e? /1e (!in O s7) ashhh n!O- $$$$ g#i a#O (leaseO 0a0a0a0a (f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, '%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& >A t! ?9D
Fiel"n! es 3)
71
When 1ell!* g#!%( *in a (!in O/l%e ea$ s a# e" ! /!! ! he# ea$-- s! !ne !' he$ sa1-- eache# /1e /1e (!in O an" s4 ans*e#s--G n!? (leaseO 1aO s !(G
(t*i+( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,CD
Ta(esc#i( 3 S2) i is a c!%sin S3) n! $iss n! (!"]a a1%"a#O #%lesOT) (lease @@ RAAO- 1!% can; sa1- Re$e$/e# he #%les(t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& :: t! :?D Fiel" n! es 2
The s %"en s #e$ain !#ganiBe" an" si "!*n *hile !ne s %"en !' he ea$ (a# ici(a es in he ga$e- One !' he$ #ies ! hel( /% he1 "!n; (e#$i i - The s %"en s 9n!* ha he1 ha&e /e .%ie '!# his (a# ne#; c!ncen #a i!n(&i@t* fie$( #!te&, '%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 86588D
Ta(esc#i( 4) T) !9 e&e#1/!"1O (a1 a en i!n S6) 1esO- Pa1 a en i!nO sin! la $iss n! n!s "e0aO (a1 a en i!nSSSSS %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7A t! 8,D
(f!.+t*
Fiel"n! es ,
One !' he s %"en ge s s an" %( an" he ! he# sa1) F n! si "!*n-- !O /1e /1e (!in GAn" a9e hi$ '#!$ he s*e e#(&ec!#( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,95,:D
72
Ta(esc#i( 5)
T) n!O (leaseO 1ell!* ea$O he#e is n! a (!in '!# 1!% #e$e$/e# he #%les S3) ashhhhhO- Miss -- (!# .%eO 1! "i0eO $$$$O- Pencil S6) (e#! enias .%e le&an a# la han"O T) $$$$ O- N! s(anish S6) #ise 1!%# han"O #ise 1!%# han"O-
(fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, '%y ,7t*
6C,C0 Li#e& ?? t! A6D
Fiel" n! es 5
When eache# sa1s s a# !ne !' he s %"en s sa1 he *!#" in S(anishO s! he *#i e# sa1s-F eache# n! S(anishO !ca ! #!G- An" eache# e+(lains he #%les again (fift* fie$( #!te&, '%y ,7t* 6C,CD
Fiel"n! es 2
Teache# s !(s he ga$e an" e+(lains he #%les again "%e ! s!$e s %"en s an" "!ing he ac i&i 1 *#!ng- Teache# as9 ! s %"en s ! #e(ea he #%les al!%" (&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 67568D
Tha is h!* se ing he #%les s %"en s 9n!* *ha he1 can an" cann! "!? *ha he1 can an" cann! sa1- This all!*s a /e e# in e#ac i!n /e *een he s %"en s /ase" in he
73
a((#!(#ia eness /eha&i!#- Le*is? @1888? ((- 6>15A na$e" s!$e s%gges i!ns ! %se he ga$es e''ec i&el1 in he class#!!$0 <e *een he$ he#e is !ne) Fs a e ga$e> (la1ing e#$s an" #%les- R%les a#e i$(!# an '#!$ he /eginning? s! s %"en s 9n!* he #igh (#!ce"%#e This can hel( he$ ! %n"e#s an" an" c!$$%nica e /e e#G- An! he# *a1 ! "! i is /1 $eans !' he #ele&ance /1 %sing he c!##ec &!ca/%la#1 !# s #%c %#es as9e" in he ga$eTha is he ne+ (a e#n-
/- Rele&ance Acc!#"ing ! s!$e c!n&en i!ns calle" interactional competence gi&en /1 Ti9%n!'' @1875A @as ci e" in Richa#"s an" L!c9ha# ? 1882? ((- 141>144A? he#e is !ne ha has ! "! *i h F9nowin" when to ask and answer 9!estions) I is #eall1 i$(!# an he (a# ici(a i!n in he "i''e#en ac i&i ies !' he class#!!$? es(eciall1 ans*e#ing he .%es i!ns /eca%se i is a g!!" !((!# %ni 1 ! (#ac ice i G- <% i is essen ial '!# s %"en s ! 9n!* *hen an" h!* he1 ha&e ! as9 !# ans*e#- I "e(en"s !n he ac i&i 1 !# ga$e- In he ne+ e+ce#( s I *ill 'in" s!$e e+a$(les !' his c!nce#n? h!* he s %"en s in a ga$e ge in e#naliBe he s #%c %#es ! /e %se"Ta(esc#i( , T) s! ell $eO *ha is i R S5) /lac9 T) e+c%se $eRR [ \ (a1 a en i!nO lis en ! $1 .%es i!n-- *ha is i R S3) *ha is i R N! *ha c!l!#OS5) ahhhO i is a /as9e O n! c!l!#O (&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7A t! 87D he sense !' i an"
Fiel" n! es 2
74
One s %"en in s(ecial %ses in a *#!ng *a1 he *!#" %n"e#O he %ses ! #e'e#s ! !n-- !ne s %"en '#!$ his ea$ c!##ec hi$ c!ns an l1 an" a he en" he %ses %n"e# c!##ec l1- An" all he ea$ c!ng#a %la es hi$(&i@t* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6856> D
Ta(esc#i( 3 T) s! ell $e *h! is heR S,) 'a he# T) n! he c!$(le e ans*e#O S,) @hesi a ingA $$$$ es . O $$$$ -- i is a 'a he#R - *h! is heR @e$(hasiBing !n heA s,) ahhhhO-he is a 'a he# (t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 76 t! 7>D
Fiel" n! es 1
The s %"en s lea#n in a g!!" *a1 h!* ! ans*e# in a c!$(le e *a1? s(eciall1 s, *h! ans*e#s all i$e *i h he s #%c %#e ) F $1 na$e is (encilG ? a he en" he %ses c!##ec l1 he s #%c %#e(fi+&t fie$( #!te&, %)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& 6956>D
Ta(esc#i( 5 s3) n!O- l!!9 O l!!9-- @sh!*ing he ne+ s !neA ) n! S(anishO s3) n! $issO n! S(anishO [\ le e#? "i la le e#SSS s4) ahhhh i is le e# F$G (fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, '%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 8, t! 88D
75
Fiel" n! es 5
D%#ing he ga$e he *#i e#s %se he e+(#essi!n -- - s(ell i (leaseO /! h !' he$ %se i all he i$e(fift* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,7t* 6C,CD
T%)e&ci)t :
T) !9 ell $e he ans*e# S6) in silence T) .%ic9l1 1!% 9n!* - "! i i is eas1 S6) *ha is i R T) ha is $1 .%es i!n S6) *ha c!l!# is i R T) n! ? c!$e !n 1!% can as9 $e ha - Wha is i R (&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& :65:?D
Fiel"n! e 2
When eache# as9 hi$ ! sa1 he ans*e# he as9 ! he eache# ! ell hi$ he ans*e#Al h!%gh i *as *#!ng he %ses he c!##ec s #%c %#e(&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 76577D
<1 $eans !' hese e+a$(les I c!%l" see e&i"ence ha *hen s %"en s in e#ac i is %se'%l ha he1 9n!* he #%les in he ga$e ! "! i in a #igh *a1- On he ! he# han"? i' he
76
s %"en s nee" ! ha&e an" e''ec i&e in e#ac i!n he1 ha&e ! %se he c!##ec &!ca/%la#1 an" s #%c %#es (#!(!se" in he ga$e- This is he #ele&ance in he %se !' he lang%age60 C%te"!+ie& +e$%te( t! t*e +e$%te( <.e&ti!#
I a$ g!ing ! (#esen he ca eg!#iBa i!n /ase" !n he #ela e" .%es i!n- He#e I '!%n" *! ca eg!#ies- One al9s a/!% he enhancing !' he &!ca/%la#1 an" lang%age- This ca eg!#1 has *! (a e#ns ! s%((!# i - The 'i#s !ne is a/!% he c!n'i"ence an" he sec!n" !ne a/!% he 'l%enc1- The sec!n" ca eg!#1 al9s a/!% he 1(e !' lang%age %se" /1 s %"en s- I has *! (a e#ns) ci#c%$s an ial an" s #a egic-
60, I')+!ve'e#t !f t*e L%#".%"e
a- C!n'i"ence Wi h his (a e#n I *an ! sh!* h!* s!$e s %"en s g! al!ng *i h he less!ns- - I can #ealiBe h!* !ne s %"en in (a# ic%la# @s7A "e&el!(s hisHhe# a sel'>es ee$ ! (a# ici(a e an" in e#ac in he "i''e#en ga$es- We ha&e ! a9e in ! acc!%n ha he is a sh1 s %"en /% he achie&es a g!!" (a# ici(a i!n in he ga$es- This is an e&i"ence !' *ha Lee s a es @1885A a/!% he /ene'i s !' he ga$es) F O he1 $! i&a e an" "e$an" @OA Ian" J i is a g!!" *a1 '!# s %"en s ! gi&e he$ c!n'i"ence ! in e#ac an" c!$$%nica e- @(-35ATa(esc#i( ,
T) !9 [\ ne+ '#!$ /l%e ea$R S6) [\ e !ca

77
T) n! S(anishSS S5) s!##1? 1!%# %#n [\ S7) @ /1 $!&ing he hea" sa1ing n! *i h he 'inge#A T) c!$e !n ? 1!% can "! i -- c!$e he#e S7) @ s! sh1 c!$e in '#!n A
(&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 69 t! 7,D
Fiel" n! es 5
A he en" !' he ga$e I c!%l" #ealiBe ha he s %"en s *h! $!s c!(1 *!#"s *as [ \ *h! *as s! cle&e# !"a1 @ he %s%all1 is s! sh1A- He sa1s all he le e#s in a c!##ec *a1(fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0D
Ta(esc#i( 3
T) ell $e i is eas1 !# "i''ic%l S2) n! $iss- I is s! eas1- :! l! hice e+cellen T) 1es c!ng#a %la i!ns 1!% a#e i$(#!&ing S2) es .%e 1! s!1 $%1 /%en! en $e$!#1 ga$e T) 1es? &e#1 g!!" gi&e $e 'i&e (t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,6?5,76D
Fiel"n! es 3
S2 ha" a g#ea (a# ici(a i!n in class !"a1- He has an e+cellen $e$!#1 an" he 'el s! c!n'i"en in he ga$e- He e&en hel(e" ! hei# (a# ne#s-
78
(t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& ::5:>D
Ta(esc#i( 4)
T) !9 [\ is 1!%# %#n S7) $eR S6) 1es? [\ -- &a$!s S7) 1esO i is eas1-- si $issR T) !' c!%#se-(f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, '%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 96 t! 9:D
Ta(esc#i( 5)
S2) [\ 1a .%ie#esR T) n! S(anish S7) 1es? is $1 %#n? I a$ ha((1 @ he is s! e+ci e" /1 (assing ! /e he *#i e#A (fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, '%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 8A t! 9,D
Fiel" n! es 4 [ \ is a &e#1 sh1 s %"en - H!*e&e# !"a1 he *as &e#1 e+ci e" a/!% he ga$e an" as9 '!# (a# ici(a i!n $an1 i$es /1 %sing s!$e &!ca/%la#1 in English (f!.+t* fie$( #!te&, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 86587D
Ta(esc#i( 2)
S5) [\ en en"is eR
79
S7) 1es-- 1es-- @ *i h h%##1A 1a (%e"! $issR T) n! S(anish S7) I a$ #ea"1-T) %111O &e#1 g!!" 1!% %se a e+(#essi!n in English- C!ng#a %la i!ns S7- Si $iss- I l!&e English @ /1 "!ing he $i$icsA 1a (%e"! -- siiRR (&i@t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, '%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& A: t! ,C,D
Fiel" n! es 2
S7 a9es he lea"e#shi( !' he ea$ an" gi&e he$ ins #%c i!ns a/!% h!* ! (ass he !/s acles- He see$s s! ha((1(&i@t* fie$(#!te&, '%y ,At* 6C,C0D
Fiel" n! es 2
S7 *as s! ac i&e !"a1- He (a# ici(a es s! sec%#e !' hi$sel' an" gi&e he ans*e# in a c!##ec *a1- His ea$ h%g hi$- An" e&en he 0%$(s an" sh!% s s%((!# ing he '#ien"s !' his ea$(&i@t* fie$(#!te&, M%y ,At* 6C,CD
The (#e&i!%s e+a$(les sh!* h!* he ga$es $a9e s %"en s sh!* "i''e#en cha#ac e#is ics *hen he1 in e#ac in English? /eca%se as he1 a#e s! #ela+e" he1 0%s ge c!n'i"ence an" a9e (a# in he ea$- Tha is "%e ! he ha((iness an" $! i&a i!n he1 ha&e in "e&el!(ing he ga$e- FGa$es hel( an" enc!%#age $an1 lea#ne#s ! s%s ain hei# in e#es an" *!#9G (W#igh ? <e e#i"ge an" <%c9/1? 1874-((-126A- This all!*s an i$(#!&e$en in he
80
lang%age (#!"%c i!n? es(eciall1 '!# h!se s %"en s *h! a#e sh1- An! he# 'ac !' he i$(#!&e$en !' he lang%age is ha s %"en s can /e $!#e s(!n ane!%s /1 $eans !' he ga$es/S(!n anei 1 This (a e#n #e'e#s ! he *a1 s %"en s 0%s s(ea9 in a s(!n ane!%s *a1 *hen sa1ing an ins #%c i!n !# /1 %sing !ne e+(#essi!n- I is *hen s %"en s s(ea9 na %#all1 an" #ela+ing in he "e&el!($en !' a ga$e /eca%se !' he en&i#!n$en - U/e#$an @ 1887? (- ,=A "ecla#e" FGa$es enc!%#age? en e# ain? each? an" (#!$! e 'l%enc1-G <eca%se as he s %"en s 'eel c!$'!# a/le /1 (la1ing he1 e+(#ess $!#e s(!n ane!%s- H%1en an" Nga @,==3A als! s a es ha F'i#s ? ga$es /#ing in #ela+a i!n an" '%n '!# s %"en s? h%s hel( he$ lea#n an" #e ain ne* *!#"s $!#e easil1 @OA hi#"? &!ca/%la#1 ga$es /#ing #eal *!#l" c!n e+ in ! he
class#!!$? an" enhance s %"en sL %se !' English in a 'le+i/le? c!$$%nica i&e *a1G @(-2A- S! he1 s(ea9 *i h!% #ealiBing ha he1 a#e "!ing i ? /eca%se he1 a#e s! $! i&a e"Th%s he in e#ac i!n is $!#e na %#al- The s %"en s sh!* hei# s(!n anei 1 /1 %sing "i''e#en *!#"s !# e+(#essi!ns al#ea"1 lea#n !# he !nes %se" /1 he eache#- O# 0%s /1 sa1ing a (h#ase *i h!% ans*e#ing a .%es i!n 0%s /1 in e#ac in he c!n&e#sa i!n !# in he ga$eTa(esc#i( s , T) !9 /e .%ie -- a9e !% !ne [ \-S3) s!$e hing /eginning *i hO$$$ (O (encil-- 0a0a0a0a T) shhhO /e .%ie - [ \ "!n; i$i a e $eO (&ec!#( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ ,9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& :C 5 :6D
'iel"n! es ,
S3 is s! al9a i&e !"a1 /% /1 i$i a ing s!$e e+(#essi!ns !' he eache# as ) /1e? /1e (!in -
81
(&ec!#( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ ,9t*
6C,C0 Li#e& 7CD
Ta(esc#i( 3
T) [ \ i is a 'a$il1 $e$/e#- I is eas1 S2) :es 'a$il1 $e$/e# eas1 T) #eall1- D! 1!% hin9R S2) 1es? (#!''esi!n "i''ic%l - I "!n; T) &e#1 g!!" [\ 1!% a#e s! 'l%en !"a1 S2- C!$! asiR (t*i+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 86 5 8>D
Fiel"n! es 2) In his ga$e he s %"en 2 sh!*s a g#ea 'l%enc1 /1 as9ing ! his (a# ne#s he .%es i!ns /e'!#e he eache# "i"(&i@t* fie$( #!te&, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 08,586D
Ta(esc#i( 4
S,) @0%s l!!9 a his (a#ne#s /% he "!esn; 9n!* *ha ! "!A S4) 0%$( -- 0%$( in /l%e s !neO T) &e#1 g!!" [\-- 1!% a#e an e+cellen eache#-S4) han9 1!% $iss (f!.+t* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 68 5 6>D
Fiel"n! es 4
82
All he s %"en s (#ac ice a l! he al(ha/e - S!$e !' he$ %se all he s !nes in a c!##ec *a1- S4 s(ea9s a l! /1 sh!*ing a g!!" (e#'!#$ance in English (f!.+t* fie$(#!te& , M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& ,65,7D
Ta(esc#i( 5
S6) /a/1-- />a>/>1 S5) @hesi a ing /eca%se she "!esn; %n"e#s an"A S3) [\ c!(1- C!(1- W%ic9l1- C!(1- O he# 'a$il1 $e$/e#O S5) $$$ /> n> >* S3) n!-- .%ic9l1O i$e is !&e# (fift* t%)e&c+i)t, '%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& :C 5 :6D
Fiel"n! es 5
S3 s(ea9s a l! in English- She sh!*s a g#ea $e$!#1 ! #e$e$/e# he e+(#essi!ns %se"(fift* fie$(#!te, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0D
Wi h he (#e&i!%s e+a$(le I c!%l" n! ice he i$(#!&e$en !' he lang%age !' s %"en s /1 $eans !' he c!n'i"ence an" 'l%enc1 ha ga$es (#!&i"e- Tha is /eca%se s %"en s a#e less s #esse" an" *i h a high le&el !' $! i&a i!n- These *! 'ac s (e#$i ha s %"en s s(ea9 $!#e in English- The ne+ ca eg!#1 al9s a/!% he 1(e !' lang%age %se" /1 he s %"en s-
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6060
Ty)e !f $%#".%"e
This ca eg!#1 sh!*s h!* s %"en s %se ci#c%$s an ial lang%age !# s #a egic !ne "e(en"ing !n he si %a i!n- Ci#c%$s an ial /eca%se he1 0%s sa1 s!$e hing /ase" !n he si %a i!n gi&en in ha $!$en - An" he s #a egic !ne al9s a/!% gi&en e+(#essi!ns ! achie&e a ce# ain g!ala- Ci#c%$s an ial As I $en i!ne" /e'!#e? his (a e#n al9s a/!% he *a1 s %"en s c!$$%nica e /e *een he$ s(!n ane!%sl1 acc!#"ing ! he si %a i!n- Ellis 1874 @as ci e" in Richa#"s 1884A na$es s!$e F'!#$%laic s(eech in class#!!$ in e#ac i!n? an" /e *een he$? i is he si %a i!nal '!#$%las *hich a#e ass!cia e" *i h a s(eci'ic si %a i!n- F!# e+a$(le) FFinishe"G @s(!9en a' e# c!$(le ing a as9 F&e#1 g!!"G @sel'>c!ng#a %la ing in a ga$e !# class#!!$ as9A @(-185AG- In he ne+ in e#&en i!ns I *ill n! ice his cha#ac e#is ics !' he in e#ac i!n) Ta(esc#i( 1) T) i is a $a#9e#S1) #%n? #%nO- [ \ 1es ! n! 0a0a0a0a S6 ye&FFF E***** (fi+&t t%)e&c+i)t, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& A95A> D
Fiel" n! es 4 S3 sh!*s a g#ea $! i&a i!n? e&en he %ses &!ca/%la#1 9n!*n in he c!n e+ - I is #eall1 (#!%" ! $e-
84
(f!.+t* fie$(#!te&, '%y 9t*
6C,C0$i#e& 8>58?D
Ta(esc#i( 3 S3) Teache# ? (%e"! 1! siR S4) n!!!!? 1!% n! - Teache# 1!O T) !9? 'i#s s %"en 3- In !#"e#S4) !9 in !#"e#? 3 ?4- Me !ca "es(%es(t*i+( ty)e&c+i)t& , A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7A58,D Fiel"n! es 5 S3 al*a1s *an s ! c% in he line an" eache# sa1s F "!n; "! ha G an" !"a1 s4 sa1s he sa$e F "!n; "! ha -G (fift* fie$(#!te& , M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 6:56>D
Ta(esc#i( 4) T)[ \ .%ic9l1 hin9 S6) n!-- l!se#sO T "!n; sa1 ha (f!+t* ty)e&c+i)t&, M%y 9t*
6C,C0 Li#e& 6?57CD
Fiel"n! es 4)
Teache# has ! sa1 n! ! %se an e+(#essi!n /l%e ea$ *as sa1ing- F l!se#sG(f!+t* fie$(#!te&, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e ,8D
Ta(esc#i( 5
T) !9 *ha ha((ene" ! he 1ell!* ea$ S4- Miss- Wai - *ai T) *ha ha((ene"R
85
S4) 1a $iss 'inishe"S I a$ "!ne0 (fift* %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!#, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 89 5 8?D
Fiel" n! es 1 Teache# is as9ing ! !ne g#!%( a/!% he ne+ s %"en ! (a# ici(a e an" s %"en 5 ans*e#) F *ai ? *ai G (fi+&t fie$(#!te&, A)+i$ ,&t 6C,C0 Li#e& ,? 5 ,AD
/-
S #a egic
When I al9 a/!% he %se !' s #a egic lang%age? I $ean ha s %"en s %se a s(eci'ic s #%c %#e !# e+(#essi!n ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing in ha ce# ain si %a i!n- Ellis 1874 @as ci e" in Richa#"s 1884A na$es his in e#ac i!n as si %a i!nal '!#$%las %se" /1 s %"en s? s(eci'icall1 FCe#e$!nial '!#$%las) h!se ass!cia e" *i h #i %alis ic in e#ac i!n) '!#
e+a$(le? F H!* a#e 1!%RG @g#ee ingA? Fe+c%se $e? $issG@ a #ac ing eache#;s a en i!nAFOh n!SG @E+cla$a i!nAG- @P- 185A- As i is sh!*n? he1 a#e %se" '!# s(eci'ic in e#ac i!nAs he na$e s a es he1 a#e ce#e$!nial *!#"s %se" /1 s %"en s ! /e (!li eAn! he# *a1 !' in e#ac i!n na$e" /1 Ellis 1874 @as ci e" in Richa#"s 1884A as si %a i!nal '!#$%las is) FGa$/i s) h!se %se" ! !#ganiBe" in e#ac i!ns an" ac i&i ies) '!# e+a$(le? F his !ne !# ha !neRG @i"en i'1ing na %#e !' class#!!$ classA FWha ;s hisRG @i"en i'1ing !/0ec A? FI "!n; 9n!*G @ #e'e##ing ! ei he# lac9 !' 9n!*le"ge !# ina/ili 1 ! #es(!n"A? !# F ha ;s all #igh G @c!n'i#$ing c!%#se !' ac i!nA- @P- 185A- These 9in"s !' e+(#essi!ns a#e %se" /1 s %"en s ! e+(#ess "i''e#en i"eas !# 'eelings an" ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing i$(!# an '!# he$ in a s #a egic *a1- This has ! "! *i h he 1(e !' lang%age
86
%se" an" he1 0%s #e$e$/e# *!#"s %se" /1 he eache# !# ! he# s %"en s- S! he1 %se" he$ ! c!$$%nica e s!$e hing- S!$e e+a$(les !' his 9in" !' si %a i!ns a#e (#esen e" as '!ll!*s) Ta(esc#i( 3 T) !9? 1ell!* ea$ /e ca#e'%l *i h his ac i&i 1S4) !9- Si( T) "! 1!% %n"e#s an"R S4) 1es? I "!(t*i+( t%)e&c+i)&t&, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 7757:D
Fiel"n! es 3)
S %"en s a#e ans*e#ing he .%es i!ns in a c!$(le e *a1- E&en ha !ne lea#n a li le i$e ag!- (t*i+( t%)e&c+i)&t&, A)+i$ 6At* 6C,C0 6A57CD
Ta(esc#i( 4
S4) !1e-- $e (egas S3- E+c%se $e T) "!n; *!##1 S4) !9?$iss @f!.+t* t%)e&c+i)t&, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 :75::D
Fiel"n! es 5
S %"en 5 *as s! (!li e ! ans*e# *hen a '#ien" (ic9 %( he# (encil /1 sa1ing F han9 1!%G @fift* fie$(#!te&, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 76D
87
Ta(esc#i( 5
S2) 'inish $iss S6) $iss 1a aca/a$!s T) n! s(anish--#ea"1R S2) 1es? I a$ "!neT) !9? le ;s see(fift* t%)e&c+i)t&, M%y ,7t* 6C,C0 7957AD
Fiel"n! es 1
S %"en s a#e %sing he #igh e+(#essi!ns ! sa1 'inish F I a$ "!neG@fi+&t fie$(#!te&, M%y 9t* 6C,C0 Li#e& 7AD
Ta(esc#i( 2 T) Le ;s s!l&e his ieS3) is i a /lac9 "#essR ? 1es i is-@&i@t* t%)e&c+i)t, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 Li#e& ?A5ACD
Ta(esc#i( 2
T) @@RAA -- -(leaseS le hi$ al!ne S4) 1es [ *ha is i R S6) i is a #e" 0ac9e -
88
@&i@t* t%)e&c+i)t&, M%y ,At*
6C,C0 :75:9D
Fiel"n! e 2 S4 is in e#ac ing *i h his (a# ne#s /1 as9ing he$ he .%es i!n- The s %"en s ans*e# 'as e# *i h hi$ 1ha *i h he eache#- @&i@t* fie$(#!te, M%y ,At* 6C,C0 8:58>D
N!* I a$ g!ing ! (#esen s!$e cha# s *hich (#!&i"e an anal1sis !' he a"&ance$en !' he (a# ici(an s "%#ing he less!ns a((lie"- The1 a#e /ase" !n a chec9lis !' eigh i(s- I his chec9 lis he in e#ac i!n !' s %"en s *as anal1Be" "%#ing he "e&el!($en !' he ga$es- @ SEE ANNEaES 1-A
The '!ll!*ing cha# s sh!* he (e#'!#$ance an" (#!g#ess each s %"en ha" "%#ing he si+ less!ns acc!#"ing ! he (#e&i!%s chec9 lis - The1 a#e an e&i"ence !' h!* in each less!ns each s %"en inc#eases hisH he# in e#ac i!n- This is "%e ! he $! i&a i!n an" lac9 !' s #ess in each less!n- <esi"es i sh!*s h!* he1 can in e#ac $!#e each i$e /1 $eans !' he ga$es-
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90
91
As i is sh!*n in he (#e&i!%s cha# s s!$e !' he$ sh!*e" $!#e (#!g#ess han ! he#sNe&e# heless all !' he$ a"&ance in ce# ain *a1s- E&en he g!!" (e#'!#$e#s (#!&e" ha he in e#ac i!n /e *een he$ can inc#ease" /1 $eans !' he ga$es-
This las cha# ill%s #a es a c!$(ila i!n !' all he s %"en s "%#ing he si+ less!ns an" hei# (#!g#ess- I c!%l" see ha all !' he$ sh!* a g#ea a"&ance in he in e#ac i!n in English-
92
This cha# #e'lec s an e&i"ence !' he s %"en s; (#!g#ess- The s %"en *h! sh!*s he $ain (#!g#ess *as s %"en 7- He *as a &e#1 sh1 s %"en an" he "i" n! (a# ici(a e in n!#$al classes- H!*e&e#? in each less!n !' he ga$es he sh!*e" a g#ea $! i&a i!n an" he in e#ac e" $!#e each i$e- J%s h#ee !' he$ achie&e" he c!$(le e sc!#e- N! /1 c!inci"ence a#e he h#ee /es s %"en s in a g!!" lang%age (#!'icienc1 !' EnglishNe&e# heless? he1 ge e&!l% i!n !!-
This "a a anal1sis (#esen e" a/!&e an" s%((!# e" /1 a(esc#i( s an" 'iel" n! es sh!*e" h!* he s %"en s can inc#ease in hei# %sage !' English ! in e#ac *i h he s %"en s an" *i h he eache#- This hel(s $e ! %n"e#s an" ha i' he1 a#e $! i&a e" an" in&!l&e" in ga$es hei# (#!"%c i!n *ill /e /e e#- This *ill hel( $e ! (#e(a#e classes in *hich s %"en s 'eel $!#e c!$'!# a/le an" less s #esse" /1 $eans !' he ga$es-
The ne+ cha( e# is a #e'lec i!n !' his #esea#ch (#!0ec since i *as a #eall1 ha#" *!#9 - I (#e en" ! sh!* 1!% he c!ncl%si!ns I c!%l" a9e '#!$ i - An" I e+(ec ha c!ncl%si!ns ha&e a g#ea i$(ac in he (e"ag!gical 0!/-
CHAPTER M CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
This #esea#ch *!#9 ga&e $e l! !' en0!1a/le $!$en s /1 sh!*ing $e ha *e as eache# can achie&e l! s !' hings in !%# s %"en s *hen *e in en"e" ! "! i - F#!$ his 0!/ I can
93
es a/lish s!$e i$(!# an c!ncl%si!ns ha hel(e" $e as an English eache#- The eaching (#!cess is s! c!$(le+? es(eciall1 *i h 9i"s- This (#!cess #e.%i#es a "i''e#en $e h!"!l!g1 ! a9e a"&an age !' hei# age an" lea#ning (#!cess- S!? he $! i&a i!n is #eal i$(!# an '!# he s %"en s as he sa$e as he1 'in" he1 can %se he lang%age lea#n in a #eal c!n e+ The (#!"%c i!n in English is !ne !' he $!s c!$(lica e" (#!cesses in English- F!# his #eas!n i is necessa#1 ! gi&e #eas!ns ! s %"en s ! (#ac ice he lang%age in he class- F!# his (%#(!se i is #e.%i#e" he %se !' !!ls ha hel( %s? as eache#s? ! "e&el!( his s9ill- One *a1 ! "! i is /1 $eans !' he ga$es- Ta9ing in ! acc!%n ha (#esch!!le#s lea#n /1 (la1ing- This is a 'an as ic *a1 ! "e&el!( "i''e#en a/ili ies in s %"en s? n! !nl1 s(ea9ing /% lis ening? *#i ing an" #ea"ing- Tha is he (%#(!se !' eaching a '!#eign lang%age ha s %"en s can %se all !' he s9ills !' he lang%age- The challenge c!%l" /e /1 $eans !' he ga$es *hen #1ing ! in e#ac /1 (la1ing- When he1 in e#ac in a #eal c!n e+ an" /1
(la1ing he in e#ac i!n is $!#e s%ccess'%l- Ga$es #eall1 sha(e (#esch!!l s %"en s in e#ac i!n in "i''e#en (!si i&e *a1s- Tha is *ha his #esea#ch (#!0ec sh!*e" $eFi#s ? S %"en s %se "i''e#en c!$$%nica i&e !!ls ! e+(#ess hei# 'eelings an" ! c!$(#ehen" an" cla#i'1 in'!#$a i!n a$!ng he$ an" ! c!$$%nica e e&en %sing $i$ics !# s(anglish- C!nse.%en l1? he ga$es a#e n! !nl1 a $a e# !' 0!1'%lness /% a $a e# !' (e"ag!gical s #a eg1- Sec!n"? his !!l (e#$i e" ha he in e#ac i!n !' he s %"en s *as e.%i a/le /eca%se he ga$es a*a9e he in e#es ! achie&e he g!al (#!(!se" an" $a9e s %"en s ! "e&el!( "i''e#en s #a egies ! (a# ici(a e- <esi"es? i *as g#a e'%l ! see h!* he1 *!#9e" in g#!%(s an" his si %a i!n c#ea e" a high c!n'i"ence a$!ng he$ ha all!*e" he$ ! in e#ac easie#- Thi#"? /1 (l1ing ga$es s %"en s lea#n ! '!ll!* #%les in
s(i e !' hei# e+ci e$en ? #es(ec ing hei# (a# ne#s an" /1 %sing he lang%age in an
94
a((#!(#ia e *a1- Thei# in e#es *as s! high ha he1 g! in&!l&e" in he ga$e- This hel(e" ! s %"en s ! %se? %n"e#s an"? e+(l!#e an" e+(l!i he lang%age ac.%i#e" ! /e (a# !' he ga$eI *as l!!9ing '!# he 9in" !' in e#ac i!n 'ea %#es s %"en s sh!* *hen (la1ing ga$esA((l1ing he ga$es in $1 classes all!*e" $e ! #ealiBe ha $1 s %"en s *e#e ac i&e (a# ici(an s in hei# (#!cess !' lea#ning (#!&i"ing he$ a high $! i&a i!n *i h n! s #ess- s!? hei# in e#ac i!n an" he "i''e#en cha#ac e#is ics sh!*n *e#e in e#es ing- Fi#s ? /1 $eans !' he in e#ac i!n he1 i$(#!&e hei# lang%age /1 sh!*ing c!n'i"ence- This si %a i!n le he$ /e $!#e s(!n ane!%s an" %se he a#ge lang%age in a c!n'i"en *a1- The i$agina i!n /1 (la1ing "i''e#en #!les in he ga$es hel(e" he$ ! %se he lang%age in a #eal c!n e+ *ha $a"e he$ (#!%" !' hei# (#!"%c i!ns in a sec!n" lang%age- Wi h ga$es? s %"en s ha" he !((!# %ni 1 ! lea#n ne* &!ca/%la#1 an" e+(#essi!nsThe s %"en s %se" 'a$ilia#
&!ca/%la#1? an" #e(e i i&e *!#"s ha le he$ ! in e#naliBe i easie#- The sa$e ha((ens *i h he s #%c %#es an" e+(#essi!ns? "%e ! in each ga$e s!$e e+(#essi!ns an" s #%c %#es *e#e #ec%##en ? he1 lea#n he$ an" %se" he$ *i h 'l%enc1- Tha is /eca%se he1 a#e %sing he$ in a #eal c!n e+ - This (e#$i s ha he lea#ning (#!cess c!%l" /e less s #ess'%l? s! s %"en s 'all $!#e c!n'i"en in '#!n !' he %sage !' he lang%age? (#!$! ing 'l%enc1Lea#ning a sec!n" lang%age (#!"%ces 'ea#? "is #%s an" e&en s #ess? /eca%se i is a c!"e n! *ell $anage" /1 he lea#ne#s- H!*e&e# ? a((l1ing he ga$es in $1 classes hel(e" $e ! c#ea e g#ea en&i#!n$en - In his en&i#!n$en I c!%l" n! ice ha he in e#ac i!n in English is a% hen ic /eca%se he a $!s(he#e *as '#ee '#!$ s #ess? '%nn1 an" #ela+- E&en he $is a9es *e#e n! i$(!# an /% he *a1 ! %se he lang%age ! c!$$%nica e-
95
Al!ng his 0!/ as a #esea#che# I ha&e n! ice" ha i is n! as eas1 as i a((ea#sH!*e&e# an" '!# %na el1 his (#!0ec sh!*e" $e he in'!#$a i!n I *an e" ! achie&e"- I c!%l" sa1 ha all he g!als *e#e achie&e in an a''i#$a i&e an" c!ns #%c i&e *a1- When 1!% a#e a eache# 1!% s!$e i$es "! n! #ealiBe a/!% he "i''e#en hings 1!% can "! in he s %"en s- <% as a #esea#che# I "isc!&e#e" ha I can achie&e a l! !n he$- I #e.%i#es i$e an" (a ience /eca%se i is a (#!cess- I ha&e lea#ne" ha i' 1!% gi&e he s %"en s an !((!# %ni 1 ! "e&el!( he s(ea9ing s9ill /1 an en0!1a/le $!$en ? hei# in e#ac i!n *ill /e $!#e e''ec i&e an" (#!"%c i&e- Ga$es a#e g!!" '!# /! h? eache# an" s %"en N!*? I 9n!* ha $1 #!le as a eache# *ill ha&e a "i''e#en &ie* #ela e" ! he classes an" he s %"en s- O' c!%#se his *ill /e #e'lec e" in $1 0!/ in *hich I *ill "! $1 /es ? 9n!*ing ha all $1 e''!# *ill /#ing '#%i - An" !' c!%#se as a #esea#che# I *ill c!n in%e ha&ing he s(i#i ! i$(le$en s!$e hing *hich can hel( s %"en s an" sha#e he$ *i h $1 (a# ne#s- <eca%se he eaching> lea#ning (#!cess is a $a e# !' c!lla/!#a i&e *!#9 /e *een he 'ell!*s ha #e.%i#es c!ns an 'ee"/ac9- This e+(e#ience *ill /e #e'lec e" in $1 "ail1 0!/ as a (#!'essi!nal an" as a (e#s!n "!ing i *i h l! !' en h%sias$-
96
CHAPTER MI LIMITATION AND FURTHER RESEARCH
The !/0ec i&e !' his #esea#ch (#!0ec is ! (#!$! e he %se !' he ga$es !n he English classes- N! !nl1 in (#esch!!l /% in all he s ages !' he sch!!l? e&en in high sch!!lN!*a"a1s? i is c!nsi"e#a e as a g!!" *a1 !' eaching? /% s!$e !' he eache#s "! n! "! i /eca%se !' he h!%gh ha he1 a#e *as e !' i$e- <% *i h his #esea#ch I "e$!ns #a e ha he %se !' ga$es /#ings l! s !' /ene'i sOne !' he li$i a i!n ha I c!%l" !/se#&e "%#ing he "e&el!($en !' his #esea#ch *as lac9 !' s #%c %#es an" &!ca/%la#1 !' he s %"en s- I a$ $!#e ha s%#e ha i' he a((lica i!n !' his 9in" !' ga$es *ill /e ! highe# s %"en s he (#!"%c i!n an" he in e#ac i!n *ill /e h%ge an" he e&i"ence *ill /e #ich- Des(i e his? he (#esch!!le#s sh!* a g#ea a"&ance- This c!%l" /e a '%# he# #esea#ch he sa$e (!in /% a((lie" ! (#i$a#1 !# sec!n"a#1 s %"en sAn! he# li$i a i!n *as he !ne !' he "a a c!llec i!n- As he sch!!l i *as a((lie" is (#i&a e i *as (#!hi/i e" ! a9e (h! !s !# $a9e &i"e!s- This as(ec li$i e" he "a a anal1sis an" he #esea#ch i sel'- H!*e&e# i *as %se" s!$e ! he#s "a a c!llec i!n !!ls- <% *i h he &i"e! a(e #ec!#"ing his *ill /e $!#e (#!"%c i&e in he in'!#$a i!n-
97
F!# '%# he# #esea#ch his *ill /e %se'%l ! in&es iga e a/!% n! !nl1 he in e#ac i!n /e *een he s %"en s /% als! "i''e#en /ene'i s gi&e /1 he ga$es *i h (e"ag!gical (%#(!ses in "i''e#en ages !' he lea#ne#s:(o man can #e a "ood teacher !nless he has feelin"s of warm affection toward his p!pils and a "en!ine desire to impart to them what he himself #elieves to #e of val!e.; +ertrand R!ssell
REFERENCE LIST Allan? G- @,==3A- A c#i i.%e !' %sing g#!%n"e" he!#1 as a #esea#ch $e h!"? Electronic o!rnal of #!siness research methods. , @1A (( 1>1=<%#ns? A @,==3A- 7olla#orative action research for en"lish lan"!a"e teacher- Ne* :!#9Ca$/#i"ge Uni&e#si 1 P#ess<#!*n? H- D!%glas @,==1A- Teaching /1 P#inci(les) an in e#ac i&e a((#!ach ! lang%age (e"ag!g1- Sec!n" E"i i!n- A""is!n Wesle1 L!ng$an? inc<#!*n? R an" M!naghan D-@1884A- Teaching lang%age s9ills in c!n e+ - $el#o!rne< Lon"man. <#%$'i ?C-? M!!n?J-?T!ng%e? R-@1881A- Teaching English ! Chil"#en) F#!$ (#ac ice ! (#inci(le- L!n"!n- Ha#(e# C!llins (%/lishe#sCa$e#!n? L-H @,==1A- Teaching lang%age ! 1!%ng lea#ne#s- Uni e" King"!$- Ca$/#i"ge Uni&e#si 1 P#ess-
98
Case? A - @,==6A - Teaching (#e>sch!!l English - S*!.$( 'y E#"$i&* te%c*i#" &c*!!$ be % )+e5&c*!!$ &c*!!$G (O+ &*!.$( 'y )+e5&c*!!$ be %# E#"$i&* te%c*i#" &c*!!$GD . Modern English Teacher ,: (,D ))0 95,9 Ret+ieve( M%y 6>, 6CCA, f+!' *tt) 44///0tef$0#et4%$e@c%&e4%+tic$e&4-i(&4te%c*i#"5)+e5&c*!!$5e#"$i&*4-
C!!(e#? F- @,==7A - F%n English '!# 9i"s- H!* ! each English ! &e#1 :!%ng chil"#enAs%ncibn Pa#ag%a1- Re #ie&e" $a1 13 ?,==8? '#!$ ***-sc#i/"-c!$H"!cH4=,4=21H
Cla#9? K U Wheel*#igh ? S @1884A- The prod!ct development challen"e. Ha#&a#" <%siness P#ess- @((-,13A D!#n1ei? P -@1882A- M!&ing lang%age lea#ning $! i&a i!n ! a la#ge# (la '!#$ '!# he!#1 an" (#ac ice- In O+'!#"? R @e"-A? lan"!a"e learnin" motivation) pathways to the new cent!ry- (( 61>7=- H!n!l%l%) Uni&e#si 1 !' Ha*ai;i? Sec!n" Lang%age Teaching an" C%##ic%l%$ Cen e#Genesee? F- @,==1A- G#!%(ing s #a egies '!# sec!n" lang%age lea#ne#s. Ed!catin" second lan"!a"e children< the whole child, the whole c!rric!l!m, the whole comm!nity@((- 173>,11A USA- Ca$/#i"ge Uni&e#si 1 P#ess-
G!#"!n? L- an" <e"s!n? G- @1888A- .ames for children- Res!%#ce /!!9s '!# eache#s- Ne* :!#9) O+'!#"G%llies? R- @,==6A- 7ooperative learnin" . inte"ratin" theory and practice - USA) Sage (%/lica i!ns? inc G#een*!!"? J-@1886A- 'ctivity +o=. Ca$/#i"ge) Ca$/#i"ge %ni&e#si 1 (#essHalli*ell? S- @188,A -Teachin" En"lish in the primary classroom - Lon"man hand#ook for lan"!a"e teachers- L!n"!n) L!ng$an Hi chc!c9? G- H%ghes? D- @1885A- Resea#ch an" he Teache#- A .%ali a i&e in #!"%c i!n ! sch!!l> /ase" #esea#chH!l$es? J- @188,A- 'n introd!ction to sociolin"!istics. Ne* :!#9- Ha#l!* ) L!ng$anh ()HHen-*i9i(e"ia-!#gH*i9iHchec9lis h ()HH*#i ing-c!l!s a e-e"%Hg%i"esH#esea#chHcases %"1H(!(,a-c'$ h ()HH***-s!cial#esea#ch$e h!"s-ne H9/H.%ala((-(h(
99
Jac9s!n? S- @1881A- The #ook of classic #oard "ames- Pal! Al !) Kl% B Ka1e? P- @1881A- .ames for learnin". Ne* :!#9) N!!n"a1Kessle#? C- @188,A- 7ooperative lan"!a"e learnin"< a teacher-s reso!rce #ook- USA) P#en ice Hall Regen sK#ashen? S- @1876A- )rinciples and )ractice in ,econd Lan"!a"e 'c9!isition. Ne* :!#9) P#en ice HallLa#sen>F#ee$an? D- @1881A- 'n Introd!ction to ,econd Lan"!a"e 'c9!isition Research. L!n"!n) L!ng$an. Lee? S- K- @1885? Jan%a#1>Ma#chA- C#ea i&e ga$es '!# he lang%age class- For!m, 33@1A? 35Re #ie&e" Fe/#%a#1 11? ,==2 '#!$ h ()HHe+changes-s a e-g!&H'!#%$H&!lsH&!l33Hn!1HP35-h $ Lee? W- R- @1868A- Lan"!a"e teachin" "ames and contests- O+'!#") O+'!#" Uni&e#si 1 P#essLengeling ? M- U Mala#che#? C- @ 1886 Oc !/e# E Dece$/e# AIn"e+ Ca#"s) A Na %#al Res!%#ce '!# Teache#s M- For!m? 35@4A? 1886? 4,- Re #ie&e" Ma1 =1? ,==8? '#!$ *tt) 44///0i(i!'%&0."t!0'@4te%c*e+&i#f!4$e#"e$i#"4i#(e@0)(f Linse? C-? N%nan? D- @,==5A- P#ac ical English Lang%age Teaching) :!%ng Lea#ne#s- Ne* :!#9- McG#a*>HillMac9enBie? R-@1882A - ,ettin" limits in the classroom. R!c9ling? Ca) P#i$a Me##ia$> We/s e# Dic i!na#1 !n line- Re #ie&e" Ma1 ,,? ,==8? '#!$ ***-Me##ia$> We/s e#-C!$ Minis #1 !' Na i!nal E"%ca i!n- C!l!$/ia <ilingce- Al a/le#!- N!- ,6- Oc !/e#> N!&e$/e# @,==5A #e #ie&e" Ma1 ,=11? '#!$ h ()HH***-$ine"%caci!n-g!&-c!H12,1Ha# icle>86485-h $l
Ng%1en Thi Thanh H%1en U Kh%a Thi Th% Nga- @,==3? Dece$/e#A- Lea#ning &!ca/%la#1 h#!%gh ga$es- 'sian EFL >o!rnal, 5@4A- Re #ie&e" Fe/#%a#1 13? ,=1=? '#!$ h ()HH***-asian>e'l>0!%#nal-c!$H"ec^=3^s%/-Mn-(h( N%nan? D @,==6A- Research methods in lan"!a"e learnin"- USA- Ca$/#i"ge Uni&e#si 1 P#ess- @((-64>143A
100
O9a"a? M- O+'!#"? R- U A/!? S- @1882A- N! all ali9e) $! i&a i!n an" lea#ning s #a egies a$!ng s %"en s !' Ja(anesse an" SPANISH in an e+(l!#a !#1 s %"1- In Re/ecca O+'!#" @e"-A? lan"!a"e learnin" motivation) pathways to the new cent!ry- P( 1=5>118- H!n!l%l%) Uni&e#si 1 !' Ha*ai;i? Sec!n" Lang%age Teaching An" C%##ic%l%$ Cen e#Re e#? C an" Malls? N- @1874A- +onan&a< ?? En"lish lan"!a"e "ames for yo!n" learners. London< Lon"man. Richa#"s? J- an" L!c9ha# ? C- @1884A- Reflective teachin" in second lan"!a"e classrooms. USA) Ca$/#i"ge Uni&e#si 1 P#ess-
Richa#"s? J- C- an" R!"ge#s? T-S- @,==1A- G#!%( an" (ai# *!#9. 'pproaches and methods in lan"!a"e teachin"- USA- Ca$/#i"ge Uni&e#si 1 P#ess- @((-18,>,=3A
R!/e# M- E$e#s!n? Rachel I- F#e B? Lin"a L- Sha*? *ritin" Ethno"raphic Field notes? Uni&e#si 1 O' Chicag! P#ess? 1885? IS<N =>,,2>,=271>5 Segal, Jeanne Ph.D., Smith, Melinda M.A., and Jaffe, Jaelline Ph.D. (N.D). The P!*e# !' N!n&e#/al c!$$%nica i!n an" <!"1 Lang%age- RETRIEMED FROM ) http: !!!.helpg"ide.org mental e#$%non&er'al%comm"nication.htm Sch%n9? D-H-? ,==6- Learnin" Theories< 'n Ed!cational )erspective 5th ed., Me##illTellis? W- @1886A A((lica i!n !' a Case S %"1 Me h!"!l!g1- he W%ali a i&e Re(!# Re #ie&e" '#!$ *tt) 44///0&c+ib(0c!' T! h? M- @1885A- Heinemann children@s "ames< a teacher@s reso!rce #ook of "ames for yo!n" learners of En"lish- Heine$ann English Lang%age Teaching? O+'!#"U/e#$an? A- @1887? Jan%a#1>Ma#chA- The %se !' ga$es '!# &!ca/%la#1 (#esen a i!n an" #e&isi!n- For!m, 36@1A? ,=>,6- Re #ie&e" Fe/#%a#1 1,? ,=1=? '#!$ h ()HHe+changes-s a e-g!&H'!#%$H&!lsH&!l32Hn!1H(,=-h $ Whi e#s? J? @N-DA C!!(e#a i&e Lea#ning Ga$esRETRIEMED h ()HH***-eh!*-c!$Ha/!% ^5,563,5^c!!(e#a i&e>lea#ning>ga$es-h $l FROM
W#igh ? A-? <e e#i"ge? D- U <%c9/1? M- @,==5A- .ames for lan"!a"e learnin" @3#" e"-ANe* :!#9) Ca$/#i"ge Uni&e#si 1 P#ess-
101
ANNEaES
Anne+ 1) Chec9 lis E-L- CLASSROOM O<SERMATION CHECKLIST Teache#^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ G#a"e@sA^^^^^ "a e^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ STUDENTSH INTERACTION IN 1AMES OISERBATION TOOL
Please? 'ill in he ne+ '!#$ acc!#"ing ! 1!%# !/se#&a i!ns in class- P% a ic9 in he s %"en 1!% !/se#&e "!ing he ac i&i 1The s %"en ) S1 S, S3 S4 S5 S2 S6 S7 1 Uses s(!n ane!%sl1 he &!ca/%la#1 lea#n -
102
, A""#esses (!li el1 in English !*a#"s hisHhe# '#ien"s 3 Rises hisHhe# han" ! (a# ici(a e in English 4 E+(lains ! hei# (a# ne#s in English 5 E+(#ess hei# 'eelings s(!n ane!%sl1 in English 2 Ans*e#s in a c!##ec *a1 in English 6 Uses lang%age ! a&!i" !# #es!l&e c!n'lic s 7 As9s '!# hel( '#!$ hisH he# (a# ne#s ! s!l&e he ga$e DESIGDEN <: <ETSA<d APARICIO-
103

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PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

Preschool stu e!ts" #!ter$ct#o! #! %$&es $! co!tests

BETSAB' APARICIO AGUILAR

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

Preschool stu e!ts" #!ter$ct#o! #! %$&es $! co!tests

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

R!le !' he eache#-

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

T! (#!$! e he %se !' ga$es an" c!n es in English classes *ill

CHAPTER I THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

,- Ma#1 he !#"e# in *hich 1!% (la1 ga$es

N! al*a1s a he /eginning- I is (!ssi/le ! (la1 a ga$e an1 i$e ! s%#(#ise he s %"en s-

4- Ma9e ga$es a (a# !' he s1lla/%s

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

! gene#a e #%les an"

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

High ac i&i 1 le&el

<elie' in '!# hc!$ing #e*a#"s

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

A chance ! as9 '!# cla#i'ica i !n as *ell as 'ee"/ac9 !n his he# in(%

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

+e(,)*&../!#*)$#& ! $)%0 #!1&-1#!2 ) $3&' 3)4 e5*6)!2e &" #!"&(.)$#&!

Ne2&$#)$#!2 .&8#"#*)$#&! &" $6e *&!1e(%)$#&!

Long, (1983) as cited in Richa#"s? J- an" L!c9ha# ? C- @1884A-p. 153.

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

CHAPTER II INSTRUCTIONAL DESI1N

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

The1 *ill c!##ec he $is a9es $a"e /1 he$sel&es-

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

The eache# *ill /e a $! i&a !# ! i$(#!&e s %"en s sel' s ea$-

T! 'acili a e he !#al (#!"%c i!n /1 $eans !' a $! i&a e" a $!s(he#e-

PRESCHOOL STUDENTS INTERACTION IN GAMES AND CONTESTS

he (#e&i!%s as(ec an" $1 e+(e#ience

I c!nsi"e# (e# inen

+e(,)&../!#)$#& ! $)%0 #!1&-1#!2 ) $3&' 3)4 e5*6)!2e &" #!"&(.)$#&!

Ne2&$#)$#!2 .&8#"#)$#&! &" $6e &!1e(%)$#&!

ca eg!#ies a#e s%/"i&i"e" in ! ! (a e#ns each !ne- The1 a#e as '!ll!)

,0 C%te"!+ie& +e$%te( t! te +e&e%+c <.e&ti!#

(ti+( fie$( #!te&, A)+i$ 6At 6C,CD

(ti+( %.(i! t+%#&c+i)ti!# , A)+i$ 6At 6C,C0 Li#e& ::5:>D